Qimin Ma
Kai Cao2,†
Xiaobin Liu
Tuo Shen
Feng Zhu- 1Burns & Trauma ICU, The First Affiliated Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- 2Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
Budd–Chiari syndrome (BCS) is rarely caused by trauma. We reported a case of transient and secondary BCS post polytrauma that resulting from massive perihepatic and abdominal fluid and compressed liver, causing stenosis of the inferior vena cava and hepatic veins. This was a special BCS case related to but not directly caused by trauma. With conservative management and active surgical procedures, the patient recovered well.
Introduction
Budd–Chiari syndrome (BCS) comprises a heterogeneous group of conditions characterized by partial or complete hepatic venous outflow obstruction involving one or more hepatic veins (HVs), the inferior vena cava (IVC), or the right atrium. The most common causes include a hypercoagulable or prothrombotic state, extension of the thrombus, a direct mass effect caused by liver lesions including liver tumors and abscesses, and congenital development abnormality of IVC (diaphragm formation, stenosis, and atresia). BCS is rarely caused by trauma that influences mortality because of massive bleeding and the difficulty associated with its repair. Common treatments for BCS include anticoagulation therapy, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting, surgical shunting, and liver transplantation. The risks and benefits of living donor liver transplantation have also been the focus of recent attention (1, 2). In the present case, BCS, associated with polytrauma, actually resulted from compression of partially perihepatic encapsulated fluid and abdominal fluid because of traumatic bile fistula.
Case presentation
A 35-year-old man with polytrauma was transferred to our Burns & Trauma ICU on September 1, 2021. He was accidentally smashed in the left thigh by a trunk while sawing the tree and was then picked by other dropped trunks to a height of 3 m and hurt severely with pain. In the Emergency Department, computed tomography (CT) showed liver rupture, perihepatic hemorrhage, exudation around the pancreatic head, abdominal and pelvic effusion, fracture of the left femoral backbone, and fracture of the left tibia (Figures 1A–D). After comprehensive conservative treatment including antishock, transfusion, hemostatic resuscitation, and anti-infection treatment, the patient was stable gradually. Since September 24, ascites have increased progressively accompanied by nausea and vomiting, abdominal distension, and jaundice. To make a diagnosis, abdominal enhanced CT and diagnostic abdominocentesis were performed. Abdominal enhanced CT showed a large amount of perihepatic and abdominal fluid (partially encapsulated) and compressed liver, causing stenosis of IVC and HVs (Figures 2A,B). Ascites examination revealed a significant increase in total bilirubin and direct bilirubin with normal amylase. We considered a presumptive diagnosis: bile fistula post-polytraumatic liver rupture, perihepatic effusion, ascites, and secondary BCS. The abdominal distension and ascites were relieved after intraperitoneal centesis and drainage, and abdominal enhanced CT on September 29 showed a significant improvement of the compressed IVC and hepatic veins (Figures 3A,B).
Figure 1. CT manifestation post polytrauma. (A) Liver rupture, perihepatic hemorrhage (yellow arrow). (B) Exudation around the pancreatic head. (C) Fracture of the left femoral backbone. (D) Fracture of the left tibia.
Figure 2. Abdominal enhanced CT manifestation. (A) (Coronal) a large amount of perihepatic and abdominal fluid (green arrow) and stenosis of IVC (yellow arrow) and hepatic veins (red arrow). (B) (Horizontal) a large amount of perihepatic fluid (green arrow) and stenosis of IVC (yellow arrow).
Figure 3. Significant improved on the compressed IVC (yellow arrow). (A) Coronal. (B) Horizontal.
The following day, the patient still had intermittent abdominal distension, abdominal pain, and fever with slightly elevated inflammatory indicators (PCT, CPR, WBC, etc.) as well as jaundice. To find the cause of bile fistula, a laparotomy was performed on October 7. Rupture of the distal choledochusal near the pancreatic duct, extensive intestinal adhesion, and encapsulated effusions were found in the surgery. Choledochal “T” tube drainage + enteroclysis + peritoneal effusion removal was performed. Abdominal distension, abdominal pain and fever, and inflammatory indicators significantly improved, and ascites disappeared postsurgery. Abdominal enhanced CT on November 8 showed that IVC and hepatic veins returned to be normal (Figures 4A,B).
Figure 4. Abdominal enhanced CT manifestation. (A) (Coronal) IVC (yellow arrow) returned to be normal. (B) (Horizontal) IVC (yellow arrow) and hepatic veins (red arrow) returned to be normal.
Discussion
BCS is defined as “the obstruction of hepatic venous outflow that can be located from the small hepatic venules up to the entrance of IVC into the right atrium, if a right heart failure or constrictive pericarditis has been excluded” (3). Since the first description by Dr. Budd and Dr. Chiari, it took two centuries to coin such a definition (4, 5). BCS is common in hepatic vein/IVC thrombosis, tumor invasion or compression, and IVC congenital developmental abnormalities (diaphragm formation, stenosis, closure) but is rarely caused by trauma. BCS directly caused by trauma is often fatal because of massive bleeding and the difficulty associated with its repair. In this case, although polytrauma was the cause, it did not directly lead to IVC thrombosis or massive bleeding. Perihepatic and abdominal massive accumulation of fluid (partially encapsulated) caused by traumatic biliary fistula compressed liver and HVs/IVC, which caused BCS finally. Whether traumatic biliary fistula is primary or secondary was unclear. Perhaps, this was a nonclassic trauma-related BCS. BCS clinical manifestations greatly varied, including lack of appetite, nausea and vomiting, abdominal distension, ascites, large liver, jaundice, fatigue, scrotum, and lower limb edema (6, 7). In this patient, the symptoms and signs were less typical, probably because of the gradual ascites and compression. This presents difficulties in the clinical and differential diagnoses even if the signs of the BCS could be seen on enhanced CT. We finally found via surgery that the true cause was a biliary fistula.
Emergent surgical management of BCS including primary repair, patch repair, or reconstruction with various grafts is used to manage BCS caused by trauma, but the optimal strategy for surgery remains controversial. There are many causes of BCS, which need to be identified by the clinician in the context of the medical history and examination. In the past, a patient with liver disease had BCS due to a giant hydatid cyst, which was effectively relieved by catheterization with a drainage catheter in the cystic cavity (8). In these BCS patients, venous compression relief is an effective way to protect liver function (9). Furthermore, trauma did not directly lead to injury and rupture of IVC/HVs. BCS was due to the compression of the liver, IVC, and HVs caused by biliary fistula and ascites. Thus, choledochal “T” tube drainage + enterolysis + peritoneal effusion removal could reduce abdominal stimulation and ascites, reduce compression, and finally alleviate BCS.
Overall, this patient had massive perihepatic and abdominal encapsulated effusion due to liver rupture and bile fistula. Then, effusion extrusion of the liver caused severe stenosis of IVC/HVs, resulting in clinical transient secondary BCS. In turn, secondary BCS aggravated ascites and clinical symptoms. After removing the inclusion effusion and reducing liver extrusion via surgery, the symptoms and signs improved and disappeared. We fully recorded the development and management of this transient secondary BCS case. At the same time, we also realize that this is a nonclassic trauma-related BCS case, and ascites clearance and repair of bile fistula are keys for the management of transient secondary BCS.
Data availability statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
Author contributions
The authors certify that they have participated sufficiently in the work to take public responsibility for the appropriateness of the design and method, and the collection, analysis, and interpretation of the data. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
References
1. Ara C, Akbulut S, Ince V, Karakas S, Baskiran A, Yilmaz S. Living donor liver transplantation for Budd-Chiari syndrome: overcoming a troublesome situation. Medicine. (2016) 95(43):e5136. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000005136
2. Gonultas F, Akbulut S, Barut B, Usta S, Kutluturk K, Kutlu R, et al. Usability of inferior vena cava interposition graft during living donor liver transplantation: is this approach always necessary? J Gastrointest Surg. (2020) 24(7):1540–51. doi: 10.1007/s11605-019-04342-6
3. Zanetto A, Pellone M, Senzolo M. Milestones in the discovery of Budd–Chiari syndrome. Liver Int. (2019) 39(7):1180–5. doi: 10.1111/liv.14088
5. Chiari H. Ueber die selbststandige Phlebitis obliterans der Hauptstamme der Venae hepaticae als Todesursache. Beitr Path Anat. (1899) 26:1–18.2. doi: 10.1016/S0005-8165(76)80074-1
6. Bansal V, Gupta P, Sinha S, Dhaka N, Kalra N, Vijayvergiya R, et al. Budd-Chiari syndrome: imaging review. Br J Radiol. (2018) 91(1092):20180441. doi: 10.1259/bjr.20180441
7. Kim JH, Baek JH. Transient Budd-Chiari syndrome as an unpredictable complication of supradiaphragmatic inferior vena cava reconstruction after blunt thoracic trauma: a case report. Medicine. (2019) 98(22):e15821. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000015821
8. Akbulut S, Yilmaz M, Kahraman A, Yilmaz S. Budd–Chiari syndrome due to giant hydatid cyst: a case report and brief literature review. J Infect Dev Ctries. (2013) 7(6):489–93. doi: 10.3855/jidc.2712
Keywords: Budd–Chiari syndrome, trauma, inferior vena cava, bile fistula, case report
Citation: Ma Q, Cao K, Luo P, Liu X, Shen T, Wang Y and Zhu F (2022) Transient Budd–Chiari syndrome secondary to blunt traumatic bile fistula: A case report. Front. Surg. 9:951514. doi: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.951514
Received: 24 May 2022; Accepted: 3 August 2022;
Published: 1 September 2022.
Edited by:
Ahmed Zidan, Assiut University Hospital, Egypt© 2022 Ma, Cao, Luo, Liu, Shen, Wang and Zhu. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Feng Zhu YWxleHpodWp1bmNoaUBob3RtYWlsLmNvbQ==
†These authors have contributed equally to this work
Specialty Section: This article was submitted to Visceral Surgery, a section of the journal Frontiers in Surgery