AUTHOR=Cingi Cemal , Bayar Muluk Nuray , Mitsias Dimitrios I. , Papadopoulos Nikolaos G. , Klimek Ludger , Laulajainen-Hongisto Anu , Hytönen Maija , Toppila-Salmi Sanna Katriina , Scadding Glenis Kathleen 

TITLE=The Nose as a Route for Therapy: Part 1. Pharmacotherapy

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Allergy

VOLUME=2

YEAR=2021

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/allergy/articles/10.3389/falgy.2021.638136

DOI=10.3389/falgy.2021.638136

ISSN=2673-6101

ABSTRACT=<p>This article reviews nasal structure and function in the light of intranasal pharmacotherapy. The nose provides an accessible, fast route for local treatment of nose and sinus diseases, with lower doses than are necessary systemically and few adverse effects. It can also be used for other medications as it has sufficient surface area protected from local damage by mucociliary clearance, absence of digestive enzymes, responsive blood flow, and provides a rapid route to the central nervous system.</p>