Abstract
Background: Associations between vitiligo and thyroid disorders have been suggested, However, the prevalence of thyroid disorders in vitiligo vary widely.
Purpose: To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis assessing the prevalence of thyroid disorders in patients with vitiligo.
Method: The PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure), Chongqing VIP database, and Wanfang database from inception to August 2, 2018 were systematically searched. The pooled prevalence and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated.
Results: A total of 77 eligible studies were identified and included, published from 1968 to 2018. Six thyroid disorders including subclinical hyperthyroidism, overt hyperthyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism, overt hypothyroidism, Graves disease, and Hashimoto thyroiditis were described. The numbers of relative studies were 54 in overt hypothyroidism, 50 in overt hyperthyroidism, 25 in subclinical hypothyroidism, 19 in Hashimoto thyroiditis, 16 in Graves disease, and 10 in subclinical hyperthyroidism. The highest prevalence was 0.06 (95% CI: 0.04–0.07) in subclinical hypothyroidism, and the lowest was 0.01 in subclinical hyperthyroidism (95% CI: 0.00–0.01) or Graves disease (95% CI: 0.01–0.02).
Conclusion: Six thyroid disorders showed various prevalence in vitiligo. The highest prevalence was in subclinical hypothyroidism, and the lowest was in subclinical hyperthyroidism or Graves disease. Screening vitiligo patients for thyroid disorders seem plausible, in an effort to detect potential thyroid diseases or to assess the risk of future onset.
Introduction
Vitiligo is characterized by the loss of functional skin and mucosal melanocytes, the estimated prevalence is 0.5–2% (1, 2). Currently, the exact pathogenesis of vitiligo remains obscure. The most accredited hypothesis is the autoimmune theory, being sustained by several epidemiological, clinical, and experimental findings (3–5). These studies indicate that melanocyte defects drive vitiligo pathogenesis by triggering an autoimmune response that leads to melanocyte destruction in susceptible individuals. Patients with vitiligo are more likely to suffer from autoimmune conditions than the general population (6). Several studies have suggested vitiligo is associated with a variety of other autoimmune diseases, including thyroid conditions, alopecia areata, type 1 diabetes mellitus, pernicious anemia, and rheumatoid arthritis. Among these, thyroid disorders are common conditions in vitiligo patients, and a recent study showed one of the most frequently observed autoimmune diseases in autoimmune thyroiditis patients was vitiligo (7, 8). A genetic co-localization between vitiligo and thyroid autoantibodies has also been proposed (9). The British guidelines suggested to check the thyroid function for adult patients with vitiligo, the Dutch guidelines recommend that when patients with vitiligo have clinical symptoms of thyroid disease, thyroid function should be tested (10, 11) Herein, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to explore the prevalence of various kind of thyroid disorders in patients with vitiligo.
Methods
Electronic Search
The PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure), Chongqing VIP database, and Wanfang database were systematically searched with different combinations of key words to identify studies on thyroid disorders in vitiligo. The studies published in the period from inception to August 2, 2018 were identified. The search keywords were [vitiligo] AND [thyroid] with [“prevalence” OR “incidence” OR “epidemiology”]. A manual search was performed by checking the reference lists of key studies and review articles before they were excluded to identify additional studies.
Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
Studies were included if they met the following eligibility criteria: (1) provided sufficient information to estimate the prevalence of thyroid disorders in patients with vitiligo; (2) published in either English or Chinese language; (3) had the exact diagnosis of thyroid disorders. The exclusion criteria were duplicate data, irrelevant to vitiligo, review, data mistake, not providing sufficient information. Obscure terms, such as thyroid disfunction, thyroid disease, and autoimmune thyroid disease, or no categorical diagnoses were excluded.
Data Extraction
Data was extracted from each article using a standardized data-abstraction form, designed in advance. All the potentially relevant papers were reviewed independently by two investigators. Disagreements were resolved through discussion. The following characteristics were extracted: first authors' name, year of publication, country area, number of vitiligo patients, number of different type, or stage of vitiligo patients who have thyroid disorders, number of male and female patients, number, or prevalence of thyroid disorders in vitiligo patients, duration of vitiligo, survey age, adults or children.
Data Analysis
All statistical analyses were carried out in Stata software (v15.0; Stata Corp, College Station, TX, USA) and a p < 0.05 was deemed statistically significant. To explore the prevalence of each thyroid disorder in vitiligo patients, the pooled prevalence and its 95%CI were calculated. Random-effects models were used, if the p < 0.05, I2 > 50%, otherwise, a fixed-effect model was selected (p > 0.05, I2 < 50%). Subgroup analyses based on areas, gender, age, vitiligo type, and vitiligo stage were done to assess sources of heterogeneity. Sensitivity analysis was performed by eliminating individual studies one by one. The effect of publication bias was assessed by Egger's test.
Results
Study Flow and Characteristics
A total of 3,643 articles were screened. Of these, 3,566 were excluded for the following reasons: not relevant to our topic, duplication, review, not English or Chinese, not providing sufficient information or data mistake, no categorical diagnoses (for example, thyroid goiter). Finally, 77 studies met the inclusion criteria, and were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis (12–88). Of these studies, 2 studies were reported by one author in the same year, sharing the common basic data, but respectively provided some different data. The detailed selection process was shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1
The characteristics of included studies were described in Table 1. The publication years were from 1968 to 2018. The countries covered France, Netherland, Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, FRG (the Federal Republic of Germany), Italy, Spain, Austria, England, Denmark, USA, Washington, Colorado, California, Canada, Brazil, China, India, Turkey, Korea, Japan, Iran, Thailand, and Nigeria. The areas covered Europe (France, Netherland, Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, FRG, Italy, Spain, Austria, England, Denmark), North America (USA, Washington, Colorado, California, Canada), South America (Brazil), Asia (China, India, Turkey, Korea, Japan, Iran, Thailand), and Africa (Nigeria). The number of patients with thyroid disorders ranged from 35 to 73,336.
Table 1
| References | Country | Vitiligo (n) | Male/Female | Duation (years) | Survey age (years) | Adult/Children | Prevalence | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SHyper | OHyper (%) | SHypo (%) | OHypo (%) | GD (%) | HT (%) | |||||||
| Wan and Chen (12) | China | 324 | 161/163 | — | — | Adult + children | — | 3.09 | — | — | 0.93 | — |
| Vachiramon et al. (13) | Thailand | 197 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 6.60 | 4.06 |
| Topal et al. (18) | Turkey | 100 | 51/49 | 4.9 ± 6.7 (1M−39) | 34.9 ± 16.8 (3–78) | Adult + children | — | — | — | 5.00 | — | — |
| Yazdanpanah et al. (19) | Iran | 72 | 40/32 | — | 27.04 ± 1.22 | — | — | — | 27.78 | — | — | — |
| Kartal et al. (17) | Turkey | 155 | 80/75 | — | — | Children | 0.65 | — | 0.65 | — | — | 1.29 |
| Bae et al. (15) | Korea | 73,336 | 32,519/40,817 | — | — | Adult + children | — | — | — | — | 0.86 | 0.75 |
| Wang et al. (16) | China | 67 | 30/37 | — | 29.15 ± 13.74 (5–70) | Adult + children | — | 5.97 | — | 10.45 | — | — |
| Wang and Wang (14) | China | 100 | 31/69 | — | 21.6 ± 5.8 (18–62) | Adult | — | 17.00 | — | — | — | — |
| Gill et al. (24) | USA | 1,098 | 508/590 | — | 4.8–99.8 | Adult + children | — | 0.91 | — | 8.65 | 1.09 | 1.28 |
| Díaz–Angulo et al. (79) | Spain | 71 | 34/37 | — | — | Adult + children | 1.41 | 9.86 | 8.45 | 1.41 | — | — |
| Chen and Chen (20) | China | 352 | 177/175 | 55D−4.5 | 5–56 | Adult + children | — | 0.57 | — | 2.27 | — | — |
| Wang et al. (21) | China | 60 | 18/42 | — | 22 ± 6.4 (18–58) | Adult | — | 16.67 | — | — | — | — |
| Cheng et al. (23) | Chia | 145 | 88/57 | — | 10.73 ± 3.73 (2–17) | Children | — | — | 4.14 | 2.76 | — | — |
| Dash et al. (25) | India | 100 | 41/59 | 4.64 ± 6.05 | 29.49 ± 15 (2–62) | Adult + children | — | 3.00 | — | 13.00 | — | — |
| Ma and Li (22) | China | 978 | 540/438 | — | 37.2 ± 10.7 (5–85) | Adult + children | — | 1.33 | — | 1.64 | — | — |
| Qin (26) | China | 413 | 253/160 | — | — | Adult + children | — | 0.97 | — | — | — | — |
| Ingordo et al. (33) | Italy | 154 | 52/123 | — | — | Adult + children | 1.30 | 3.25 | 1.95 | 19.48 | — | — |
| Colucci et al. (31) | Italy | 79 | 26/53 | 11.67 ± 11.85 | 38.45 ± 16.0 (18–73) | Adult | 2.53 | 5.06 | 2.53 | 3.80 | — | — |
| XU and XU (32) | China | 1,386 | 690/696 | — | — | Adult + children | — | 5.34 | — | 2.60 | — | — |
| Wang et al. (30) | China | 215 | 98/117 | 1W−60 | 35.14 ± 16.65 | Adult | — | 3.26 | — | 0.93 | — | 1.40 |
| Gopal et al. (28) | India | 150 | 83/67 | 9–63 | 3.4 ± 1.77 (3W−26) | Adult + childre | — | 0.00 | — | 20.00 | — | — |
| Zhang et al. (29) | China | 60 | 26/34 | 12.3 ± 8.2 | 35 ± 12 | Adult | — | — | 8.33 | — | — | — |
| Yu and Miao (27) | China | 606 | 309/297 | 2.96 ± 5.22 | 23.50 ± 14.79 (2M−74) | Adult + children | — | 2.48 | — | 1.32 | — | — |
| Afsar and Isleten (36) | Turkey | 79 | 29/50 | — | 8.19 ± 3.45 (2–5) | Children | — | — | 16.46 | 2.53 | — | — |
| Nejad et al. (37) | Iran | 86 | 33/52 | 6 | 28.11 ± 12.5 | Adult + children | — | 6.98 | 6.98 | 6.98 | — | — |
| Agarwal et al. (38) | India | 268 | 116/152 | 1M−10 | — | Children | — | 2.24 | — | 6.72 | — | — |
| Sheth et al. (34) | USA | 2,441 | — | — | — | — | — | 1.19 | — | 7.66 | 0.98 | — |
| Gey et al. (39) | France | 626 | 216/49 | — | 31 ± 18.76 (1–74) | Adult + children | 1.92 | 2.56 | 8.15 | 8.31 | — | — |
| Kroon et al. (44) | Netherlands | 260 | 110/150 | — | — | Children | 0.38 | — | 5.38 | 1.15 | — | — |
| Yang and Wang (45) | China | 540 | 284/256 | 23.37 ± 13.45 (1W−42) | — | Adult + children | — | 1.30 | — | 0.74 | — | — |
| Kang et al. (35) | China | 521 | 272/249 | — | — | Adult + children | — | 1.54 | — | — | — | — |
| Sawicki et al. (43) | Canada | 300 | 141/159 | — | 41.5 ± 15.5 (11–82) | Adult + children | — | 0.67 | — | 12.00 | — | — |
| Kumar et al. (46) | India | 50 | 21/29 | 5.5 ± 4.3 | 42.7 ± 17 (18–70) | Adult | — | 0.00 | 28.00 | 0.00 | — | — |
| Kroon et al. (47) | Netherlands | 434 | 216/218 | — | — | Adult | 0.69 | 1.15 | 1.61 | 8.53 | — | — |
| Jian et al. (41) | China | 10,000 | 5,322/4,678 | 46.17 ± 67.8 (10D−50) | — | — | — | 0.52 | — | 0.14 | — | — |
| Cheng et al. (42) | China | 287 | 143/144 | 3.0 ± 5.6 (2D−40) | 21.8 ± 14.8 (2M−74) | Adult + children | — | 0.70 | — | 1.05 | — | — |
| Wei et al. (40) | China | 1,125 | 573/552 | — | — | Children | — | 0.09 | — | 0.18 | — | — |
| Pradhan et al. (48) | India | 79 | 40/39 | — | — | Adult + children | — | — | — | 1.27 | — | — |
| Nunes and Nunes (50) | Brazil | 85 | 29/56 | — | 37.14 ± 18.64 (6–78) | Adult + children | — | 2.35 | 1.18 | 14.12 | — | — |
| Prćić et al. (51) | Serbia | 75 | 28/47 | 2.6 ± 2.6 (1M−12) | 10.81 ± 4.06 (6M−17.7) | Children | — | — | 2.66 | 5.33 | — | 14.67 |
| Uncu et al. (53) | Turkey | 50 | 26/24 | 2.26 ± 2.95 | 9.52 ± 4.54 | Children | — | 0.00 | 10.00 | 0.00 | — | — |
| Narita et al. (54) | Japan | 133 | 57/76 | 8.2 ± 8.6 (0–63) | 49.3 ± 19.8 (3–89) | Adult + children | — | — | — | — | 4.51 | 7.52 |
| Tang et al. (55) | China | 1,367 | 630/737 | 1M−30 | 1–79 | Adult + children | — | 0.29 | — | 0.15 | — | 0.07 |
| Poojary (56) | India | 204 | 100/104 | — | 6M−79 | Adult + children | — | — | — | — | 0.49 | — |
| Cho et al. (49) | Korea | 254 | 158/166 | — | — | Adult + children | 0.79 | — | 2.76 | 0.79 | 1.57 | |
| Ingordo et al. (52) | Italy | 40 | 40 | — | — | Adult | — | 2.50 | 2.50 | 2.50 | — | — |
| Angulo et al. (57) | Spain | 83 | 39/44 | — | 36.35 ± 18.83 | — | 1.40 | 10.00 | — | — | — | — |
| Akay et al. (59) | Turkey | 80 | 30/50 | 1M−408M | — | Adult + children | — | 2.50 | — | 1.25 | — | 31.25 |
| Mazereeuw–Hautier et al. (65) | France | 1,14 | 53/61 | — | 8.3 ± 0.7 (0.25–15) | Children | — | — | — | 9.38 | — | — |
| Paravar and Lee (73) | California | 135 | 55/80 | — | 2–81 | Adult + children | — | 2.96 | — | 14.07 | — | — |
| Altaf et al. (58) | India | 192 | 91/101 | — | 6–60 | Adult + children | — | 1.04 | 12.50 | 15.10 | — | — |
| Zhou and Fu (61) | China | 1,049 | 462/587 | 1M−40 | 18–72 | Adult | — | 1.81 | — | 0.57 | — | — |
| Yang et al. (63) | China | 363 | 198/165 | 1M−11 | 3–13 | Children | — | 0.83 | — | 4.41 | — | — |
| Tanioka et al. (64) | Japan | 144 | 49/49 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1.39 | 3.47 |
| Liu et al. (60) | China | 1,097 | 485/612 | — | 28.8 ± 17.0 | Adult + children | — | 0.82 | — | — | — | — |
| Zhang et al. (67) | China | 6,199 | 3,276/2,923 | 1.5 ± 4.5 (0–961M) | 24.5 ± 14.6 (1–91) | Adult + children | — | 1.16 | — | 1.00 | — | — |
| Birlea et al. (66) | Colorado | 51 | 18/33 | — | 49.5 ± 22.8 (2–83) | Adult + children | — | — | — | — | 0.00 | 15.69 |
| Yang and Yang (68) | China | 87 | 43/44 | 10D−27 | 32.9 ± 14.3 (4–72) | Adult + children | — | — | 1.15 | — | 1.15 | 14.94 |
| Sedighe and Gholamhossein (69) | Iran | 109 | 38/79 | — | 34.41 ± 13 (8–65) | Adult + children | — | — | 12.84 | 14.68 | 0.92 | — |
| Gopal et al. (74) | India | 150 | 81/69 | 15D−31 | 10–55 | Adult + children | — | — | — | 12.00 | — | — |
| Yang et al. (70) | China | 38 | 13/25 | 1.5–10 | 13–56 | Adult + children | — | — | 2.63 | 13.16 | 7.89 | |
| Wu et al. (71) | China | 3,143 | — | — | — | Adult + children | — | 0.89 | — | 0.76 | — | — |
| Fang and Tian (72) | China | 562 | 276/286 | 2D−43 | 40D−69 | Adult + children | — | 2.14 | — | 0.36 | — | — |
| Daneshpazhooh et al. (75) | Iran | 94 | 48/46 | 0–40 | 28.67 ± 15.42 | Adult + children | — | — | 1.06 | — | 1.06 | — |
| Laberge et al. (77) | USA | 133 | — | — | — | — | — | 6.02 | — | 16.54 | — | — |
| Kakourou et al. (76) | Greece | 54 | 23/31 | 3.7 ± 3.6 (0.16–15.75) | 11.4 ± 4.89 | Children | — | — | 20.47 | 3.70 | — | 7.41 |
| Kurtev and Dourmishev (78) | Bulgaria | 61 | 26/35 | 0.08–11 | 1.16–16.16 | Children | — | 5.17 | 8.62 | — | — | — |
| Iacovelli (81) | Italy | 121 | 40/81 | 1M−11 | 3–13 | Children | — | 0.83 | — | 4.96 | — | — |
| Onunu and Kubeyinje (80) | Nigeria | 351 | 153/198 | — | 9M−80 | Adult + children | — | 0.57 | — | — | — | |
| Zettinig et al. (82) | Austria | 106 | 42/64 | — | 39 ± 18 (6–80) | Adult + children | 1.89 | — | 3.77 | 11.32 | 0.00 | 3.77 |
| Martis et al. (83) | India | 100 | 45/55 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 2.00 | — | — |
| Hegedus et al. (88) | Denmark | 35 | — | — | — | — | — | 17.14 | — | 5.71 | — | — |
| Schallreuter et al. (84) | FRG | 321 | 114/207 | 2M−65 | 1–85 | Adult + children | — | 3.74 | — | 3.43 | 0.62 | 0.31 |
| Betterle et al. (85) | Italy | 373 | 138/235 | — | 7–80 | Adult + children | — | — | — | — | 4.29 | 1.88 |
| Grimes et al. (86) | Washington | 70 | 24/46 | — | 3–73 | Adult + children | — | 5.71 | — | 4.29 | — | — |
| Cunliffe et al. (87) | England | 56 | 14/42 | — | 38 ± 18.6 | — | — | 5.36 | — | — | — | 12.50 |
Characteristics of studies on the prevalence of thyroid disorders in patients with vitiligo.
SHyper, subclinical hyperthyroidism; OHyper, overt hyperthyroidism; SHypo, subclinical hypothyroidism; OHypo, overt hypothyroidism; GD, Graves disease; HT, Hashimoto thyroiditis; M, month; W, week; D, day.
Six thyroid disorders were described in the study. They were subclinical hyperthyroidism, overt hyperthyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism, overt hypothyroidism, Graves disease, and Hashimoto thyroiditis. The number of studies on the 6 above mentioned thyroid disorders in vitiligo patients were 54 on overt hypothyroidism, 50 on overt hyperthyroidism, 25 on subclinical hypothyroidism, 19 on Hashimoto thyroiditis, 16 on Graves disease, and 10 on subclinical hyperthyroidism (Table 2). The data of vitiligo patients who accompanied with one of the following 5 thyroid disorders including thyroid cancer, toxic nodular goiter, thyroid adenoma or asymptomatic atrophic thyroiditis, was not extracted as only 1 study was reported in each disorder.
Table 2
| Stratified factors | No. of studies | Prevalence rate | Lower limit | Upper limit | Heterogeneity I2 (%) | P from test of heterogeneity | Model | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subclinical hyperthyroidism | Overall | 10 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.0% | 0.568 | Fixed | |
| Area | Europe | 8 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 6.2% | 0.382 | Fixed | |
| Asia | 2 | 0.01 | −0.00 | 0.02 | 0.0% | 0.869 | Fixed | ||
| Gender | Male | 2 | 0.01 | −0.00 | 0.02 | 100% | — | — | |
| Female | 2 | 0.01 | −0.00 | 0.01 | 0.0% | 0.795 | Fixed | ||
| Age | Children | 2 | 0.00 | −0.00 | 0.01 | 0.0% | 0.719 | Fixed | |
| Adults | 2 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 3.1% | 0.310 | Fixed | ||
| Type | SV | 2 | 0.00 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| NSV | 6 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.0% | 0.825 | Fixed | ||
| Stage | Active | 1 | 0.02 | −0.02 | 0.07 | — | — | — | |
| Overt hyperthyroidism | Overall | 50 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 83.9% | 0.000 | Random | |
| Area | Europe | 11 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 65.8% | 0.001 | Random | |
| North America | 7 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 49.3% | 0.066 | Fixed | ||
| South America | 1 | 0.02 | −0.01 | 0.06 | — | — | — | ||
| Asia | 30 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 87.7% | 0.000 | Random | ||
| Africa | 1 | 0.01 | −0.00 | 0.01 | — | — | — | ||
| Gender | Male | 9 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 81.6% | 0.000 | Random | |
| Female | 8 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 81.9% | 0.000 | Random | ||
| Age | Children | 9 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.702 | 0.001 | Random | |
| Adults | 11 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.864 | 0.000 | Random | ||
| Type | SV | 3 | 0.00 | −0.00 | 0.01 | 42.3% | 0.188 | Fixed | |
| NSV | 6 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 95% | 0.000 | Random | ||
| Generalized | 2 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 34.7% | 0.216 | Fixed | ||
| Acrofacial | 1 | 0.00 | — | — | — | — | — | ||
| Stage | Active | 2 | 0.05 | −0.02 | 0.11 | — | — | — | |
| Stable | 1 | 0.00 | — | — | — | — | — | ||
| Subclinical hypothyroidism | Overall | 25 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 83.9% | 0.000 | Random | |
| Area | Europe | 10 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 80.3% | 0.000 | Random | |
| Asia | 13 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.11 | 87.9% | 0.000 | Random | ||
| North America | 1 | 0.03 | −0.02 | 0.07 | — | — | — | ||
| South America | 1 | 0.01 | −0.01 | 0.03 | — | — | — | ||
| Gender | Male | 4 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.0% | 0.521 | Fixed | |
| Female | 3 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 73.6% | 0.051 | Fixed | ||
| Age | Children | 8 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.11 | 85.2% | 0.000 | Random | |
| Adults | 5 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.10 | 80.4% | 0.000 | Random | ||
| Type | SV | 2 | 0.00 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| NSV | 7 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 77.5% | 0.000 | Random | ||
| Stage | Active | 2 | 0.25 | 0.12 | 0.38 | 0.0% | — | — | |
| Stable | 1 | 0.31 | 0.15 | 0.47 | — | — | — | ||
| Overt hypothyroidism | Overall | 54 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 94.1% | 0.000 | Random | |
| Area | Europe | 13 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.09 | 85.5% | 0.000 | Random | |
| North America | 7 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 74.9% | 0.001 | Random | ||
| South America | 1 | 0.14 | 0.07 | 0.22 | — | — | — | ||
| Asia | 33 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 89.8% | 0.000 | Random | ||
| Gender | Male | 10 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 80.9% | 0.000 | Random | |
| Female | 9 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 91.7% | 0.000 | Random | ||
| Age | Children | 10 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 86.2% | 0.000 | Random | |
| Adults | 7 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 86.6% | 0.000 | Random | ||
| Type | SV | 3 | 0.00 | −0.00 | 0.01 | 0.0% | 0.734 | Fixed | |
| NSV | 8 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 86.8% | 0.000 | Random | ||
| Generalized | 2 | 0.10 | −0.03 | 0.22 | 92.6% | 0.000 | Random | ||
| Acrofacial | 1 | 0.01 | −0.00 | 0.02 | — | — | — | ||
| Stage | Active | 1 | 0.02 | −0.02 | 0.07 | — | — | — | |
| Graves disease | Overall | 16 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 59.9% | 0.002 | Random | |
| Area | Europe | 3 | 0.02 | −0.01 | 0.06 | 90.4% | 0.001 | Random | |
| North America | 3 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 76.1% | 0.015 | Random | ||
| Asia | 10 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 56.4% | 0.014 | Random | ||
| Gender | Male | 4 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 58.1% | 0.122 | Fixed | |
| Female | 4 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.0% | 0.502 | Fixed | ||
| Type | SV | 2 | 0.00 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| NSV | 1 | 0.01 | −0.00 | 0.02 | — | — | — | ||
| Generalized | 1 | 0.02 | −0.00 | 0.04 | — | — | — | ||
| Vulgaris | 1 | 0.01 | −0.01 | 0.03 | — | — | — | ||
| Hashimoto thyroiditis | Overall | 19 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 92.2% | 0.000 | Random | |
| Area | Europe | 6 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 83% | 0.000 | Random | |
| North America | 2 | 0.08 | −0.06 | 0.22 | 87.5% | 0.005 | Random | ||
| Asia | 11 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 94.7% | 0.000 | Random | ||
| Gender | Male | 6 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 56.8% | 0.055 | Fixed | |
| Female | 6 | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.14 | 85.3% | 0.000 | Random | ||
| Age | Children | 3 | 0.07 | −0.01 | 0.15 | 83.9% | 0.002 | Random | |
| Adults | 1 | 0.01 | −0.00 | 0.03 | — | — | — | ||
| Type | SV | 4 | 0.00 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| NSV | 2 | 0.08 | −0.04 | 0.20 | 93.6% | 0.000 | Random | ||
| Generalized | 3 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.13 | 20.7% | 0.283 | Fixed | ||
| Vulgaris | 1 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.06 | — | — | — | ||
| Acrofacial | 1 | 0.10 | −0.01 | 0.21 | — | — | — |
The pooled prevalence and subgroup analysis of thyroid disorders in vitiligo patients.
The diagnoses of subclinical hyperthyroidism were based on the presence of a low TSH level with both normal FT3 value and normal FT4 value and the diagnosis of overt hyperthyroidism was based on the presence of a low TSH level with both raised FT3 value and raised FT4 value (52, 82). The diagnosis of overt hypothyroidism required low FT3 and FT4 values no matter what the TSH level was. Subclinical hypothyroidism was diagnosed on the basis of a raised TSH level with normal T3 and T4 values. Hashimoto's thyroiditis was diagnosed based on the demonstration of circulating thyroid antibodies and diffuse thyroid enlargement or reduced echogenicity on thyroid ultrasonography. And the diagnosis of Graves' disease relies on persistent hyperthyroidism together with positive thyroid antibody and/or increase vascularization on thyroid sonogram, thyroid-stimulating antibodies and diffuse hypercaptation at scintigraphy. Thyroid ophthalmopathy and/or dermopathy are characteristic features of Graves' disease (13).
Pooled Result of the Prevalence of Thyroid Disorders in Patients With Vitiligo
The pooled prevalence of thyroid disorders in patients with vitiligo were showed in Table 2. The highest prevalence of thyroid disorder accompanying vitiligo was 0.06 (95% CI: 0.04–0.07) for subclinical hypothyroidism (Figure 2A). The lowest prevalence was 0.01 (95% CI: 0.00–0.01) for subclinical hyperthyroidism and 0.01 (95% CI: 0.01–0.02) for Graves disease.
Figure 2
Subgroup Analysis of the Prevalence of Each Thyroid Disorder in Patients With Vitiligo
Potentially distorting factors, including area, vitiligo type, the stage of vitiligo, gender, and age were investigated for subgroup analysis. The areas covered Europe, North America, South America, Asia, Africa. For vitiligo type, segmental vitiligo (SV), non-segmental vitiligo (NSV), generalized vitiligo, acrofacial vitiligo, vulgaris vitiligo were classified. When stratified by the stage, it was divided into active vitiligo and stable vitiligo. For the gender, it was divided into male and female. When stratified by age, the groups were children (<18 years) and adults (≥18 years). The results of subgroup analysis were listed in Table 2.
Overt hypothyroidism in vitiligo patients was reported in 54 studies. The pooled prevalence was 0.03 (95% CI: 0.03–0.04) (Figure 2B). The prevalence in Europe, North America, South America and Asia were found to be 0.06 (95% CI: 0.04–0.09), 0.09 (95% CI: 0.07–0.11), 0.14 (95% CI: 0.07–0.22), and 0.01 (95% CI: 0.01–0.02), respectively. The highest prevalence was 0.14 (95% CI: 0.07–0.22) in South America. Male and female subgroups were 0.02 (95% CI: 0.01–0.03) and 0.06 (95% CI: 0.04–0.08), respectively. The prevalence of overt hypothyroidism in the male population was lower than in females. When stratified by age, the prevalence was higher in children 0.04 (95% CI: 0.02–0.06) than adults 0.02 (95% CI: 0.01–0.04). Pooled prevalence of segmental vitiligo, non-segmental vitiligo, generalized vitiligo, and acrofacial vitiligo were 0.00 (95% CI: −0.00 to 0.01), 0.03 (95% CI: 0.01 to 0.05), 0.10 (95% CI: −0.03 to 0.22), and 0.01 (95% CI: −0.00 to 0.02), respectively. The prevalence in generalized vitiligo was the highest.
Overt hyperthyroidism in vitiligo patients was reported in 50 studies. The pooled prevalence was 0.02 (95% CI: 0.01–0.02) (Figure 2C). The prevalence in Europe, North America, South America, Asia and Africa were found to be 0.03 (95% CI: 0.02 to 0.05), 0.01 (95% CI: 0.01 to 0.01), 0.02 (95% CI: −0.01 to 0.06) and 0.01 (95% CI: 0.01 to 0.02), 0.01 (95% CI: −0.00 to 0.01), respectively. The pooled prevalence in Europe was the highest. Male and female subgroups were 0.01 (95% CI: 0.00–0.03) and 0.02 (95% CI: 0.01–0.04), respectively. When stratified by age, the prevalence was higher in adults 0.05 (95% CI: 0.03–0.07) than children 0.01 (95% CI: 0.00–0.02). Pooled prevalence of segmental vitiligo, non-segmental vitiligo, generalized vitiligo, and acrofacial vitiligo were 0.00 (95% CI: −0.00 to 0.01), 0.06 (95% CI: 0.02 to 0.09), and 0.04 (95% CI: 0.02 to 0.06), respectively. The prevalence of non-segmental vitiligo was higher than the other vitiligo types.
The subgroup analysis of other 4 thyroid disorders including subclinical hyperthyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism, Graves disease, Hashimoto thyroiditis in vitiligo patients is reported in Table 2.
Sensitivity Analysis
To examine the stability of the pooled prevalence of thyroid disorders in vitiligo, each study was sequentially excluded for sensitivity analysis. The results demonstrated that some individual studies significantly affected the pooled results in overt hypothyroidism and Hashimoto thyroiditis. The studies of Jian et al. (41) influenced the original results of overt hypothyroidism in vitiligo patients. After removing the study, the pooled prevalence increased by 0.54% (from 3.23 to 3.77%). After removing the study of Bae et al. (15) and Tang et al. (55) of Hashimoto thyroiditis in vitiligo patients, the pooled prevalence increased by 3.47% (from 1.94 to 5.41%).
Publication Bias
No publication bias were found in papers on overt hyperthyroidism (t = 1.16, p = 0.256) (Figure 3A), overt hypothyroidism (t = 0.95, p = 0.350) (Figure 3B), and subclinical hypothyroidism (t = −1.36, p = 0.194) (Figure 3C). Publication bias was found in the prevalence of Graves disease (t = 3.32, p = 0.021) and Hashimoto thyroiditis (t = 2.96, p = 0.012) in patients with vitiligo. Publication bias was not done in subclinical hyperthyroidism in vitiligo patients as there were insufficient observations.
Figure 3
Discussion
Genome-wide association studies suggesting the relationship between vitiligo and thyroid disorders may be explained by the sharing of a subset of susceptibility gene (89–97). For example, genome-wide linkage analysis in families identified an autoimmunity susceptibility locus on chromosome 1 in patients with both vitiligo and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (96–98). In 2012, Vrijmanc et reported a systematic review about the prevalence of abnormal thyroid function test or elevated thyroid antibodies in vitiligo patients, covering 48 studies (99). The study reminds clinicians should be aware of the possibility of thyroid function changes in patients with vitiligo, however, it did not elaborate specific thyroid dysfunction in vitiligo patients. From a different point, the present systematic review summarized the results of the studies which have categorical diagnoses. The present review involving 77 studies with 3,643 vitiligo subjects supports a significant association between vitiligo and at least one thyroid disorders. The thyroid disorders were subclinical hyperthyroidism, overt hyperthyroidism, Graves disease, subclinical hypothyroidism, overt hypothyroidism, Hashimoto thyroiditis. Twenty-five studies reported the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism in vitiligo and the prevalence was the highest (6%) among the six thyroid disorders. Subclinical hyperthyroidism or Graves disease had the lowest prevalence (1%) in vitiligo patients, correspondingly, only approximately 10 studies were, respectively reported about these diseases.
A majority of investigators paid attention to overt hypothyroidism (54 studies) and overt hyperthyroidism (50 studies) in vitiligo patients, although the prevalence of these two disorders (3 and 2%) were lower than that of subclinical hypothyroidism. Overt hypothyroidism patients may experience weight gain, hair loss, dry skin, cold intolerance, constipation, muscle aches, or impaired memory (100–102). Overt hyperthyroidism patients may present with irritability, nervousness and heat intolerance (101, 103).
Our study investigated the potentially distorting factors, including area, gender, age, vitiligo type and stage of vitiligo. The prevalence of overt hyperthyroidism, overt hypothyroidism, Graves disease, and Hashimoto thyroiditis in Europe were higher than in Asia, in contrast, the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism in Europe were lower than in Asia. Genetic factor and iodine intaking habit may explain the disparity. The risk of thyroid dysfunction in female vitiligo patients is equal or greater than male, suggesting a gender-relationship between thyroid disorders and vitiligo. Men and women have sexual dimorphism of the immune response (104, 105). The British vitiligo guideline suggests that adult vitiligo patients should regularly screen for thyroid disorders. The present systematic review supports this recommendation in adult vitiligo patients with subclinical hyperthyroidism and overt hyperthyroidism. However, as for subclinical hypothyroidism, overt hypothyroidism and Hashimoto thyroiditis, children had higher prevalence than adult.
In the present review, all thyroid disorders were found in NSV, but not in SV. SV is characterized by early involvement of follicular melanocyte reservoir, early age of onset, and rapid stabilization (106), whereas NSV typically evolves over time and associates with thyroid disease frequently (107). Ethnic background may explain the disparity (91, 107). Different clinical subtypes of NSV have been described, including generalized, acrofacial, and vulgaris types. However, very few studies were included, so we can't draw a clear conclusion. As for the subgroup analysis between active vitiligo and stable vitiligo, 2 thyroid dysfunctions (overt hyperthyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism) were studied but no definite results were found.
Several limitations of this meta-analysis must be considered. As there were insufficient studies, publication biases were not done about subclinical hyperthyroidism, and publication bias was found in Graves disease and Hashimoto thyroiditis. Studies about vitiligo type and stage were scant. This may have influenced confidence intervals and limited the generalizability of findings. Besides, 3 studies were not included due to the language restrictions.
In conclusion, the systematic review and meta-analysis showed that 6 thyroid disorders showed various prevalence in vitiligo. The highest prevalence was in subclinical hypothyroidism, and the lowest was in subclinical hyperthyroidism or Graves disease. The results of the current review provide useful estimates of the burden of thyroid disorders in vitiligo patients. Screening vitiligo patients for thyroid disorders seem reasonable, in an effort to detect potential thyroid diseases or to assess the risk of future onset.
Statements
Author contributions
JY and CS conceived, designed and performed the article. SJ, YL, and YZ acquisition of data. H-DC, X-HG, and YW participated in revising the manuscript. All authors contributed to manuscript revision, read and approved the submitted version.
Funding
The study was supported by Liaoning Provincial Natural Science Fund (Code 201602837).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
References
1.
IannellaGGrecoADidonaDDidonaBGranataGMannoAet al. Vitiligo: pathogenesis, clinical variants and treatment approaches. Autoimmun Rev. (2016) 15:335–43. 10.1016/j.autrev.2015.12.006
2.
XieHZhouFLiuLZhuGLiQLiCet al. Vitiligo: how do oxidative stress-induced autoantigens trigger autoimmunity?J Dermatol Sci. (2016) 81:3–9. 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2015.09.003
3.
HowitzJBrodthagenHSchwartzMThomsenK. Prevalence of vitiligo: epidemiological survey on the Isle of Bornholm, Denmark. Arch Dermatol. (1977) 113:47–52. 10.1001/archderm.1977.01640010049006
4.
SehgalVNSrivastavaG. Vitiligo: compendium of clinical-epidemiological features. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. (2007) 73:149–56. 10.4103/0378-6323.32708
5.
HeraneMI. Vitiligo and leukoderma in children. Clin Dermatol. (2003) 21:283–95. 10.1016/S0738-081X(03)00048-8
6.
AlkhateebAFainPRThodyABennettDCSpritzRA. Epidemiology of vitiligo and associated autoimmune diseases in Caucasian probands and their relatives. Pigment Cell Res. (2003) 16:208–14. 10.1034/j.1600-0749.2003.00032.x
7.
McLeodDSCooperDS. The incidence and prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity. Endocrine (2012) 42:252–65. 10.1007/s12020-012-9703-2
8.
FallahiPFerrariSMRuffilliIEliaGBiricottiMVitaRet al. The association of other autoimmune diseases in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis: review of the literature and report of a large series of patients. Autoimmun Rev. (2016) 15:1125–8. 10.1016/j.autrev.2016.09.009
9.
SchunterJALöfflerDWiesnerTKovacsPBadenhoopKAustG. A novel FoxD3 variant is associated with vitiligo and elevated thyroid auto-antibodies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. (2015) 100:1335–42. 10.1210/jc.2015-2126
10.
GawkrodgerDJOrmerodADShawLMauri-SoleIWhittonMEWattsMJet al. Guideline for the diagnosis and management of vitiligo. Br J Dermatol. (2008) 159:1051–76. 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08881.x
11.
MenkeHEvanEverdingen JJ. Richtlijn Vitiligo. Nd Tijdschr Geneeskd. (2006) 150:1976–81.
12.
WanCChenL. Clinical Analysis of Childhood Vitiligo and Adulthood Vitiligo in Jiangxi Province. Master dissertation, Nanchang University, Nanchang (2018).
13.
VachiramonVHarnchoowongSOnprasertWChanprapaphK. Prevalence of thyroid abnormalities in thai patients with vitiligo. Biomed Res Int. (2017). 2017:1–6. 10.1155/2017/7502935
14.
WangJWWangJX. Determination and Analysis of Autoantibodies and Thyroid Function in Vitiligo Patients. Master dissertation, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan (2016).
15.
BaeJMLeeJHYunJSHanBHanTY. Vitiligo and overt thyroid diseases: a nationwide population-based study in Korea. J Am Acad Dermatol. (2017) 76:871–8. 10.1016/j.jaad.2016.12.034
16.
WangTDingFGaoXJ. Analysis of serum thyroid function and thyroid autoantibodies results in 67 patients with vitiligo. J Ningxia Med Univ. (2016) 38:1044–6. 10.16050/i.cnki.issnl674-6309.2016.09.017
17.
KartalDBorluMÇinarSLKesikogluAUtaşS. Thyroid abnormalities in paediatric patients with vitiligo: retrospective study. Adv Dermatol Allergol. (2016) 3:232–34. 10.5114/ada.2016.60617
18.
TopalIODumanHGungorSKocaturkEKuteylaCan P. Evaluation of the clinical and sociodemographic features of turkish patients with vitiligo. Acta Dermatovenerol Croat. (2016) 24:124–9.
19.
YazdanpanahMJSeyediNoghabi SATaghaviMAfzalAghaee MZabolinejadN. Comparison of autoimmune thyroid disease in patients with progressive and stable vitiligo. J Cutan Med Surg. (2016) 20:135–8. 10.1177/1203475415604551
20.
ChenWWuYF. Follow-up investigation of vitiligo patients in Yunnan Province. J Dermatol Venereol. (2015) 37:278–80. 10.3969/j.issn.1002-1310.2015.05.015
21.
WangJWZhaoYWangJXZhangLLiangLChenY. Determination and analysis of thyroid function and thyroid autoantibodies in vitiligo patients. Ningxia Med J. (2015) 37:681–3. 10.13621/j.1001-5949.2015.08.0681
22.
MaKDLiMH. The analysis of common autoimmune diseases in patients with vitiligo. China Med Front Magaz. (2015) 7:120–2.
23.
ChengXFJiangYGYinZYYangYZengXSWangFL. Pediatric patients with vitiligo in eastern china: abnormalities in 145 cases based on thyroid function tests and immunological findings. Med Sci Monit. (2015) 21:3216–21. 10.12659/MSM.894981
24.
GillLZarboAIsedehPJacobsenGLimHWHamzaviI. Comorbid autoimmune diseases in patients with vitiligo: a cross-sectional study. J Am Acad Dermatol. (2016) 74:295–202. 10.1016/j.jaad.2015.08.063
25.
DashRMohapatraAManjunathswamyBS. Anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody in vitiligo: a prevalence study. J Thyroid Res. (2015) 2015:192736. 10.1155/2015/192736
26.
QinKW. Comparison of the clinical characteristics of 413 children and adults with vitiligo. Anhui Med Pharmac J. (2015) 19:146–7. 10.3969/j.issn.1009-6469.2015.01.048
27.
YuWMiaoQ. Clinical and Epidemiological Analysis of 606 Patients with Vitiligo in Henan Province. Master dissertation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou (2014).
28.
GopalKVRaoGRKumarYH. Increased prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and diabetes mellitus in Indian vitiligo patients: a case-control study. Indian Dermatol Online J. (2014) 5:456–60. 10.4103/2229-5178.142493
29.
ZhangJDLiJXuYXChenHBaiXYLiuJet al. Clinical analysis of vitiligo patients combined with autoimmune thyroid diseases. Jiangsu Med J. (2014) 140:294–6. 10.19460/j.cnki.0253-3685.2014.03.016
30.
WangLQLiZSongWF. Clinical analysis of 215 patients with vitiligo. Chin J Lepr Skin Dis. (2014) 30:80–2.
31.
ColucciRLottiFDragoniFArunachalamMLottiTBenvengaS. High prevalence of circulating autoantibodies against thyroid hormones in vitiligo and correlation with clinical and historical parameters of patients. Br J Dermatol. (2014) 171:786–98. 10.1111/bjd.13286
32.
XuWSYuJB. The Research of Clinical Type and Concomitant Disease in 1386 Patients with Vitiligo. Master dissertation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou (2014).
33.
IngordoVCazzanigaSRaoneBDigiuseppeMDMusumeciMLFaiD. Circulating autoantibodies and autoimmune comorbidities in vitiligo patients: a multicenter Italian study. Dermatology (2014) 228:240–9. 10.1159/000357807
34.
ShethVMGuoYQureshiAA. Comorbidities associated with vitiligo: a ten-year retrospective study. Dermatology (2013) 227:311–5. 10.1159/000354607
35.
KangYZhangJLShiXHMaXL. Analysis and comparison of vitiligo between children and adults. J Clin Dermatol. (2013) 42:454–7.
36.
AfsarFSIsletenF. Prevalence of thyroid function test abnormalities and thyroid autoantibodies in children with vitiligo. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. (2013) 17:1096–9. 10.4103/2230-8210.122636
37.
NejadSBQadimHHNazemanLFadaiiRGoldustM. Frequency of autoimmune diseases in those suffering from vitiligo in comparision with normal population. Pakistan J BiolSci. (2013) 16, 570–4.
38.
AgarwalSGuptaSOjhaASinhaR. Childhood vitiligo: clinicoepidemiologic profile of 268 children from the kumaun region of Uttarakhand, India. Pediatr Dermatol. (2013) 30:348–53. 10.1111/pde.12032
39.
GeyADialloASeneschalJLéauté-LabrèzeCBoraleviFJouaryT. Autoimmune thyroid disease in vitiligo: multivariate analysis indicates intricate pathomechanisms. Br J Dermatol. (2013) 168, 756–761. 10.1111/bjd.12166
40.
WeiCMaCLGaoTWLiCY. Clinical features and therapy of 73 cases of congenital vitiligo. Chin J Aesthetic Med. (2012) 21:1580–2. 10.15909/j.cnki.cn61-1347/r.2012.11.076
41.
JianZLiKLiuBMLiQSongLSongPet al. Clinical characteristics and therapeutic efficacy analysis on 10 000 cases of vitiligo. Chin J Aesthetic Med. (2012) 21:1577–80. 10.15909/j.cnki.cn61-1347/r.2012.11.094
42.
ChengYNMiaoQZhangJAJiaMY. Clinical analysis of 287 cases of vitiligo. Chin J Derm Venereol. (2012) 26:806–7.
43.
SawickiJSiddhaSRosenC. Vitiligo and associated autoimmune disease: retrospective review of 300 patients. J Cutan Med Surg. (2012) 16:261–6. 10.1177/120347541201600408
44.
KroonMWVrijmanCChandeckCWindBSWolkerstorferALuitenRMet al. High prevalence of autoimmune thyroiditis in children and adolescents with vitiligo. Horm Res Paediatr. (2013) 79:137–44. 10.1159/000348388
45.
YangWBWangJX. Clinical Retrospective Study of 540 Cases of Vitiligo in Ningxia and the Surrounding Area. Master dissertation, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan (2013).
46.
KumarKVPriyaSSharmaRKapoorUSainiMBishtYS. Autoimmune thyroid disease in patients with vitiligo: prevalence study in India. Endocr Pract. (2012) 18:194–9. 10.4158/EP11205.OR
47.
KroonMWJooreICWindBSLeloupMAWolkerstorferALuitenRM. Low yield of routine screening for thyroid dysfunction in asymptomatic patients with vitiligo. Br J Dermatol. (2012) 166:532–38. 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10717.x
48.
PradhanVPatwardhanMThakkarVKharkarVKhopkarUGhoshKet al. Vitiligo patients from India (Mumbai) show differences in clinical, demographic and autoantibody profiles compared to patients in western countries. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. (2013) 27:279–86. 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2011.04367.x
49.
ChoSBKimJHChoSParkJMParkYKOhSH. Vitiligo in children and adolescents: association with thyroid dysfunction. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. (2011) 25:64–7. 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2010.03694.x
50.
NunesDHEsserLM. Vitiligo epidemiological profile and the association with thyroid disease. An Bras Dermatol. (2011) 86:241–8. 10.1590/S0365-05962011000200006
51.
PrćićSDjuranVKatanićDVlaškiJGajinovZ. Vitiligo and thyroid dysfunction in children and adolescents. Acta Dermatovenerol Croat. (2011) 19:248–54.
52.
IngordoVGentileCIannazzoneSSCusanoFNaldiL. Vitiligo and autoimmunity: an epidemiological study in a representative sample of young Italian males. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. (2011) 25:105–9. 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2010.03696.x
53.
UncuSYayliSBahadirSOktenAAlpayK. Relevance of autoimmune thyroiditis in children and adolescents with vitiligo. Int J Dermatol. (2011) 50:175–9. 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2010.04665.x
54.
NaritaTOisoNFukaiKKabashimaKKawadaASuzukiT. Generalized vitiligo and associated autoimmune diseases in Japanese patients and their families. Allergol Int. (2011) 60:505–8. 10.2332/allergolint.11-OA-0303
55.
TangYLXuAEWangTZhengJL. Retrospective analysis on 1367 cases of localized vitiligo. Chin J Dermato Venerol Integ Trad W Med. (2011) 10:350–2.
56.
PoojarySA. Vitiligo and associated autoimmune disorders: a retrospective hospital-based study in Mumbai, India. Allergol Immunopathol. (2011) 39:356–61. 10.1016/j.aller.2010.12.007
57.
DíazAngulo SMarcosLSánchezCastañón MMuñozCacho PRodríguezFernández FArmestoAlonso Set al. Thyroid autoimmunity and vitiligo. Eur J Allergy Clin Immunol. (2010) 65:461–62.
58.
AltafHShahIHAhmadQM. Evaluation of thyroid function and presence of anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies in patients with vitiligo. Egyptian Dermatol Online J. (2010) 6:1–13.
59.
AkayBNBozkirMAnadoluYGulluS. Epidemiology of vitiligo, associated autoimmune diseases and audiological abnormalities: Ankara study of 80 patients in Turkey. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. (2010) 24:1144–50. 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2010.03605.x
60.
LiuXYXuAEJinYHZhangLSunXCHuangBet al. Clinical analysis of 339 cases of late onset vitiligo in Zhejiang provience. Chin J Dermatol. (2009) 42:695–8.
61.
ZhouJFuWW. Clinical and Immunological Features of Adult Vitiligo. Master dissertation. Fudan University, Shanghai (2009).
62.
YangYLinXFuWLuoXKangK. An approach to the correlation between vitiligo and autoimmune thyroiditis in Chinese children. Clin Exp Dermatol. (2010) 35:706–10. 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2009.03671.x
63.
YangYLuoXQFuWW. Abnormality of parameters of thyroid function and incidence of autoimmune diseases in children with vitiligo. Chin J Dermatol. (2009) 42:377–9.
64.
TaniokaMYamamotoYKatohMTakahashiKMiyachiY. Vitiligo vulgaris and autoimmune diseases in Japan: a report from vitiligo clinic in Kyoto University Hospital. Dermatoendocrinology(2009) 1:43–5. 10.4161/derm.1.1.7306
65.
Mazereeuw-HautierJBezioSMaheEBodemerCEschardCViseuxV. Segmental and nonsegmental childhood vitiligo has distinct clinical characteristics: a prospective observational study. J Am Acad Dermatol. (2010) 62:945–9. 10.1016/j.jaad.2009.06.081
66.
BirleaSAFainPRSpritzRA. A Romanian population isolate with high frequency of vitiligo and associated autoimmune diseases. Arch Dermatol. (2008) 144:310–6. 10.1001/archderm.144.3.310
67.
ZhangZYangSZhangXJ. The Analysis of Genetics and Associated Autoimmune Diseases in Chinese Vitiligo Patients. Master dissertation. Anhui Medical University. Anhui (2008).
68.
YangYFQingZJ. Detection of Serum Thyroid Autoantibodies and Thyroid Hormones in Patients with Vitiligo. Master dissertation, Central South University, Changsha (2008).
69.
SedigheMGholamhosseinG. Thyroid dysfunction and thyroid antibodies in Iranian patients with vitiligo. Indian J Dermatol. (2008) 53:9–11. 10.4103/0019-5154.39733
70.
YangXQDuYDengMChenDY. The study on the association between the prevalence of autoimmune thyroid disease and vitiligo. Chin J Dermatol. (2007) 21:26–7.
71.
WuYQZhangXJYangS. Clinical and Epidemiology Study on Segmental Vitiligo in Chinese. Master dissertation. Anhui Medical University. Anhui (2007).
72.
FangYPTianQF. Clinical analysis and study on 562 cases of vitiligo patient. He Nan Med Res. (2007) 16, 61–3.
73.
ParavarTLeeDJ. Vitiligo in an urban academic setting. Int J Dermatol. (2010) 49:39–43. 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.04175.x
74.
GopalKVRamaRao GRKumarYHAppaRao MVSrikantVP. Vitiligo: a part of a systemic autoimmune process. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. (2007) 73:162–5. 10.4103/0378-6323.32710
75.
DaneshpazhoohMMostofizadehGMBehjatiJAkhyaniMRobatiRM. Anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody and vitiligo: a controlled study. BMC Dermatol. (2006) 6:3. 10.1186/1471-5945-6-3
76.
KakourouTKanaka-GantenbeinCPapadopoulouAKaloumenouEChrousosGP. Increased prevalence of chronic autoimmune (Hashimoto's) thyroiditis in children and adolescents with vitiligo. J Am Acad Dermatol. (2005) 53:220–3. 10.1016/j.jaad.2005.03.032
77.
LabergeGMaillouxCMGowanKHollandPBennettDCFainPRet al. Early disease onset and increased risk of other autoimmune diseases in familial generalized vitiligo. Pigment Cell Res. (2005) 18:300–5. 10.1111/j.1600-0749.2005.00242.x
78.
KurtevADourmishevAL. Thyroid function and autoimmunity in children and adolescents with vitiligo. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. (2004) 18:109–11. 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2004.00728.x
79.
Díaz-AnguloSLópez-HoyosMMuñoz-CachoPLópez-EscobarMGonzález-LópezMA. High prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity in patients with alopecia areata and vitiligo: a controlled study. The Australasian College of Dermatologists. Australas J Dermatol. (2015) 56:142–3. 10.1111/ajd.12321
80.
OnunuANKubeyinjeEP. Vitiligo in the Nigerian African: a study of 351 patients in Benin City, Nigeria. Int J Dermatol. (2003) 42:800–2. 10.1046/j.1365-4362.2003.01908.x
81.
IacovelliPSinagraJLVidolinAPMarendaSCapitanioBLeoneGet al. Relevance of thyroiditis and of other autoimmune diseases in children with vitiligo. Dermatology (2005) 210:26–30. 10.1159/000081479
82.
ZettinigGTanewAFischerGMayrWDudczakRWeisselM. Autoimmune diseases in vitiligo: do anti-nuclear antibodies decrease thyroid volume?Clin Exp Immunol. (2003) 131:347–54. 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2003.02089.x
83.
MartisJBhatRNandakishoreBShettyJN. A clinical study of vitiligo. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. (2002) 68:92–3.
84.
SchallreuterKULemkeRBrandtOSchwartzRWesthofenMMontzR. Vitiligo and other diseases: coexistence or true association? Hamburg study on 321 patients. Dermatology (1994) 188:269–75. 10.1159/000247164
85.
BetterleCCarettoADeZio APediniBVeller-FornasaCCecchettoAet al. Incidence and significance of organ-specific autoimmune disorders (clinical, latent or only autoantibodies) in patients with vitiligo. Dermatologica (1985) 171:419–23. 10.1159/000249466
86.
GrimesPEHalderRMJonesCChakrabartiSGEnterlineJMinusHRet al. Autoantibodies and their clinical significance in a black vitiligo population. Arch Dermatol. (1983) 119:300–3. 10.1001/archderm.1983.01650280028010
87.
CunliffeWJHallRNewellDJStevensonCJ. Vitiligo, thyroid disease and autoimmunity. Br J Dermatol. (1968) 80:135–9. 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1968.tb12282.x
88.
HegedusLHeidenheimMGervilMHjalgrimHHøier-MadsenM. High frequency of thyroid dysfunction in patients with vitiligo. Acta Derm Venereol. (1994) 74:120–3.
89.
CzajkowskiRMecinska-JundziłłK. Current aspects of vitiligo genetics. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. (2014) 31:247–55. 10.5114/pdia.2014.43497
90.
WeetmanAP. The genetics of autoimmune thyroid disease. Horm Metab Res. (2009) 41:421–5. 10.1055/s-0029-1214415
91.
SpritzRA. Shared genetic relationships underlying generalized vitiligo and autoimmune thyroid disease. Thyroid (2010) 20:745–54. 10.1089/thy.2010.1643
92.
JinYBirleaSAFainPRFerraraTMBenSRiccardiSLet al. Genome-wide association analyses identify 13 new susceptibility loci for generalized vitiligo. Nat Genet. (2012) 44:676–80. 10.1038/ng.2272
93.
SimmondsMJ. GWAS in autoimmune thyroid disease: redefining our understanding of pathogenesis. Nat Rev Endocrinol. (2013) 9:277–87. 10.1038/nrendo.2013.56
94.
MediciMPorcuEPistisGTeumerABrownSJJensenRA. Identification of novel genetic loci associated with thyroid peroxidase antibodies and clinical thyroid disease. PLoS Genet. (2014) 10:e1004123. 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004123
95.
AlkhateebAJarunYTashtoushR. Polymorphisms in NLRP1 gene and susceptibility to autoimmune thyroid disease. Autoimmunity (2013) 46:215–21. 10.3109/08916934.2013.768617
96.
AlkhateebAStetlerGLOldWTalbertJUhlhornCTaylorMet al. Mapping of an autoimmunity susceptibility locus (AIS1) to chromosome 1p31.3-p32.2. Hum Mol Genet. (2002) 11:661–7.
97.
FainPRGowanKLaBergeGSAlkhateebAStetlerGLTalbertJet al. A genomewide screen for generalized vitiligo: confirmation of AIS1 on chromosome 1p31 and evidence for additional susceptibility loci. Am J Hum Genet. (2003) 72:1560–4. 10.1086/375451
98.
SpritzRAGowanKBennettDCFainPR. Novel vitiligo susceptibility loci on chromosomes 7 (AIS2) and 8 (AIS3), confirmation of SLEV1 on chromosome17, and their roles in an autoimmune diathesis. Am J Hum Genet. (2004) 74:188–91. 10.1086/381134
99.
VrijmanCKroonMWLimpensJLeeflangMMLuitenRMvander Veen JPet al. The prevalence of thyroid disease in patients with vitiligo: a systematic review. Br J Dermatol. (2012) 167:1224–35. 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.11198.x
100.
WattTGroenvoldMRasmussenAKBonnemaSJHegedüsLBjornerJBet al. Quality of life in patients with benign thyroid disorders. Rev Eur J Endocrinol. (2006) 154:501–10. 10.1530/eje.1.02124
101.
FitzgeraldP.A. (2016). Endocrine Disorders. Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment. 55th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, Education (2016). p. 1078–189.
102.
GarmendiaMadariaga ASantosPalacios SGuillén-GrimaFGalofréJC. The incidence and prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in Europe: a meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. (2014) 99:923–31. 10.1210/jc.2013-2409
103.
RossDSBurchHBCooperDSGreenleeMCLaurbergPMaiaALet al. 2016 American thyroid association guidelines for diagnosis and management of hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid (2016) 26:1343–421. 10.1089/thy.2016.0229
104.
ChiovatoLLapiPFioreETonaccheraMPincheraA. Thyroid autoimmunity and female gender. J Endocrinol Invest. (1993) 16:384–91. 10.1007/BF03348863
105.
AnsarAhmed SPenhaleWJTalalN. Sex hormones, immune responses, and autoimmune diseases. Mechanisms of sex hormone action. Am J Pathol. (1985) 121:531–51.
106.
vanGeel NMolletIBrochezLDutréMDeSchepper SVerhaegheEet al. New insights in segmental vitiligo: case report and review of theories. Br J Dermatol. (2012) 166, 240–6. 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10650.x
107.
EzzedineKEleftheriadouVWhittonMvanGeel N. Vitiligo. Lancet (2015) 386:74–84. 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60763-7
Summary
Keywords
vitiligo, thyroid disorders, prevalence, systematic review, meta-analysis
Citation
Yuan J, Sun C, Jiang S, Lu Y, Zhang Y, Gao X-H, Wu Y and Chen H-D (2019) The Prevalence of Thyroid Disorders in Patients With Vitiligo: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front. Endocrinol. 9:803. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00803
Received
16 September 2018
Accepted
20 December 2018
Published
15 January 2019
Volume
9 - 2018
Edited by
Alessandro Antonelli, University of Pisa, Italy
Reviewed by
Roberto Vita, Università degli Studi di Messina, Italy; Silvia Martina Ferrari, University of Pisa, Italy
Updates
Copyright
© 2019 Yuan, Sun, Jiang, Lu, Zhang, Gao, Wu and Chen.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Yan Wu jlwuyan@126.comHong-Duo Chen hongduochen@hotmail.com
This article was submitted to Thyroid Endocrinology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Endocrinology
Disclaimer
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.