A First Report of Aeromonas veronii Infection of the Sea Bass, Lateolabrax maculatus in China

The sea bass, Lateolabrax maculatus is commercially farmed in Zhuhai, located in the Guangdong Province of China. L. maculatus in aquaculture have suffered acute death, characterized by ulcerations on the body surface, congestion, and hemorrhage in internal organs such as liver, kidney, and spleen. The dominant infecting strain of bacteria isolated from the kidneys of diseased fish was identified as Aeromonas veronii (strain 18BJ181). This identification was based on analysis of morphological, physiological, and biochemical features, as well as 16S rRNA and gyrB gene sequences. Drug sensitivity testing showed that the strain 18BJ181 isolate was resistant to four antibacterial drugs, including amoxicillin, madinomycin, penicillin and sulfamethoxazole, while moderately sensitive to erythromycin and rifampicin. The detection of growth characteristics showed that the strain 18BJ181 exhibited adaptability to the environment. In addition, some virulence genes, such as aer, act, gcaT, tapA and fla, were detected in the strain 18BJ181. The median lethal dosage of the strain 18BJ181 isolate in L. maculatus was 8.5 × 10⁵ and 4.2 × 10⁵ cfu/g under the conditions of intraperitoneal injection and intramuscular injection, respectively. The experimentally induced infection showed that the 18BJ181 isolate caused considerable histological lesions in L. maculatus, including tissue degeneration, necrosis, and different degrees of hemorrhage. These results provided evidence for a more comprehensive understanding of A. veronii strain 18BJ181 infection in L. maculatus.

Introduction

Aeromonas veronii, a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen, has a wide range of hosts and can cause diarrhea and sepsis in humans (1). In particular, A. veronii is a common pathogen in aquaculture, which can infect a variety of aquatic animals, including freshwater goldfish (Carassius auratus) (2), Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus,) (3), Chinese Longsnout catfish (Leiocassis longirostris günther) (4) and catfish (Ictalurus punctatus,) (5, 6). The clinical symptoms of infected fish are skin ulcers and visceral hemorrhage. The histopathological changes caused by A. veronii are manifested as cerebral vascular hyperemia, inflammatory cell infiltration, osteoporosis, renal tubular necrosis, and hepatocyte degeneration (7). The virulence of A. veronii was shown to be stronger than Aermonas hydrophila, which could cause septicemia in fish (8). At present, A. veronii is the primary pathogen isolated from freshwater fish in South China.

The sea bass, Lateolabrax maculatus, is an economically important, cultured species in East Asia and is an important aquaculture fish in China in particular (9). Viral and bacterial diseases can cause significant damage to cultured L. maculatus (10, 11). In 2018, a continuous epidemiological investigation was carried out in the L. maculatus culture area in the Zhuhai, Guangdong Province in China, and found that A. veronii was an important pathogen. In this study, the results of isolation, identification, drug sensitivity, growing characteristics, virulence gene distribution and pathogenicity of the A. veronii isolate are described.

Materials and Methods

Sampling of Diseased Fish and Isolation of Bacteria

Diseased L. maculatus were sampled from a freshwater fish farm in Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China. Moribund fish were taken from the pond to a laboratory at the Modern Agricultural Development Center of Zhuhai City, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China. Only diseased fish with typical clinical symptoms were used for bacterial examination. The fish were dissected after their skin was cleaned with 75% ethyl alcohol. Liver, spleen, and kidney were used for bacterial isolation. A Nutrient Agar medium (NA) was employed for bacteria isolation for 24 h at 28°C and the dominant uniform bacterial colonies were purified by streaking onto the NA plates twice. A single bacterial colony was selected and inoculated in nutrient broth (NB) for 14 h at 28°C, then preserved at −80°C in the NB medium containing 20% (v/v) sterile glycerol. A dominant strain was tentatively named 18BJ181.

Analysis of Physiological and Biochemical Characterization

Thirty-eight biochemical reactions were performed using Vitek 2 Compact (Biomerieux, France) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Identification results of bacterial species were generated based on the combination of biochemical activities.

Sequence Analysis of 16S rRNA and gyrB Gene

The genomic DNA of the strain 18BJ181 was extracted using a TIANamp Bacterial DNA Kit (Tiangen-Biotech, Beijing, China) following the manufacturer's guidelines. Genomic DNA was stored at −20°C. A pair of universal primers, 8 F:5′- AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3′ and 1492 R: 5′-GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3′, was used for amplification of the 16S rRNA gene. A pair of primers, 3 F:5′-TCCGGCGGTCTGCACGGCGT-3′ and 14 R: 5′-TTGTCCGGG TTGTACTCGTC-3′, was used for amplification of the gyrB gene. The mixtures were incubated in a cycle of 95°C for 5 min, followed by 30 cycles of 95°C for 15 s, 55°C for 15 s, and 72°C for 15 s, and extension at 72°C for 10 min. The amplified products were observed and sequenced, then were sent to Guangzhou Tian Yihui Gene Technology Co., Ltd. A BLAST search for sequences was carried out via the NCBI website (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/). The phylogenetic trees were established using the Neighbor-joining method in the MEGA 5.1 software package (12).

Growing Characteristics

The pH value and NaCl concentration were adjusted based on the NB medium. Before sterilization by autoclaving, the pH was adjusted to the desired values with NaOH (1 mol/L) or HCl (1 mol/L). The target salinity values were obtained by adding NaCl to NB. The isolate cultured in NB was incubated at 28°C with pH value of 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 to evaluate growth characteristics. Similarly, the growth characteristics of the isolate was evaluated in NB at 28°C with a salinity of 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 ppt, respectively. All flasks were inoculated with 0.2 mL of bacterial suspension (optical density, OD₆₀₀= 0.1) and cultured at 180 rpm in 96-well plates. Growth was monitored for 23 h by measuring the OD with a micrometer at 600 nm every 1 h.

Antimicrobial Resistance Test

The antibiotic resistance of the strain 18BJ181 was determined by the disk diffusion method [K-B method (13)]. The strain 18BJ181 was cultured in Mueller-Hinton medium and the concentration of the bacterial solution was adjusted to 1 × 10⁸ cfu/ml. The suspension was spread on Mueller-Hinton agar containing either trimethoprim, amoxicillin, chloramphenicol, doxycycline, erythromycin, enrofloxacin, florfenicol, furazolidone, gentamicin, madinomycin, neomycin, norfloxacin, oxytetracycline, penicillin, rifampicin or sulfamethoxazole (all purchased from Hangzhou microbial Reagent Co. Ltd). According to the size of the bacteriostatic zone, the results of drug sensitivity were judged by sensitivity, mediating, and drug resistance.

Virulence Genes Detection

Conventional PCR assays for the amplification of the aerolysin (aer), cytotoxic enterotoxin (act), heat-stable enterotoxin (ast), glycerophospholipid-cholesterol acyltransferase (gcaT), extracellular deoxyribonuclease (exu), Type IV pilus (tapA), lip and flagellin (fla) were performed with the template DNA of the strain 18BJ181. Primers used for amplification of the eight genes are shown in Table 1. Each PCR reaction contained 12.5 μl of PCR Mix (Tiangen Biotech, Beijing Co., Ltd., China), 1μl of each paired primer, 1 μl of template DNA, and 9.5 μl of ddH₂O. The PCR reaction commenced with denaturation at 94°C for 2 min, then 35 cycles of amplification, and finally extension at 72°C for 10 min. Each cycle consisted of denaturation at 94°C for 30 s, annealing for 50 s and extension at 72°C for 30 s (Table 1). The amplified PCR products were maintained at 4°C. The results were recorded after electrophoresis on 2% agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide and the positive product of PCR were sent to were sent to Guangzhou Tian Yihui Gene Technology Co., Ltd for analysis and verification (14, 15).

TABLE 1

Table 1. The information for the eight virulence genes pairs of primers.

Fish Infection Experiments

The L. maculatus weighing approximately 18 g were cultured in aerated ponds at the Zhuhai experimental base of the South China Sea fisheries Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China. The water temperature was controlled at 28 ± 1°C. During the temporary feeding period, fish were fed a basal diet of 5% body weight at 7 am and 6 pm every day. After feeding for 15 min, the residual feed was removed to prevent the water from becoming contaminated and fish were temporarily reared for a week. Before the experiment, three fish were randomly selected for visceral bacteriological examination and gill parasite monitoring. A. veronii was transferred to NB medium at 5% and cultured for 10 h at 28°C and 200 rpm/min. The concentration of bacterial suspension was adjusted to 3.9 × 10⁹, 3.9 × 10⁸, 3.9 × 10⁷, 3.9 × 10⁶ and 3.9 × 10⁵ cfu/ml, respectively. Three hundred healthy L. maculatus were randomly selected. Eugenol was used to anesthetize the L. maculatus before infection. Intraperitoneal injection and intramuscular injection was carried out using 0.1 ml of the above different concentrations of the bacterial suspension. The control group received an intraperitoneal injection and intramuscular injection of an equal volume of 0.85% normal saline. Bacteria from the liver, spleen, and ascites fluid of experimentally infected fish were re-isolated. All protocols for experiments involving live animals conducted in this study were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.

Histopathological Examination

Heart, liver, kidney and spleen tissue from the moribund fish after infection were fixed in 10% buffered formalin solution, dehydrated in ethanol, embedded in paraffin wax blocks and sectioned, then stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histopathological observation.

Results

Clinical Symptoms of Naturally Infected Fish

The L. maculatus naturally infected with A. veronii typically show acute death in aquaculture conditions. After 2–3 days of infection, fish begin to swim slowly leading to high mortality (Figure 1A). Some diseased fish exhibit large areas of ulceration on the body surface, limited to the surface of the skin (Figure 1B). After dissecting the fish, it was found that there were mild ascites in the abdomen. Hemorrhage of internal organs and intestinal inflammation were often observed (Figure 1C). Some fish showed typical clinical lesions, as well as swelling and hemorrhage of the kidney (Figure 1D), ischemia and hemorrhage in the liver, and darkening of the spleen (Figure 1E).

FIGURE 1

Figure 1. Clinical symptoms of natural or artificial infection of Aeromonas veronii in Lateolabrax maculatus. Acute death of L. maculatus in fish farms (A). Obvious clinical symptoms of natural infection with A.veronii in diseased L.maculatus, such as ulceration on the body surface (solid arrow) (B), hemorrhages in internal organs (solid arrows) and intestinal inflammation (hollow arrows) (C), hemorrhage and swelling of the kidney (solid arrows) (D), liver with both ischemia (black box), hemorrhage (solid arrow) and darkened spleen (hollow arrows) (E). Clinical symptoms of L.maculatus artificially infected with A.veronii: the anal fin is slightly inflamed (solid arrow) (F), slightly darkened spleen (black box), congestion in the abdominal wall and liver (hollow arrows), and hemorrhage and swelling in the kidney (solid arrows) (G).

Physiological and Biochemical Characteristics of the Bacteria

The strain 18BJ181 is a typical gram-negative bacterium isolated directly from diseased L. maculatus. Physiological and biochemical results in this study showed that 16 biochemical reactions of the strain 18BJ181 were positive, such as Ala-Phe-Pro arylamidase, L-Proline arylamidase, and sucrose, while 22 biochemical reactions were negative, such as H₂S production and β-glucuronidase in a total of 38 biochemical reactions (Table 2). This species strain is distinguishable from the other three Aeromonas species [A. veronii bv. veronii, A. hydrophila, and A. caviae, (16]]. Due to the complexity of Aeromonas members and the limited number of biochemical reactions of Vitek 2, the test identified these isolates as Aeromonas species (probability > 99%), but failed to correctly differentiate them to the species level.

TABLE 2

Table 2. Biochemical characterization of the strain 18BJ181 from naturally infected Lateolabrax maculatus in GuangDong province using Vitek 2 compact.

Phylogenetic Analyses of the 16S rRNA and gyrB Genes

The gene sequences of different Aeromonas were downloaded from the NCBI database and a phylogenetic tree was constructed. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of the strain 18BJ181 was 1,445 bp in length. The BLAST alignments showed that it was most similar to strain A. vernoii XG3-1-1 (MF716697.1). The gyrB gene sequence of the strain 18BJ181 was 1,045 bp in length. The BLAST alignments showed that it was most similar to strain A. vernoii CB51 (CP015448.1). Identities were approximately 99.81%. In addition, the results showed that the strain 18BJ181 was grouped with a cluster of known species of A. veronii strains according to phylogenetic trees established on the 16S rRNA sequence and gyrB sequence (Figure 2). Based on biochemical tests and phylogenesis through 16S rRNA and gyrB genes, the strain 18BJ181 was determined to be a member of Aeromonas veronii.

FIGURE 2

Figure 2. Neighbor-Joining phylogenetic tree generated based on 16S rRNA (A) gyrB (B) gene sequences of Aeromonas veronii isolates detected in the present study and the other Aeromonas spp. from Genbank. Escherichia coli was used as an outgroup species. Bootstrap values out of 1,000 repetitions were indicated above each branch.

Growth Characteristics of the Strain 18BJ181

Growth characteristics of the strain 18BJ181 were tested (Figure 3). As shown in Figure 3A, growth was similar at salinity concentrations of 5, 10, 20, and 40 ppt. Growth was improved at 20 and 40 ppt and significantly inhibited at a salinity of 80 ppt. In terms of pH, as shown in Figure 3B, the growth of this isolate was maximal at an optimum of pH 7. The latent phase of growth was somewhat extended at pH 11 and growth capacity was reduced. At pH 7 and 9, the growth of the strain 18BJ181 showed that trends were similar, and considerable final concentrations were obtained. Growth was halted at pH 3.

FIGURE 3

Figure 3. Growing characteristics of the strain 18BJ181. Growth under the conditions of different salinity (A), different pH (B).

Drug Sensitivity

The drug sensitivity results indicated that the strain 18BJ181 showed different sensitivities to 16 antibacterial drugs. Strain 18BJ181 was sensitive to 10 antibacterial drugs such as sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, and chloramphenicol, showed moderate sensitivity to erythromycin and rifampicin, and was resistant to amoxicillin, madinomycin, penicillin and sulfamethoxazole (Table 3).

TABLE 3

Table 3. Antibiotic sensitivity of the strain 18BJ181.

Virulence Factors

The PCR profiles of eight virulence genes screened in this study showed that five genes (aer, act, gcaT, tapA, and fla) was present in the strain 18BJ181 isolate (Figure 4).

FIGURE 4

Figure 4. Agarose gel electrophoresis of eight virulent genes (aer, act, ast, gcaT, exu, tapA, lip, and fla) were present in the strain 18BJ181.

Experimental Infections

L. maculatus can be infected successfully by intraperitoneal injection and intramuscular injection (Figure 5). The results showed that mortality of L. maculatus occurred within 24 h, and the number of deaths decreased significantly within a 48 h period. When the concentration of intraperitoneal injection and intramuscular injection was 2.2 × 10⁷ cfu/g, the mortality rate of the fish reached 100%. When the infection concentration was 2.2 × 10⁶ cfu/g, the mortality rate for intraperitoneal injection and intramuscular injection was 83.3 and 87.5%, respectively. Using an infection concentration of 2.2 × 10⁵ cfu/g, the mortality rate for intraperitoneal injection and intramuscular injection was 4 and 25%, respectively. When the infection concentrations were 2.2 × 10⁴ cfu/g and 2.2 × 10³ cfu/g, respectively, fish with intraperitoneal injection did not die and the mortality rate of fish infected by intramuscular injection was also very low, no more than 5%. The median lethal dosage (LD₅₀) through intraperitoneal injection and intramuscular injection was calculated by Karber's method as 8.5 × 10⁵ and 4.2 × 10⁵ cfu/g, respectively.

FIGURE 5

Figure 5. The cumulative mortality of Lateolabrax maculatus from different infection routes of Aeromonas veronii in 10 days.

Pathological Analysis of Artificially Infected Fish

There were no obvious lesions on the body surface of L. maculatus that were artificially infected with the strain 18BJ181 isolate. The predominant symptoms were redness and swelling of the anal fin (Figure 1F). After dissection of the infected fish, it was observed that the ascites fluid in the abdominal cavity increased significantly. The abdominal wall and liver were congested. Kidney enlargement and hemorrhage were observed, and the spleen became darker in color (Figure 1G).

The histopathology of L. maculatus infected by intraperitoneal injection of A. veronii was as follows: cardiomyocyte vacuolization with myofibrillar degeneration was observed in the heart (Figure 6A), the liver showed different levels of hepatocellular steatosis, congestion, and hemorrhage (Figure 6C), the renal tubular epithelial lining was severely necrotic, and detached from the basement membrane, and interstitial tissue hemorrhage was evident (Figure 6E), and moderate splenitis was observed with numerous lymphocytes and macrophages aggregated around ellipsoids, in addition to an accumulation of a proteinaceous substance accumulated in the spleen (Figure 6G). The histopathological changes of L. maculatus infected by intramuscular injection were as follows: myocardial hemorrhage with myofibrillar edema, rupture, and necrosis was observed in the heart (Figure 6B), the liver had histopathological changes such as hepatocellular steatosis, congestion, and inflammation (Figure 6D), necrosis and desquamation of the renal tubular epithelial lining and interstitial tissue hemorrhage were relatively mild in the kidney (Figure 6F), and the spleen showed pathological changes such as splenitis with diffuse fibrinoid necrosis of ellipsoids, aggregation of inflammatory cells, and accumulation of hemozoin (Figure 6H).

FIGURE 6

Figure 6. Histopathological changes of Lateolabrax maculatus with artificial infection of Aeromonas veronii (A,C,E,G: intraperitoneal injection, B,D,F,H: intramuscular injection). Cardiomyocyte vacuolization (solid arrows) with myofibrillar degeneration (rectangular) (A) and myocardial hemorrhage (rectangular) with myofibrillar edema (ovals), rupture (solid arrows) and necrosis (hollow arrows) (B). Hepatocellular steatosis (solid arrows), congestion (ovals), hemorrhage (rectangular), and inflammation (hollow arrows) in the liver (C,D). Kidney with marked necrosis and desquamation of the renal tubular epithelial lining leaving the basement membrane (solid arrows) notice the hemorrhage in the interstitial tissue (rectangular) (E,F). Moderate splenitis with numerous lymphocytes and macrophages aggregated around ellipsoids (ovals) in addition to an accumulation of proteinaceous substance (rectangular) (G). Splenitis with diffuse fibrinoid necrosis of ellipsoids (rectangular), aggregation of inflammatory cells (ovals), and hemozoin accumulation (solid arrows) (H).

Discussion

A. veronii is widely distributed and can be isolated from diseased aquatic animals and aquatic environments (17–19) in various countries such as Poland (20), Mexico (21), and Japan (22). The pathogen can cause human biliary sepsis and diarrhea in clinical practice (23, 24). The physiological and biochemical characteristics of the strain 18BJ181, such as L-Proline arylamidase, β-Galactosidase and O/129 resistance, were positive with A. veronii ATCC9071. Due to the wide variety of Aeromonas species and the limited number of reactions of Vitek 2, the molecular method is required to distinguish the species level of Aeromonas (16). 16S rRNA is one of the most commonly used molecular biological detection methods for identifying bacteria (25) and the gyrB gene has certain advantages for the identification of Aeromonas species (26). In this study, BLAST alignments showed that both 16S rRNA and gyrB gene sequences of the strain 18BJ181 shared the highest identities with those of other known A. veronii strains. The phylogenetic trees built based on the sequences of the two genes showed the strain 18BJ181 clustered with A. veronii strains. For the identification of A. veronii, it is important to use multiple molecular markers for phylogenetic analysis. If this is not possible, another approach is to conduct genomic sequence analysis for a specific strain, then combine them with epidemiological evidence for a more comprehensive analysis. Using these methods, it is possible to provide new insights into the complex evolutionary history of A. veronii.

A. veronii has a variety of hosts and can live in aquatic animals and in the environment, which may bring harm to aquaculture in the future. Bacterial resistance to antibiotics affects the health of animals, the environment, and humans (27). Previous research results showed that A. veronii was resistant to antibacterial drugs, including ampicillin, amoxicillin and oxacillin (28–31). In this study, we confirmed part of these results, specifically that strain 18BJ181 is resistant to amoxicillin and penicillin. Over time, A. veronii has developed a certain resistance to sulfamethoxazole. The results of drug sensitivity testing on the strain 18BJ181 isolate in this study provides a reference for when antimicrobials may be a potential treatment for A. veronii.

The pathogenicity of A. veronii is related to the expression of virulence factors (32). Aer is a cytotoxic pore-forming enterotoxin, which is one of the most important and abundant virulence factors of A. veronii. Isolates from all tissue necrosis and ulcerations in fish of A. veronii induced aeromonas septicemia and bacterial haemorrhagic septicemia were positive for the aer gene. The aer-positive isolates from crap fish and catfish were 52.9% and 82.4%, respectively. Fish injected with A. veronii exhibited significantly higher mortality than carp fish [P < 0.05, (33)]. Using an infection route via intestine, a comparison of A. veronii strain Hm091 with A. hydrophila showed that different expression and activity of the aer gene was the key factor that caused the difference in virulence between the two species (8). We detected the aer gene from A. veronii, which may have indicate a connection with its strong pathogenicity. Act gene plays an important role in A. hydrophila and can significantly reduce capacity to evoke fluid secretion (34). Glycerophospholipid-cholesterol acyltransferase and lipases paly a common role in the pathogenicity of Aeromonas spp and, together, are secreted into the environment through the secretion system (5, 35). TapA of Aeromonas salmonicida participates in the process of infecting Atlantic salmon (36). The fla is involved in the formation of Aeromonas spp biofilms and has potential pathogenicity (37). In this study, virulence genes aer, act, gcaT, tapA and fla were detected from strain 18BJ181, but the more complex mechanism of toxicity action of A. veronii still needs to be further explored.

In this study, the time of death of L. maculatus was concentrated within 24 h after L. maculatus was infected by A. veronii infection. This finding is consistent with the death of A. veronii infection in Carassius auratus gibelio and Xiphophorus helleri (12, 38). This suggests that the rapid death of the host will accelerate the spread of the disease. The LD₅₀ in the intramuscular injection group was slightly lower than in the intraperitoneal injection group, but the mortality of both showed a “cliff” decline. Zebrafish is also a susceptible host of A. veronii. It has been found that this fish can be successfully infected with A. veronii through different infection routes (8). Likewise, A. hydrophila showed muscle liquefaction and furuncle lesions in infected rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) after intramuscular injection (39). The difference in the expression and activity of the aer gene between A. veronii and A. hydrophila resulted in A. veronii being slightly more virulent than A. hydrophila, and this in turn activates the activity of the aer gene and functions in enhancing the adhesion ability of bacteria in host cells (8). In addition, the quorum-sensing system plays a key role in the infection of A. veronii and is a major metabolic regulator in A. veronii and participating in sturgeon spoilage (40). This is related to the quorum-sensing system of A. veronii and A. hydrophila in regulating virulence in catfish (41). The virulence regulation effect of Aeromonas on burbot (Lota Lota) was also regulated by quorum sensing (42). N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) mediated by the quorum-sensing mechanisms may be involved in regulating the type VI secretion system (T6SS), metalloprotease production, biofilm formation, and virulence of A. veronii (43). As previously reported, AHL molecules are not only involved in bacterial virulence regulation but also interact with several eukaryotic cells and play function in the immuno-modulation of the host response in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (44). However, the exact mechanism of action is unclear. L. maculatus infected with A. veronii died acutely in a short period of time and correlated with the concentration of infection. This indicates that it may be closely related to the quorum-sensing system, but the details still need to be further studied.

Aeromonas can cause an infection characterized by septicemia and spread within 1 hpi through the organs, affecting irreversible lesions to the liver, kidney and spleen. The pathogen was detected in the spleen at 3 hpi, and the greatest amounts of Aeromonas and lesions were observed at 6 and 9 hpi in all evaluated organs (p < 0.05) (45). Aeromonas infection of fish also cause skin ulcers, intra-abdominal hemorrhage, and other clinical symptoms. Interestingly, there are a variety of symptoms caused by different types of Aeromonas infections (15). For example, the clinical signs of bacterial septicemia in catfish caused by A. veronii were pale gills, slight abdominal distension, and swollen and inflamed vents (46). When A. veronii infect Sheatfish, petechial skin hemorrhages appear, as well as ascitic distension of the abdomen, redness, and swelling of the anus (47). A. veronii can cause histopathological changes such as hemorrhage, congestion, and ulcers in different organs (6). Some cases of A. veronii infected fish showed degenerative histopathological changes such as cellular vacuolation, intravascular congestion, and cell necrosis (3). In this study, the histopathological results were similar to those of previous studies. For example, in some internal organs there were histopathological changes, especially the necrosis of the renal tubular epithelial lining and interstitial tissue hemorrhage. These symptoms provided direct evidence of the cause of death in L. maculatus.

In conclusion, this is the first study to report a case of A. veronii infection in L. maculatus in China. Clinical symptoms of naturally infected fish were acute death, ulceration on the body surface, congestion, and hemorrhages in internal organs. A. veronii is resistant to amoxicillin, madinomycin, and other antimicrobial agents and is suitable for survival in the environment. Using artificial infection, A. veronii can infect L. maculatus through intraperitoneal injection and intramuscular injection, causing abdominal hemorrhage and congestion, as well as pathological damage to the heart, liver, kidney, and spleen including degeneration, necrosis, and hemorrhage. As a newly reported bacterial disease in L. maculatus, this report sheds new light on understanding the characteristics of A. veronii regarding host pathogenicity. Further epidemiological investigation and retrospective studies are needed, as well as further exploration of the relationship between pathogenic bacteria and the host.

Data Availability Statement

The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found in the GenBank: MW362188 for Aeromonas veronii strain 18BJ181 16S ribosomal RNA gene and MW371213 for Aeromonas veronii strain 18BJ181 gyrB gene partial cds, respectively.

Ethics Statement

The animal study was reviewed and approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering.

Author Contributions

YS and BW conceived and designed as well as analyzed the experiments. BW performed all the experiments and wrote the paper. CM completed the Antimicrobial resistance test. JH, YL, and QG assisted in laboratory experiments and data analysis. JF, BJ, and YS participated in discussions and revisions and critically examines the final uploaded manuscripts. All authors read and agreed to the final version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by grants from the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, CAFS (2018ZD01) and the Key Project of Department of Education of Guangdong Province (2019KZDXM043).

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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