AUTHOR=Ye Xian-wen , Liu Meng-nan , Wang Xuan , Cheng Shui-qing , Li Chun-shuai , Bai Yu-ying , Yang Lin-lin , Wang Xu-xing , Wen Jia , Xu Wen-juan , Zhang Shu-yan , Xu Xin-fang , Li Xiang-ri 

TITLE=Exploring the common pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus via microarray data analysis

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience

VOLUME=15

YEAR=2023

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/aging-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2023.1071391

DOI=10.3389/fnagi.2023.1071391

ISSN=1663-4365

ABSTRACT=<sec><title>Background</title><p>Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) have an increased incidence in modern society. Although more and more evidence has supported that DM is prone to AD, the interrelational mechanisms remain fully elucidated.</p></sec><sec><title>Purpose</title><p>The primary purpose of this study is to explore the shared pathophysiological mechanisms of AD and DM.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Download the expression matrix of AD and DM from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database with sequence numbers GSE97760 and GSE95849, respectively. The common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by limma package analysis. Then we analyzed the six kinds of module analysis: gene functional annotation, protein–protein interaction (PPI) network, potential drug screening, immune cell infiltration, hub genes identification and validation, and prediction of transcription factors (TFs).</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>The subsequent analyses included 339 common DEGs, and the importance of immunity, hormone, cytokines, neurotransmitters, and insulin in these diseases was underscored by functional analysis. In addition, serotonergic synapse, ovarian steroidogenesis, estrogen signaling pathway, and regulation of lipolysis are closely related to both. DEGs were input into the CMap database to screen small molecule compounds with the potential to reverse AD and DM pathological functions. L-690488, exemestane, and BMS-345541 ranked top three among the screened small molecule compounds. Finally, 10 essential hub genes were identified using cytoHubba, including <italic>PTGS2, RAB10, LRRK2, SOS1, EEA1, NF1, RAB14, ADCY5, RAPGEF3,</italic> and <italic>PRKACG</italic>. For the characteristic Aβ and Tau pathology of AD, <italic>RAPGEF3</italic> was associated significantly positively with AD and <italic>NF1</italic> significantly negatively with AD. In addition, we also found <italic>ADCY5</italic> and <italic>NF1</italic> significant correlations with DM phenotypes. Other datasets verified that <italic>NF1</italic>, <italic>RAB14</italic>, <italic>ADCY5,</italic> and <italic>RAPGEF3</italic> could be used as key markers of DM complicated with AD. Meanwhile, the immune cell infiltration score reflects the different cellular immune microenvironments of the two diseases.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>The common pathogenesis of AD and DM was revealed in our research. These common pathways and hub genes directions for further exploration of the pathogenesis or treatment of these two diseases.</p></sec>