Huangbin Chu
Yi Zong
Hong Yang
Siyu Chen
Zheng Ma
Hua Li- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides (YPF-P) is the primary component of Yu-Ping-Feng San (YPF-S) medicine prescription, which consists of three polysaccharides from Astragalus Membranaceus polysaccharide (AM-P), Atractylodes Macrocephala polysaccharide (AM-P), and Saposhnikovia Divaricata polysaccharide (SD-P). The use of Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides dates back to the Yuan Dynasty when Yilin Wei first utilized it. The remedy is included in “Effective Formulae Handed Down for Generations” and “The Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China.” Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides is known to promote growth and enhance the body’s immune function in animals. As such, it has promising application prospects in animal husbandry. This review mainly introduces the main components and characteristics of Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides, its effects on animal production, and its impact on animal immune function. Additionally, this paper offers a preliminary discussion on the development and utilization of Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides, laying the foundation for further research and application. This review may also provide insight and reference for the development of the farming industry, reducing production costs and improving productivity.
1. Introduction
In recent years, chemically synthesized antibiotics have been widely used in the field of economic animal husbandry for animal health improvement. However, these chemically synthesized formulations could lead to permanent residues within animals, posing potential health threats to both animals and humans.
Chinese herbal compound polysaccharides have demonstrated significant effects in immune regulation, antiviral activity, antioxidation, and blood glucose reduction, among other aspects. Moreover, due to the lack of toxic side effects on tissues and cells, these advantages contribute to a broad potential application of polysaccharides in antibiotic-free animal farming.
Research has confirmed that the Chinese herbal compound polysaccharide - specifically Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharide - can enhance animal growth performance and immunity. It holds the potential to replace antibiotics and become a viable non-antibiotic feed additive. This article provides a comprehensive review of the composition, characteristics, and functions of Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides in animal production, offering insights for further theoretical research and practical applications in animal farming (1).
2. Composition and characteristics of Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides
Yu-Ping-Feng San is a traditional Chinese herbal compound preparation, composed of Astragalus Membranaceus (Huang qi), Atractylodes Macrocephala (Bai zhu), and Saposhnikovia Divaricata (Fang feng) in a ratio of 3:1:1 by weight. Yu-Ping-Feng San is a classical Chinese medicine formula that has a broad range of clinical applications and is effective in treating various diseases, including those related to immunity, inflammation, tumors, viral infections, and lungs (2–7).
Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides are primarily extracted from Yu-Ping-Feng dispersible granules using the “water decoction and alcohol precipitation method (8, 9) “They appear as a pale yellow to light brown powder, characterized by strong hygroscopicity and a tendency to clump. Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides are the main active components responsible for the therapeutic effects of Yu-Ping-Feng San (10–12). Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides mainly consist of three polysaccharide components: YPF-P1, YPF-P2, and YPF-P3. Among these, YPF-P1 is the most abundant, accounting for 76.1% of the total. YPF-P2 is present in a lower amount, constituting only 11.7%, while YPF-P3 comprises just 7.4% (11). As shown in Figure 1, Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides is extracted from a combination of three traditional Chinese medicinal ingredients.
Figure 1. Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides is extracted from three traditional Chinese medicines.
Modern pharmacological research has revealed that the primary effects of Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides are to enhance overall human health. Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides can improve both specific and non-specific immunity, including erythrocyte immunity, and stimulate the proliferation of T lymphocytes. Furthermore, they exhibit antibacterial, antiviral, and antioxidative stress properties (13). Besides, Yu-Ping-Feng prescription has been confirmed to have certain therapeutic effects on respiratory system diseases such as respiratory tract infections and asthma, immunodeficiency diseases, as well as allergic diseases (14–19). To date, only a handful of mild to moderate adverse reactions have been reported due to the use of the Yu-Ping-Feng prescription. These reactions include thirst, dry tongue, acne, abdominal distension, gingivitis, toothache, water-sodium retention, and gastrointestinal bleeding, among others (20). The various benefits of the immunomodulatory effects exhibited by Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides are also applicable to animals. Relevant studies have been carried out on animals such as mice, piglets, chicks, and grass carp (1, 21–23).
3. The role of Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides in animal production
3.1. Effect of Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides on pig production performance
Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides can be used as a feed additive with feed. It has been found that the addition of Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides to sow diets could effectively alleviate the stress of gestating sows, improve their production and physiological functions, and significantly increase the farrowing survival rate, 7-day weaning rate, litter size, healthy litter size, litter weight of newborn piglets, and average weaning weight of sows (p < 0.05) (24). Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides also plays an important role in the production of growing fattening pigs, and it can effectively regulate the intestinal microbial community structure of pigs and promote their growth (25). And related studies showed that the addition of 0.8% Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides had a significant weight gain effect on growing pigs (p < 0.05) (26, 27). In a similar experiment, also with the addition of 0.8% Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharide, the survival rate of the test group could be increased by 5.1 percentage points compared to the control group (28). In addition, the final body weight and daily weight gain of pigs were improved by adding Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, and 600 mg/kg to Duroc× Landrace× Yorkshire growing-finishing pigs’ diets after 21 days of feeding, and the feed-to-weight ratio decreased with the increase of Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides addition (21). Other studies showed that probiotics and Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides were used separately and both improved the daily weight gain rate of ternary piglets (p < 0.05), however, the combination of Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides and probiotics was more beneficial for piglets (29). In conclusion, the addition of Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides to the diet can improve the productivity of pigs and has promising applications.
3.2. Effect of Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides on the production performance of poultry
The digestion and absorption of nutrients in chickens are mostly concentrated in the posterior end of the digestive tube (i.e., the small intestine). A related study demonstrated the effects of five Chinese herbals on chick growth and development and found that one of them, the Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides, promoted chick growth and development (30). Related research has shown that Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides is capable of effectively improving the structure of the intestinal flora in poultry, regulating the expression of genes (SGLT1, GLUT2, GLUT5) in chicken intestinal mucosal epithelial cells, and promoting faster nutrient absorption. As a result, feed utilization is enhanced and the growth characteristics of poultry are altered (25, 31). However, its digestive and absorptive capacity is affected during chick vaccination; therefore, some studies have attempted to add Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides to the diets of chicks during vaccination and found that it significantly reduced the meat-to-feed ratio of chicks (32). In addition, Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides has also been shown to have significant advantages in increasing body weight, improving the survival rate, and increasing feed intake in broilers (33–35). Interestingly, another study found that both Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides and antimicrobial peptides were able to improve feed conversion in broilers; However, the combination use of Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides and antimicrobial peptides can lead to reduced feed intake and survival rate in broilers (36). Subsequently, a search was made for substances that could be used in combination with Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides; it was found that the licorice preparation could improve the efficacy of Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides, and the simultaneous use of both preparations could significantly improve the growth performance of broiler chickens with a synergistic promotion effect (37). In addition, another study discussed the use of a combination of Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides and compound acidifier and discovered that this combination significantly improved the growth performance of white feather broiler chickens. The combination achieved this effect by regulating the intestinal pH and increasing the activity of digestive enzymes in the intestine, thereby enhancing the digestibility of feed (38). After that, it has been proposed that we want to improve the utilization rate of Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides, so they used ultra-fine pulverization technology to ultrafine pulverize Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides and added the ultra-fine pulverized polysaccharide to broiler feed at the same dosage, which was found to be twice the efficacy of ordinary Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides, which also could improve the average body weight, survival rate, and reduce the feed to meat ratio of broilers (p < 0.05) (39). Other experiments found that after the addition of Yu Ping Feng polysaccharide to the diet, the body weight of ducks in the experimental group increased by 130.44 g/each compared to the control group, proving that Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides also played a role in promoting the growth and development of waterfowl (40). These results suggest that Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides has a certain promotion effect on the production performance of chicks, broilers, and waterfowl.
3.3. Effect of Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides on the production performance of other animals
In earlier times, local veterinarians commonly used Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides to treat various conditions in domestic animals, such as excessive sweating, night sweats, nocturnal sweats, and constipation (41–45). In modern animal production, Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides and its related extracts are commonly added to livestock and poultry diets as feed additives.
Some studies have shown that the addition of Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides to the diet can significantly improve the slaughter rate of fattening cull cattle and have some fattening effect (46, 47). It can also change the activity of digestive enzymes in the digestive tube and improve feed utilization. Some studies proved that the activity of digestive enzymes such as rumen cellulase, wrinkled gastric protease, and small intestine pancreatic protease was significantly increased in castrated cows after the addition of Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides to the diet of fattened castrated cows and that the enzyme activity gradually decreased with the postponement of the digestive tube; moreover, the daily weight gain, net weight, percentage of high-grade meat and net meat rate of fattened cows were all improved (48, 49). Other studies have shown that the appropriate amount of Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides can strengthen the absorption of feed nutrients in the digestive system of dairy cows and improve the milk production capacity of dairy cows (50, 51). In conclusion, Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides has been shown to enhance the productive performance of bovine.
In one experiment, goats in three groups were fed a normal diet, Yu-Ping-Feng medicinal residue + diet, and Yu-Ping-Feng medicinal residue fermented matter + diet; the results showed optimal improvement in meat quality and mutton odor taste in the goats fed the Yu-Ping-Feng ferment compared to the control group (52). Another study found that fermented Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides could promote the formation of beneficial digestive tract flora, increasing the content of fatty acids in muscle, and promoting growth in black goats (53). It was confirmed that the rumen-fermented Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides has more nutritional effects. It can be seen that both Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides and its fermentation products can improve the production performance of goats to different degrees.
As evident from the above, Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides can enhance the production performance of various economically important animals (Figure 2). Serving as a green feed additive, Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides hold significant potential for development and offer broad prospects.
Figure 2. The impact of Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides on the production performance of economically-relevant animals. Upward arrows indicate an increase, while downward arrows indicate a decrease.
4. The role of Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides in animal immunity
The strength of the animal’s immune directly affects the animal’s health. Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides, a traditional Chinese medicine compound, can have a protective effect on the immune system of the animal body (54).
4.1. Effect of Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides on the immune performance of poultry
Chicks can gradually develop their immune barrier from the time they hatch out of their shells. In this process, the immune performance of chicks can be enhanced by feeding some antibiotic-free probiotics or natural herbs, thus improving the production efficiency at a later stage. It has been shown that the addition of Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides to chick diets could strengthen the antioxidant enzyme activity in chicks, effectively eliminate excess free radicals in the body and improve their immune capacity (55–57). Subsequently, have study found that the moderate addition of Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides to the diet of chicks could improve their spleen lymphocyte ratio (58). In addition, feeding chicks with a multipotent compound formulation using Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides as the main ingredient can likewise significantly improve the indices and immune performance of various immune organs in chicks (30, 59, 60). Another study used the “reverse evaporation method” to prepare Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides liposomes (YPF-PL) to study the immune characteristics of Ephedra chickens (chicks) and found that it had a significant growth-promoting effect on the spleen, small intestine, and lymphoid tissue of Ephedra chickens (chicks), with an increase in the number of immune factors and T and B lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood (22, 61–65). Moreover, studies have shown that adding a combination of Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides, Licorice, or Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides and compound acidifier to White feather broiler (chicks) feed can rapidly activate the body’s immune signal and enhance disease resistance. The Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides may enhance the immune performance of White feather broiler (chicks) chickens by regulating immune inflammation-related signaling pathways (37, 38, 66).
Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides not only can enhance the immunity of poultry but also can play a synergistic immune effect of anti-stress. Related studies have shown that the polysaccharide of Yu-Ping-Feng could enhance the potency of HI antibody in animal serum, increase the ratio of CD4+ and CD8+ in cells, and enhance the immune function of animals (6). In addition, Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides can enhance the immune function of a chick’s thymus, bursa, spleen, and other organs, improve the immune effect of the Newcastle disease vaccine and chicken infectious bursal disease vaccine on chicks, make chicks form antibodies rapidly, and prolong the duration of antibodies (32, 67, 68). Feeding Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides during immunization with inactivated avian influenza oil emulsion vaccine increase antibody potency (p < 0.05) and increases total serum protein content (p < 0.05) (34). Another study found that the drug-containing of Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides not only effectively prevented the adsorption and invasion of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) on chicken embryonic fibroblasts, but also effectively reduced the virulence of NVD (69). Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides Oral Liquid also can enhance the immune effect of the chicken infectious bursal vaccine and strengthen the specific humoral immunity and non-specific cellular immunity of chicks (70, 71). Similarly, “Gan Lian Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides” which is mainly composed of Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides, can also effectively enhance the immunization effect of Infectious Tracheitis Vaccine (ILTV) to chicks (72).
The polysaccharide components in Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides are the material basis for enhancing animal immunity; it has been found during waterfowl research that Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides can enhance the immune function of meat ducks by increasing the content of immune factors and improving thymic function (40). In addition, after egg quail were vaccinated against avian influenza, a decoction of 0.5% Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides was added to water and fed for 10 days to increase the antibody potency in the serum and maintain keep it at a high antibody level (73).
4.2. Effect of Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides on the immune performance of pigs
During the growth of piglets, the addition of 0.8% of Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides to the diet resulted in significantly higher levels of serum lymphocyte positivity, complement (C3, C4), immunoglobulins (IgA, IgM, IgG), interleukins (IL-2) and γ-interferon (IFN-γ), and T-lymphocyte subsets (CD3, CD4, CD8) compared to the blank group (p < 0.05) (26, 27). When 400 mg/kg of Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides was added to the diet of piglets, an enhanced immune response of animals to swine fever virus was observed. At the same moment, when added at 600 mg/kg, the immunoglobulin content in the serum of piglets increased (74). Moreover, Gong et al. found that both 0.15% probiotics and 0.04% Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharide could enhance the immunity of piglets, but the combination of the two was more effective (29).
According to the relevant literature, the effects of the addition of the traditional Chinese medicine compound Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides on the immune performance of different species of economic animals are summarized as follows. As shown in (Table 1), Compound Yuping Feng polysaccharides made from different herb dosage ratios can affect animals of this species to varying degrees, depending on the dosage as well as the duration of the dosage. “+” represents positive impacts and “-” represents negative impacts.
Table 1. The role of Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides in the immune performance of animals.
Based on the available evidence, it appears that Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides can be utilized to improve the immune function in poultry and pigs. Various studies have demonstrated that Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides has multiple immune-enhancing effects, including the stimulation of immune cell proliferation and cell cycle distribution, increasing protein content in serum, and maintaining the potency of immune vaccines.
5. Outlook
Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides has promising market potential in animal production. Extensive experimentation has demonstrated the value of Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides, whether used simply as a feed additive or in combination with other substances, in promoting animal growth and development, as well as enhancing disease immunity. In the context of modern animal production processes, the use of Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides or its derivatives can yield significant productivity gains, thereby ensuring improved profitability for farms.
The polysaccharides from Yu-Ping-Feng have positive effects in the field of economic animal breeding, but there are still some issues: (1) In poultry and livestock farming, Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides have great potential as a natural feed additive for antibiotic substitution. However, there are limited comparative experiments between antibiotics and Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides on animals, and there is a lack of scientific data to support this. More research is needed to confirm the substitutive ability of Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides for antibiotics. (2) Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides can be extracted from the medicinal residue byproducts of Yu-Ping-Feng prescriptions produced by traditional Chinese medicine companies. However, the utilization of these medicinal residues by traditional Chinese medicine companies is not sufficient. It is hoped that secondary development and utilization of these residues can turn waste into valuable resources. Resolving the above-mentioned issues can further enhance the understanding and utilization of Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides, which is of significant importance for non-antibiotic animal breeding.
Author contributions
HC: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. YZ: Formal analysis, Supervision, Writing – review & editing. HY: Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing – review & editing. SC: Supervision, Writing – review & editing. ZM: Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. HL: Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing – review & editing.
Funding
The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.32002156), the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong (No.2019A1515110454), and the Key Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province (2019B110209005).
Acknowledgments
There is an end to the text and no end to the gratitude. I would like to express my gratitude to the platform of Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precision Breeding and all the teachers and students for their help; HL, SC, ZM, and HY for their guidance; We are grateful for the support of our senior brothers and sisters, siblings and classmate YZ.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
References
1. Yin, FQ, Wu, YL, Liu, MZ, Tan, SW, Yang, Y, and Yu, H. Effects of Yupingfeng polysaccharide on morphology of intestinal mucosa and expression of Main immune and absorption genes of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). Chin J Anim Nutr. (2017) 29:3718–25. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-267X.2017.10.035
2. Liu, XH, Zhao, LG, Liang, J, Guo, L, Yang, YL, Hu, F, et al. Component analysis and structure identification of active substances for anti-gastric ulcer effects in Radix Astragali by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. (2014) 960:43–51. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.04.020
3. Xiong, B, and Qian, HN. Effects of Sijunzi decoction and Yupingfeng powder on expression of janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription signal pathway in the brain of spleen-deficiency model rats. J Tradit Chin Med. (2013) 33:78–84. doi: 10.1016/S0254-6272(13)60105-3
4. Li, YH, Zheng, B, Tian, HJ, Xu, XT, Sun, Y, Mei, QB, et al. Yupingfeng powder relieves the immune suppression induced by dexamethasone in mice. J Ethnopharmacol. (2017) 200:117–23. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.01.054
5. Sun, H, Ni, XQ, Zeng, D, Zou, FQ, Yang, MY, Peng, ZR, et al. Bidirectional immunomodulating activity of fermented polysaccharides from Yupingfeng. Res Vet Sci. (2017) 110:22–8. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.10.015
6. Fan, WT, Zheng, PM, Wang, Y, Hao, P, Liu, JZ, and Zhao, XN. Analysis of immunostimulatory activity of polysaccharide extracted from Yu-ping-Feng in vitro and in vivo. Biomed Pharmacother. (2017) 93:146–55. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.05.138
7. Commission CP. Pharmacopoeia of the People’s republic of China. 2020th ed. Beijing: China Medical Science Press (2020) (in Chinese).
8. Feng, QR, Wang, YY, Ma, ZS, Zhang, BX, Nie, QX, Zhao, XM, et al. Comparative studies on isolation and purification of Chinese medicine decoction. China J Chin Materia Medica. (2002) 27:32–4. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-5302.2002.01.009 (in Chinese).
9. Deng, H, Yang, H, He, GH, Ma, K, Chen, LM, Ye, HF, et al. A method of extracting polysaccharide of Yupingfeng Guangdong, China. Foshan University (in Chinese). CN105254777A. (2016). 8. 1–20. Available at: https://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/patent/ChJQYXRlbnROZXdTMjAyMzA5MDESEENOMjAxNTEwODc4NTI2LjQaCDFzYTZoMmxh
10. Chen, XT. Immunomodulating Actiyities and its mechanism of Kractioned Polvsaccharides from Yu-ping-Feng-powder. Hefei, Anhui, China: Anhui Medical University (2006). 119 p (in Chinese).
11. Wang, JJ. Extraction and component analysis of fractioned polysaccharide from Yupingfengsan (yPF-P) and lts protection Efects on experimental liver fibrosis. Hefei, Anhui, China: Anhui Medical University (2010). 117 p (in Chinese).
12. Sun, WJ. Preparation of polysaccharides isolated from Yu-ping-Feng and its immune-enhancing activity in vitro and in vivo. Tai’an, Shandong, China: Shandong Agricultural University (2015). 78 p (in Chinese).
13. Zhang, L, Wu, X, Wang, L, Li, DX, and Zhou, XL. Effect of Yupingfengsan polysaccharide on immunity. Pharmacol Clin Chin Materia Medica. (2006):2–4.
14. Zhang, L, Wang, X, Wang, D, Guo, Y, Zhou, X, and Yu, H. Adjuvant treatment with yupingfeng granules for recurrent respiratory tract infections in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Pediatr. (2022) 10:1005745. doi: 10.3389/fped.2022.1005745
15. Liu, X, Yu, Y, Wu, Y, Luo, A, Yang, M, Li, T, et al. A systematic pharmacology-based in vivo study to reveal the effective mechanism of Yupingfeng in asthma treatment. Phytomedicine. (2023) 114:154783. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154783
16. Huang, B, Luo, J, Liu, LY, Deng, WS, Wang, K, Lu, HS, et al. Deciphering the mechanism of YuPingFeng granules in treating pneumonia: a network pharmacology and molecular docking study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. (2022) 2022:4161235. doi: 10.1155/2022/4161235
17. Pei, T, Dai, Y, Tan, X, Geng, A, Li, S, Gui, Y, et al. Yupingfeng san exhibits anticancer effect in hepatocellular carcinoma cells via the MAPK pathway revealed by HTS(2) technology. J Ethnopharmacol. (2023) 306:116134. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116134
18. Wang, Y, Sun, N, Luo, Y, Fang, Z, Fang, Y, Tian, J, et al. Yu-ping-Feng formula exerts antilung cancer effects by remodeling the tumor microenvironment through regulating myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. (2021) 2021:6624461. doi: 10.1155/2021/6624461
19. Qu, M, Tao, W, and Ma, J. Network pharmacology and molecular docking study of yupingfeng powder in the treatment of allergic diseases. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. (2022) 2022:1323744. doi: 10.1155/2022/1323744
20. Bai, Y, Wei, W, Yao, C, Wu, S, Wang, W, and Guo, DA. Advances in the chemical constituents, pharmacological properties and clinical applications of TCM formula Yupingfeng san. Fitoterapia. (2023) 164:105385. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2022.105385
21. Deng, Y, Cai, WJ, Hu, XG, Zhang, X, Chen, C, and Zhang, CY. Effect of polysaccharide of Yu ping Feng san on growth performance and some antioxidant indexes of serum in piglets. Heilongjiang Anim Sci Vet Med. (2018) 1:174–6. doi: 10.13881/j.cnki.hljxmsy.2017.0731.001 (in Chinese).
22. Wu, FD, Xu, ZG, Ma, MX, Gong, ML, Deng, H, Yang, SL, et al. Effects of Yupingfeng polysaccharides liposomes on peripheral blood colony stimulating factors and T and B lymphocytes subsets in chickens. Chin Vet Sci. (2019) 49:1574–9. doi: 10.16656/j.issn.1673-4696.2019.0214 (in Chinese).
23. Deng, H, Yang, H, Jiang, YP, Chen, G, Zhou, ZH, and Wang, SJ. Histological effects of Yupingfeng polysaccharide on lymphocyte homing in mice. Chin J Vet Sci. (2019) 39:1170–4. doi: 10.16303/j.cnki.1005-4545.2019.06.22 (in Chinese).
24. Mo, YH, Wei, YH, Han, YJ, Xiang, YF, Wu, LQ, Yi, DD, et al. Effect of compound Chinese medicine preparation on serum biochemical indexes and production performance of heat stress sows. Feed Res. (2022) 45:22–5. doi: 10.13557/j.cnki.issn1002-2813.2022.06.00 (in Chinese).
25. Wang, SX, Liu, Y, Tong, BB, Yu, H, and Yu, YY. Functional studies on polysaccharides of Yupingfeng and its application in animal production. Feed Res. (2020) 43:140–4. doi: 10.13557/j.cnki.issn1002-2813.2020.09.037 (in Chinese).
26. Jiang, HJ, Huang, ZJ, Xie, HB, Chen, Q, and Chen, QG. Effects of Yupingfeng Pulvis feed additive on the immune function and growth performance of weaning piglets. J Fujian Agric For Univ (in Chinese). (2006) 35:640–3.
27. Zhu, YH, Liu, GX, Che, QM, Zhang, Z, and Li, XZ. Effects of compound chinese herbal medicine on production performance and immune function of piglets in HACCP. Feed Rev. (2016) 5:5–7. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-0084.2016.05.002 (in Chinese).
28. Che, QM, Li, XZ, Zhang, Z, and Zhu, YH. Economic benefit analysis of the effect of herbal additives on immunity and growth performance of piglets. Anim Sci Abroad (in Chinese). (2016) 36:68–9.
29. Gong, ZX, Li, ZY, Mu, YS, and Du, HM. Effects of probiotics and Yupingfengsan polysaccharides on growth performance and serum immune indices of growing pigs. Feed Ind. (2019) 40:26–30. doi: 10.13302/j.cnki.fi.2019.04.005 (in Chinese).
30. Xia, CL, Shu, G, Li, YH, Fu, Q, Liu, QW, and Liao, MD. Effects of several tonic formulas on growth performance and immune organ indices of chicks, safe and quality poultry production - the 15th National Poultry Symposium. Guangzhou, Guangdong, China: Chinese Association of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine (2011). 522–6. Available at: https://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/conference/ChZDb25mZXJlbmNlTmV3UzIwMjMwOTAxEgc4OTQ4MzE5GghmaThvOG9yMw%3D%3D
31. Yin, FQ, Lan, RX, Wu, ZM, Wang, ZJ, Wu, HH, Li, ZM, et al. Yupingfeng polysaccharides enhances growth performance in Qingyuan partridge chicken by up-regulating the mRNA expression of SGLT1, GLUT2 and GLUT5. Vet Med Sci. (2019) 5:451–61. doi: 10.1002/vms3.167
32. Huo, Q, Sun, HF, and Xue, LG. Effects of oral Yupingfeng powder on chick growth performance and immune effect of Newcastle disease vaccine. Heilongjiang Anim Sci Vet Med. (2021) 11:113–8. doi: 10.13881/j.cnki.hljxmsy.2021.03.0381 (in Chinese).
33. Shi, DY, Liu, HR, Li, JH, Jiang, YJ, Fang, J, and Li, LP. Effects of some Chinese herbs powder on growth in broiler chickens and the immune efficacy of inactivated oil-emulsified vaccines against Newcastle disease in chicken. J Trad Chin Vet Med. (2004) 23:14–6. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6354.2004.03.005 (in Chinese).
34. Shi, DY, Liu, HR, and Guo, SN. Effect of compound herbal bulking on immunization effect of inactivated oil emulsion vaccine against avian influenza and growth of broiler chickens. Poult Husb Dis Control. (2008) 2:11–2 (in Chinese).
35. Lou, XJ, Liu, K, Xu, JG, and Wang, BX. Experimental study on the effect of Chinese herbal remedies on the production performance of caged broiler chickens. Contemp Anim Husb. (2014) 2:99–100 (in Chinese).
36. Huang, Y. Effects of Yu ping Feng san and antibacterial peptide on the performance of broilers. Guangzhou, Guangdong, China: South China Agricultural University (2016). 39 p (in Chinese).
37. Wang, M, He, YQ, Li, M, Xiong, ZL, and He, J. Effect of dietary supplementation of yupingfeng and licorice extract on the growth performance and immune function in white feather broiler chickens. Feed Indus. (2022) 43:15–9. doi: 10.13302/j.cnki.fi.2022.09.003 (in Chinese).
38. Yin, M, Chen, XW, Zhang, YL, Chen, YC, Wang, M, Wang, C, et al. Effect of compound acidifier and Yu ping Feng san extract on growth performance, immune function and antioxidant capacity of white feather broiler chickens. Chin J Anim Sci. (2022) 59:1–8. doi: 10.19556/j.0258-7033.20220409-02 (in Chinese).
39. Guo, ZH, Wang, XL, Ma, X, Liu, YL, Chen, XZ, Wang, XT, et al. Effect of ultra-micronized Yu ping Feng san on improving immune function and production performance of broiler chickens. Feed Res. (2016) 15:18–21. doi: 10.13557/j.cnki.issn1002-2813.2016.15.005 (in Chinese).
40. Yang, JP, Ran, R, Yang, YY, Song, YB, Diao, YX, and Zhou, YW. Study on the effect of adding flavor of Yu ping Feng oral liquid on the growth performance and immunological function of Cherry Valley meat ducks, The sixth (2015) China waterfowl development conference, Tai'an, Shandong, China. (2015) 167–71. Available at: https://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/conference/ChZDb25mZXJlbmNlTmV3UzIwMjMwOTAxEgc5MjA1NjUyGgg5ZGE3NDU1Zg==
41. Min, XY. Add or subtract Yu ping Feng san to treat dripping sweat after drinking water in horses. Heilongjiang Anim Sci Vet Med. (1995) 4:11. doi: 10.13881/j.cnki.hljxmsy.1995.04.005 (in Chinese).
42. Li, ZB, and Li, ZQ. Mule's ear sweating syndrome treated with Yu ping Feng san plus flavor. Chin J Trad Vet Science. (1995) 1:31 (in Chinese).
43. Li, GM. Treatment of night sweats in cultivated cattle with Yu ping Feng san plus reduction. J Anim Sci Vet Med. (2012) 31:128. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-6704.2012.05.064 (in Chinese).
44. Yang, LC. A case of constipation in cows treated with yupingfeng san plus flavor. Chin J Vet Med. (2012) 48:16. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-6005.2012.07.005 (in Chinese).
45. Li, XM. Chinese medical treatment of hyperhidrosis in calves. Chin J Trad Vet Science. (2015) 1:26. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-8655.2015.01.015 (in Chinese).
46. Gao, QX, Yang, WR, and Song, EL. Effects of jade screen powder on serum antioxidant index and performance of fattening bullocks. J Northwest A & F Univ (in Chinese). (2009) 37:57–62. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1671-9387.2009.12.011
47. Gao, QX, Song, EL, Wu, GY, Yang, WR, Liu, XM, and Wan, FC. Effects of jade screen powder on performance of fattening bullocks. J Shandong Agricl Univ (in Chinese). (2011) 42:243–8. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2324.2011.02.016
48. Gao, QX. Effects of jade screen powder on antioxidant index in serum, digestive enzyme activities and performance of fattening bullocks. Tai’an, Shandong, China: Shandong agricultural university (2009). 53 p (in Chinese).
49. Song, EL, Gao, QX, Wu, GY, Yang, WR, Liu, XM, and Wan, FC. Effects of jade screen powder on digestive enzyme activity in gastro-intestinal tract and performance of fattening bullocks. J Domestic Anim Ecol. (2010) 31:39–44. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-1182.2010.04.009 (in Chinese).
50. Dong, LQ. Effect of Yu ping Feng san on dairy production. Hubei J Anim Vet Sci. (2014) 35:69–70. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-273X.2014.06.051 (in Chinese).
51. Che, SF, Liao, ZH, and Lv, CH. The influence on milk production of cow and number of somatic cells of yupingfeng powder. China Anim Health. (2014) 16:14–5. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-4754.2014.11.006 (in Chinese).
52. Yang, WH. Application study of yupingfeng residues for black goats. Foshan, Guangdong, China: Foshan University (2018). 53 p (in Chinese).
53. Yang, H, Tan, SW, Chen, SY, Wu, YL, Yang, Y, Li, H, et al. Effects of fermented Yupingfeng on intramuscular fatty acids and ruminal microbiota in Qingyuan black goats. Anim Sci J. (2021) 92:e13554. doi: 10.1111/asj.13554
54. Bi, YX, Zhou, DZ, and Xu, JQ. The effect of "Yu ping Feng san" on the immune function of the body. Chin J Trad Vet Sci. (2006) 1:38–40. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-8655.2006.01.031 (in Chinese).
55. Yang, H, and Chen, ZL. Effect of plus yupingfeng powder on oxygen free radical in blood in immunosuppressive chickens. Chinese. J Vet Sci. (2002) 5:497–9. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-4545.2002.05.027 (in Chinese).
56. Yang, H, and Chen, ZL. Effect of adding flavor of Yu ping Feng san on erythrocyte immunity and immune organ index in chicks. Chin J Vet Med. (2005) 6:36–7. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0529-6005.2005.06.015 (in Chinese).
57. Yang, H, Chen, ZL, Deng, H, and He, YM. Effect of plus Yupingfeng powder on immune function of red blood cell and oxygen free radicals in chickens. Chin Vet Sci. (2006) 1:70–3. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4696.2006.01.017 (in Chinese).
58. Lin, LH, Zheng, Y, Zhong, WP, and He, YQ. Effect of Yupingfeng Pulvis on in vitro proliferation of chicken splenic lymphocyte. Fujian J Anim Husb Vet Med. (2009) 31:1–2. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-4331.2009.04.001 (in Chinese).
59. Bai, X, and Bai, HP. Effects of guiyingpingfeng powder on immune function and growth performance of chicken. Hubei Agric Sci. (2015) 54:914–6. doi: 10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2015.04.035 (in Chinese).
60. Dong, LQ, and Zhong, XH. Effect of Gan Lian Yu ping Feng san on ILT antibodies and some non-specific immune indexes in chicks, 2011 annual conference of Chinese Society of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (2011) 583 p (in Chinese).
61. Zhou, ZH, Liang, HZ, Chen, G, Yang, H, Li, J, Lu, YK, et al. Effect of Yupingfeng polysaccharide liposomes on mucosal immunity of chicks. Prog Vet Med. (2019) 40:54–9. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-5038.2019.10.011 (in Chinese).
62. Zhou, ZH, Liang, HZ, Chen, G, Yang, H, Li, J, Lu, YK, et al. Effects of yupingfeng polysaccharide liposomes on immune regulation of chicken spleen. China Poultry. (2019) 41:23–8. doi: 10.16372/j.issn.1004-6364.2019.16.005 (in Chinese).
63. Wu, FD. The absorptive characteristic of Yupingfeng polysaccharide liposome in the small intestine of chicken and immunological effect. Foshan, Guangdong, China: Foshan University (2020). 62 p (in Chinese).
64. Liang, HZ, Wu, CQ, Li, QF, Zhang, WL, Zhou, ZH, Xu, ZG, et al. Effect of yupingfeng polysaccharides liposomes on morphology and structure of intestinal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue in chicks. Prog Vet Med. (2020) 41:84–9. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-5038.2020.11.016 (in Chinese).
65. Zhou, ZH. The study ofThe effects of Yupingfeng polysaccharide liposomes on immune system of chickens. Foshan, Guangdong, China: Foshan University (2020). 71 p (in Chinese).
66. He, YQ. Study of Yupingfeng extracts regulation on immune function of broilers via NF-KB signaling pathway. Mianyang, Sichuan, China: Southwest University of Science and Technology (2021). 64 p (in Chinese).
67. Jiang, DP. Effect of Yu ping Feng oral solution on the immunization effect of Newcastle disease and bursal disease vaccine in chickens. Livestock Poultry Ind. (2008) 8:50–2. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0414.2008.08.027 (in Chinese).
68. Fei, JC, Zhang, ZW, Han, XD, and Cai, SG. Effect of Yu ping Feng oral liquid on the immunization effect of Newcastle disease vaccine in chicks. Heilongjiang Anim Sci Vet Med. (2010) 19:147–8. doi: 10.13881/j.cnki.hljxmsy.2010.19.051 (in Chinese).
69. Dai, CY, Jiang, YP, Guo, Y, Liu, YT, Yang, H, Ji, H, et al. Study the antiviral effect of Yupingfeng polysaccharides on vitro. Chin J Vet Med. (2017) 53:30–3 (in Chinese).
70. Lin, BZ, Han, XD, Li, DG, and Cai, SG. Effect of Yu ping Feng oral liquid on the immunization effect of IBD vaccine in chicks. Anim Husb Vet Med. (2011) 43:102–3 (in Chinese).
71. Wang, HL, Wang, HF, Li, XY, Shi, WY, and Zhong, XH. Effect of Yu ping Feng san on the immunization effect of vaccine against infectious bursal disease in chicks. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sin. (2009) 40:1564–8. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0366-6964.2009.10.023 (in Chinese).
72. Kong, CM, Zhao, ZJ, and Zhong, XH. Effects of Gan lian Yu ping feng powder on the antibody titers to infectious laryngotracheitis vaccine and some nonspecific immune indexes in chickens. African J Tradi Complem Alternative Med. (2013) 10:70–7. doi: 10.4314/ajtcam.v10i4.12
73. Gu, XG, Wang, WJ, and Hu, SH. Effect of Yu ping Feng san on the immunization of egg quail against avian influenza vaccine. J Trad Chin Vet Med. (2009) 28:56–7. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6354.2009.04.025 (in Chinese).
Keywords: Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides, function, animal growth performance, animal immunity, animal health farming
Citation: Chu H, Zong Y, Yang H, Chen S, Ma Z and Li H (2023) Effects of Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharides on animal growth performance and immune function: a review. Front. Vet. Sci. 10:1260208. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1260208
Edited by:
Peter Popelka, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, SlovakiaReviewed by:
Liwei Guo, Yangtze University, ChinaKeyu Zhang, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
Copyright © 2023 Chu, Zong, Yang, Chen, Ma and Li. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Zheng Ma, mz8522@163.com; Hua Li, okhuali@fosu.edu.cn