Skip to main content

CASE REPORT article

Front. Surg., 06 January 2023
Sec. Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery

Case report: Surgical treatment of McCune-Albright syndrome with hyperthyroidism and retrosternal goiter: A case report and literature review

  • 1Graduate School, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
  • 2Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China

Introduction: McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS) is a low-incidence syndrome consisting of the clinical triad of fibrous structural dysplasia of bone, endocrine disease, and skin pigmentation. Thyroid dysfunction is the second most common endocrine dysregulation in MAS. However, there are no treatment guidelines for MAS complicated with hyperthyroidism. Notably, no case of MAS complicated with retrosternal goiter and hyperthyroidism has been reported to our knowledge.

Case presentation: We report a 27-year-old man with MAS who developed the typical triad of bone fibrous dysplasia, skin pigmentation and hyperthyroidism, complaining of recent fast-growing neck mass and difficulty in breathing. Hyperthyrodism was under control by Thiamazole, and computed tomography showed an enlarged thyroid extending retrosternally. We performed a total thyroidectomy on the patient. At the 1-year follow-up, the patient's dyspnea, hyperthyroidism, and bone pain were all significantly alleviated.

Review: We searched the literature for previous case reports concerning MAS patients complicated with thyroid dysregulation. A total of 17 articles and 22 patients were identified to form our database. Among them, 9 studies clearly mentioned surgical intervention in 11 patients, and prognoses were also reported. Surgery was the most common intervention chosen and indicated a satisfactory prognosis.

Conclusion: We report a rare case of MAS patient complicated with retrosternal goiter and hyperthyroidism. Our review provides an overview of MAS cases requiring interventions on thyroid function, and total thyroidectomy should be a proper treatment for these patients.

Introduction

First reported in 1936, McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS) is a rare congenital sporadic disorder with an estimated prevalence ranging from 1 in 100,000 to 1 in 1,000,000 (13). It consists of a clinical triad including polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, skin pigmentation, and hyperfunctional endocrine diseases. Increased hormone production leads to various endocrine diseases, such as precocious puberty, hyperthyroidism, excess growth hormone, and Cushing syndrome. Among them, hyperthyroidism is the second most common endocrine dysregulation.

The main treatment for MAS complicated by hyperthyroidism includes drug therapy, 131I radiotherapy, and surgical resection. Due to the sparseness of cases, no studies have compared the effect of each treatment method to our knowledge. Moreover, retrosternal goiter has not been reported in MAS, making the evidence-based management of patients even more challenging. In this study, we report a 27-year-old male patient diagnosed with MAS complicated by retrosternal goiter at our institution. Through literature research, we aim to collect MAS cases complicated with hyperthyroidism in which drug therapy is not sufficient and surgical intervention on thyroid may play a role, and analyze the clinical features, treatments, and outcomes of these patients.

Case presentation

The patient, a now 28-year-old male, was born with café-au–lait macules on the left side of the back (Figure 1A). He was initially symptomatic with a slight facial deformity and blurred vision in 2008. In 2009, he was diagnosed with bone fibrous dysplasia and treated with Calcium Carbonate 1,200 mg once daily (QD), Vitamin D3 Tablets 600 mg QD and calcitriol 0.25 μg QD for 2 months and disodium chlorophosphite 1,600 mg QD for 2 years. In 2014, his facial deformities worsened, most notably in the left mandible, while he presented with more symptoms including widened teeth, wide lips, enlarged nose, occasional palpitations, and sleep snoring (Figure 1B). In 2015, he underwent left mandibular abrasion; since a left humeral fracture occurred out of minimal trauma injury during hospitalization, an external stent fixation was performed. Zoledronic acid 5 mg was injected yearly to relieve bone pain.

FIGURE 1
www.frontiersin.org

Figure 1. Representative images of the patient indicating McCune-Albright syndrome. Photographs of the back (A) from this patient demonstrates characteristic light brown pigmented birthmarks with jagged borders. These flat patches occur around the midline of the back and are known as Café-au-lait spots. The appearance of the patient's face (B) is indicative of a fibrous dysplasia disorder.

Also in 2015 during hospitation, due to palpitations, thyroid function was tested. With a Free Triiodothyronine level of 11.46 pg/ml, a free thyroxine level of 3.36 ng/dl, and a thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level of <0.008 μIU/ml, a diagnosis of hyperthyroidism was made. Thiamazole 5 mg twice daily was prescribed since then. In 2018, during annual health check-up, the patient was diagnosed with bilateral thyroid nodules for the first time by Doppler ultrasound (data unavailable) and left untreated. In 2019, thyroid ultrasound follow-up indicated the nodules to be 7.2 cm × 6.7 cm × 4.4 cm on the left and 1.9 cm × 1.7 cm × 1.0 cm on the right. In 2020, the size increased to 8.3 cm × 5.6 cm × 4.7 cm on the left and 2.7 cm × 2.0 cm × 1.0 cm on the right.

In 2021, the patient presented to the thyroid clinic complaining of chest tightness and shortness of breath after minimal activity. The patient denied a history of oncological diseases, other genetic diseases, exposure to epidemic areas, special chemicals, or radioactive materials. Upon physical examination, he was calm with a pulse rate of 78 beats/min and blood pressure of 135/78 mmHg. He had firm, nontender swelling on both lobes of the thyroid, 9.0 cm × 6.0 cm on the left and 6.0 cm × 4.0 cm on the right. The trachea deviated to the left. Mixed echo nodules were identified in both lobes of the thyroid gland (Ti-RADS grade, level 3) on Doppler ultrasound. Computed tomograpy (CT) showed heterogeneously decreased bone density in the skull, face, and skull base, showing “diffuse ground glass” changes. Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia was prominent on CT with the presence of a thickened skull plate, asymmetrical facial bone, and the osteolytic changes of the mandible (Figure 2A). A normal hemogram and serum biochemistry were obtained, and thyroid function was also within a normal range, with triiodothyronine of 2.13 nmol/L, thyroxine of 117.03 nmol/L, and TSH of 0.945 mIU/L. Further investigations showed thyroglobulin antibody of 0.00 IU/ml (N, 0–4.91), and thyroid peroxidase antibody of 0.50 IU/ml (N, 0–9), while the patient's thyroglobulin level increased to 487.00 μg/L (N, 1.15–130.77). Cardiac ultrasound pointed out whole heart enlargement, with an ejection fraction of 65% (normal range: 50%–70%). Chest radiograph revealed scoliosis and kyphosis, together with a thoracic deformity (Figures 2B,C). Chest CT scan showed a right thyroid goiter (62 mm × 72 mm) around the trachea. Due to the compression from the goiter, the diameter of the trachea was approximately 18 mm at the narrowest point (Figure 2D). The preoperative diagnosis was (1) bilateral thyroid nodules; (2) retrosternal goiter; (3) hyperthyroidism and (4) polyostotic fibrous dysplasia.

FIGURE 2
www.frontiersin.org

Figure 2. Radiographic features of the patient before surgery demonstrating fibrous dysplasia and an enlarged thyroid. The lateral skull radiograph acquired from a CT (A) indicates polyostotic fibrous dysplasia on the head (blue arrows). X-ray from the patient (B,C) shows thoraco-lumbar scoliosis. CT image of patient upper chest (D) demonstrates the enlarged retrosternal goiter.

Under general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation, a total thyroidectomy was performed. The blood supply of the significant goiter behind the sternum was extremely abundant, and the intraoperative bleeding was approximately 600 ml in total. This may result from the severe thoracic deformity which created ample room for the growth of the gland. Blood vessels on the thyroid surface were ligated as the first step to reduce bleeding. The parathyroid glands and the recurrent laryngeal nerves were difficult to locate, and intraoperative nerve monitoring was used to identify and preserve the nerves. Complete removal of the thyroid gland was performed and submitted for histopathological examination. Grossly, the surface of the specimen was pinky-grey and sized at 11 cm × 7 cm × 5 cm. Cut surface reveled asymmetrical multinodular changes, the largest being 2.5 cm in diameter (Figure 3). In H&E-stained paraffin sections, variably-sized dilated follicles showed nodular hyperplasia, with some uniform-sized follicles showing adenomatous hyperplasia (Figures 4A,B). Cystically-dilated follicles could be observed locally and contain large amount of colloid. Part of the follicular epithelium shows papillary hyperplasia (grade 1–2 papillae), round cells, oval cells, mild atypia, no clear nuclear grooves and intranuclear pseudo inclusions. Based on the naked eye and microscopic view, we confirmed the diagnosis of multinodular goiter. The patient was sent to the intensive care unit postoperatively and spontaneous respiration restored the next day.

FIGURE 3
www.frontiersin.org

Figure 3. Resected thyroid gland from the patient.

FIGURE 4
www.frontiersin.org

Figure 4. Histopathological images of the resected thyroid specimen. (A) Adenomatous nodular goiter with cystic changes (magnification 40×). (B) Some thyroid follicular epithelial cells with papillary hyperplasia (magnification 100×).

Breathing difficulty was instantly relieved after surgery. The patient's postoperative course was uneventful. L-thyroxine was taken daily after surgery and the dosage was adjusted to assure a serum thyroxine level within the normal range and close to the lower limit. No residual thyroid gland or abnormal lymph nodes were detected in the postoperative ultrasound follow-up. One year after surgery, the patient stated that tolerance to activity had substantially improved. Also, bone pain in the lower limbs and back had alleviated, and no new fractures had happened.

Literature review

Hyperthyroidism of this patient was initially controlled with thiamazole. The necessity of thyroidectomy originated from retrosternal goiter and limited physical capacity. However, it is not clear whether the long-term drug control of hyperthyroidism was proper, or should it be replaced earlier with more radical treatment like thyroidectomy and radioactive iodine (4). We searched the PubMed database using “McCune Albright syndrome and hyperthyroidism”, “McCune Albright syndrome and thyroidectomy”, and “McCune Albright syndrome and goiter” as keywords. The purpose of our literature research is to collect MAS cases complicated with thyroid dysregulation as many as possible in order to assess the clinical information, especially treatment and prognosis.

We collected a total of 17 articles that included 22 cases of MAS complicated with thyroid dysregulation. The patient clinical characteristics, thyroid dysregulation type, treatment and prognosis were listed in Table 1. Among them, 9 studies with 11 patients clearly mentioned surgery or 131I treatment. Treatment options and corresponding prognoses were summarized in Table 2.

TABLE 1
www.frontiersin.org

Table 1. Characteristics, treatments, and prognoses of reported MAS with thyroid dysregulation.

TABLE 2
www.frontiersin.org

Table 2. Surgical and 131I interventions of thyroid in MAS patients.

Among these 11 cases, 6 patients were reported to undergo partial thyroid resection, but the prognoses were poor mainly due to postoperative hyperthyroidism recurrence. Additionally, bone fibrosis tends to progress in these patients. One patient received solely 131I treatment, but the hyperthyroidism also recurred after treatment, and pathological fractures occurred. Two patients underwent partial thyroidectomies followed by total thyroidectomies, and the prognoses were reported to be relatively satisfactory. Only two patients underwent instant total thyroidectomies, and there were no recurrences or aggravation of hyperthyroidism.

Thyroid cancer was occasionally diagnosed in these MAS cases. Patients No. 12 and No. 22 underwent thyroidectomies for hyperthyroidism, but thyroid cancer was found in the postoperative pathological examination. Patient 13 underwent a fine-needle aspiration biopsy for thyroid nodule, suspicious cancer cells were identified and the diagnosis of thyroid cancer was confirmed with postoperative pathology.

Discussion

MAS was initially defined with the typical clinical triad. The definition was further broadened in a 2004 literature based on 113 patients with MAS. Among these patients (98 females and 15 males), 24% had the typical triad, 33% had two of the symptoms, and 40% had only one. Despite diverse manifestations, it is now confirmed that MAS is caused by a somatic gene mutation of the GNAS gene encoded by the guanine-nucleotide-binding protein α-subunit in the early embryonic stage (22). The mutated GNAS gene leads to the activation of the TSH/G protein pathway and the subsequent elevated intracellular adenosine 3’,5’-cyclic monophosphate level (23, 24). Interestingly, for patients who had the typical triad, mutations of the GNAS gene were detected in 46% of the peripheral blood samples of the patients, while in patients with two or one symptom, this number dropped to 21% and 8%, respectively (25). As for the application of Polymerase Chain Reaction test on GNAS mutation, it is considered necessary only if the diagnosis remains uncertain after a physical examination, hormonal level evaluation, and radiologic evaluation of the skeletal (26). In a word, a typical clinical presentation is essential for the diagnosis of MAS rather than genetic testing on the affected tissue (bone, thyroid etc.) or peripheral blood (26). For our patient, genetic testing was unfortunately not performed due to financial reasons and clinical considerations, but the diagnosis of MAS remains validated.

It is well-accepted that thyroid dysfunction is common in MAS. Approximately 2/3 of patients with MAS will develop thyroid enlargement of varying degrees (27). Thyroid abnormalities are the second most common endocrine disease found in MAS, mostly hyperthyroidism and noticed between 14 and 15 years of age. The ratio of males to females is 1:3. P P. Feuillan and his colleagues analyzed the clinical data of 19 MAS patients and found that thyroid insufficiency is common, often clinically insidious and progresses slowly (27).

Thyroid dysregulation in MAS relates closely to bone fibrous dysplasia. Excessive thyroid hormone leads to a direct resorption of bone, so an early diagnosis and treatment of hyperthyroidism is important in MAS patients (2729). A study based on 9 pediatric MAS patients showed that a major portion of pediatric patients were admitted to hospital due to fibrous bone dysplasia and it's possible to be exposed to the risk of developing endocrine diseases (13). Therefore, screening for associated risks is necessary for these patients (13). In our case, the thyroid disease progression may begin much earlier than the initial drug treatment, and the failure of early intervention also negatively impacted the progression of fibrous bone dysplasia.

The main treatment for MAS complicated by hyperthyroidism includes antithyroid drugs, 131I radiotherapy, and surgical resection. Although hyperthyroidism in MAS usually responds well to drug therapy, a complete cure is unlikely. More radical treatment includes thyroidectomy and 131I treatment. The mechanism of 131I treatment is through the intake of 131I by the thyroid gland and the release of β-rays. However, similar to the mechanism of partial thyroidectomy, 131I cannot destroy all normal thyroid tissue. The remnant thyroid tissue may continue to develop symptoms due to intrinsic gene mutations, as had happened to patients No.13.

Three patients were diagnosed with thyroid cancer, which is not rare considering our sample size. After close examination of the specimens their samples, mutations in the GNAS gene were found in thyroid cancer tissue, but not in the surrounding normal thyroid tissue in patients 12 and 13. We speculate that mutations in the GNAS gene are closely related to the occurrence of thyroid cancer. The possibility of thyroid cancer development should be alerted during the follow-up for MAS patients.

Regarding the treatment of hyperthyroidism in our patient, he had been taking thiamazole since the detection of hyperthyroidism. However, goiter still developed dramatically and became the first ever reported retrosternal goiter in MAS to our knowledge. Considering that this patient had severe scoliosis of the spine, the right thoracic space became larger, creating space behind the sternum for the enlarged thyroid gland to protrude, resulting in compression of the airway and symptoms of dyspnea. Based on the patient's clinical presentation, we chose to perform a total thyroidectomy. The difficulty of the operation in this patient was as follows: (1) A short neck, obesity with a body-mass index of 34.7, a round back, neck extension limitations, an abnormal facial structure, and tracheal deflection, and tracheal compression all increased the difficulty of intubation for anesthesia. (2) At the same time, due to severe thoracic deformity and size of the goiter, the lower edge of the lesion located behind the sternum. (3) The lesion was rich in blood supply and surgery through Kocher's incision was difficult. (4) Due to hyperplasia of the bone tissues, the patient had a predisposition towards spontaneous fractures. Nevertheless, the symptoms of dyspnea, snoring, hyperthyroidism, and lower limb and backbone pain all significantly alleviated during the postoperative follow-up. Surgical removal of the thyroid gland is a proper treatment for this patient, which may aid other patients in treatment selection.

In comparison, thyroidectomy has become the least commonly selected treatment for newly diagnosed Graves’ hyperthyroidism (30). For patients with MAS complicated by hyperthyroidism, due to insufficient samples, we cannot determine whether total thyroidectomy is the best approach, but from the analysis of existing cases, we conclude that (1) thyroid dysfunction is likely to reoccur after the cease of the antithyroid drug; (2) 131I radiotherapy and subtotal thyroidectomy may possibly lead to a recurrence of hyperthyroidism; and (3) total thyroidectomy not only cures hyperthyroidism but also suppresses the progression of bone fibrosis. Therefore, we are more inclined to choose total thyroidectomy in these patients rather than subtotal thyroidectomy or 131I radiotherapy.

Data availability statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.

Ethics statement

Written informed consent was obtained from the individual(s), and minor(s)' legal guardian/next of kin, for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article.

Author contributions

XM and YW are the corresponding authors and organized the study as well as reviewed and edited the manuscript. ZX drafted the original manuscript. GT, DW, TP and LW were also involved in reviewing the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher's note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

References

1. McCune D. Osteitis fibrosa cystica: the case of a nine year old girl who also exhibits precocious puberty, multiple pigmentation of the skin and hyperthyroidism. Am J Dis Child. (1936) 52:743–4.

Google Scholar

2. Albright F, Butler AM, Hampton AO, Smith P. Syndrome characterized by osteitis fibrosa disseminata, areas of pigmentation and endocrine dysfunction, with precocious puberty in females: report of five cases. N Engl J Med. (1937) 216(17):727–46. doi: 10.1056/NEJM193704292161701

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

3. Dumitrescu CE, Collins MT. McCune-Albright syndrome. Orphanet J Rare Dis. (2008) 3:12. doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-3-12

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

4. Collins MT, Singer FR, Eugster E. McCune-Albright syndrome and the extraskeletal manifestations of fibrous dysplasia. Orphanet J Rare Dis. (2012) 7(Suppl 1):S4. doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-7-S1-S4

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

5. Yettra M, Starr P. Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia associated with hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. (1951) 11(3):312–21. doi: 10.1210/jcem-11-3-312

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

6. Hamilton CR Jr, Maloof F. Unusual types of hyperthyroidism. Medicine. (1973) 52(3):195–215. doi: 10.1097/00005792-197305000-00002

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

7. Andrews BS, Posen S. Thyrotrophin in Albright's syndrome with hyperthyroidism. Ann Intern Med. (1974) 81(4):561. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-81-4-561

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

8. Richton SM, Maclaren NK, McLaughlin JV, Raiti S. Albright's syndrome presenting as thyrotoxicosis: follow-up of a case. Pediatrics. (1979) 63(1):159–62. doi: 10.1542/peds.63.1.159

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

9. Hall MB, Sclar AG, Gardner DF. Albright's syndrome with reactivation of fibrous dysplasia secondary to pituitary adenoma and further complicated by osteogenic sarcoma. Report of a case. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. (1984) 57(6):616–9. doi: 10.1016/0030-4220(84)90282-2

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

10. Lee PA, Van Dop C, Migeon CJ. McCune-Albright syndrome. Long-term follow-up. J Am Med Assoc. (1986) 256(21):2980–4. doi: 10.1001/jama.1986.03380210076028

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

11. Schwindinger WF, Francomano CA, Levine MA. Identification of a mutation in the gene encoding the alpha subunit of the stimulatory G protein of adenylyl cyclase in McCune-Albright syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. (1992) 89(11):5152–6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.11.5152

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

12. Mastorakos G, Mitsiades NS, Doufas AG, Koutras DA. Hyperthyroidism in McCune-Albright syndrome with a review of thyroid abnormalities sixty years after the first report. Thyroid. (1997) 7(3):433–9. doi: 10.1089/thy.1997.7.433

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

13. Hannon TS, Noonan K, Steinmetz R, Eugster EA, Levine MA, Pescovitz OH. Is McCune-Albright syndrome overlooked in subjects with fibrous dysplasia of bone? J Pediatr. (2003) 142(5):532–8. doi: 10.1067/mpd.2003.153

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

14. Collins MT, Sarlis NJ, Merino MJ, Monroe J, Crawford SE, Krakoff JA, et al. Thyroid carcinoma in the McCune-Albright syndrome: contributory role of activating gs alpha mutations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. (2003) 88(9):4413–7. doi: 10.1210/jc.2002-021642

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

15. Bhat MH, Bhadada S, Dutta P, Bhansali A, Mittal BR. Hyperthyroidism with fibrous dysplasia: an unusual presentation of McCune-Albright syndrome. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. (2007) 115(5):331–3. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-960497

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

16. Elhaï M, Meunier M, Kahan A, Cormier C. McCune-Albright syndrome revealed by hyperthyroidism at advanced age. Ann Endocrinol. (2011) 72(6):526–9. doi: 10.1016/j.ando.2011.09.002

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

17. Chakraborty D, Mittal BR, Kashyap R, Manohar K, Bhattacharya A, Bhansali A. Radioiodine treatment in McCune-Albright syndrome with hyperthyroidism. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. (2012) 16(4):654–6. doi: 10.4103/2230-8210.98035

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

18. Kollerova J, Koller T, Zelinkova Z, Kostalova L, Payer J. Treatment of pathological bone fractures in a patient with McCune-Albright syndrome. Case Rep Endocrinol. (2013) 2013:589872. doi: 10.1155/2013/589872

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

19. Nakao H. Airway management during thyroidectomy for a giant goitre due to McCune-Albright syndrome. Case Rep Anesthesiol. (2018) 2018:4219187. doi: 10.1155/2018/4219187

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

20. Merchant N, Viau-Colindres JM, Hicks KA, Balazs AE, Wesson DE, Lopez ME, et al. McCune-Albright syndrome with unremitting hyperthyroidism at early age: management perspective for early thyroidectomy. Glob Pediatr Health. (2019) 6:2333794×19875153. doi: 10.1177/2333794X19875153

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

21. Legrand MA, Raverot G, Nicolino M, Chapurlat R. GNAS mutated thyroid carcinoma in a patient with mc cune albright syndrome. Bone Rep. (2020) 13:100299. doi: 10.1016/j.bonr.2020.100299

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

22. Tobar-Rubin R, Sultan D, Janevska D, Turcic K, Carroll J, Ooms L, et al. Intragenic suppression of a constitutively active allele of gsα associated with McCune-Albright syndrome. J Mol Endocrinol. (2013) 50(2):193–201. doi: 10.1530/JME-12-0087

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

23. Albers N, Jörgens S, Deiss D, Hauffa BP. McCune-Albright syndrome–the German experience. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. (2002) 15(Suppl 3):897–901. doi: 10.1007/BF01387320

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

24. Lung H, Hsiao EC, Wentworth KL. Advances in models of fibrous dysplasia/McCune-Albright syndrome. Front Endocrinol. (2019) 10:925. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00925

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

25. Lumbroso S, Paris F, Sultan C. Activating gsalpha mutations: analysis of 113 patients with signs of McCune-Albright syndrome–a European collaborative study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. (2004) 89(5):2107–13. doi: 10.1210/jc.2003-031225

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

26. Javaid MK, Boyce A, Appelman-Dijkstra N, Ong J, Defabianis P, Offiah A, et al. Best practice management guidelines for fibrous dysplasia/McCune-Albright syndrome: a consensus statement from the FD/MAS international consortium. Orphanet J Rare Dis. (2019) 14(1):139. doi: 10.1186/s13023-019-1102-9

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

27. Celi FS, Coppotelli G, Chidakel A, Kelly M, Brillante BA, Shawker T, et al. The role of type 1 and type 2 5'-deiodinase in the pathophysiology of the 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine toxicosis of McCune-Albright syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. (2008) 93(6):2383–9. doi: 10.1210/jc.2007-2237

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

28. Schmid I, Stachel D, Schön C, Bauer M, Haas RJ. Pamidronate and calcitonin as therapy of acute cancer-related hypercalcemia in children. Klin Padiatr. (2001) 213(1):30–4. doi: 10.1055/s-2001-11271

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

29. Lala R, Matarazzo P, Andreo M, Defilippi C, de Sanctis C. Impact of endocrine hyperfunction and phosphate wasting on bone in McCune-Albright syndrome. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. (2002) 15(Suppl 3):913–20. doi: 10.1177/088307380201700715

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

30. Kahaly GJ, Bartalena L, Hegedüs L, Leenhardt L, Poppe K, Pearce SH. 2018 European thyroid association guideline for the management of graves’ hyperthyroidism. Eur Thyroid J. (2018) 7(4):167–86. doi: 10.1159/000490384

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Keywords: retrosternal goiter, McCune Albright syndrome, hyperthyroidism, thyroidectomy, 131I treatment, case report

Citation: Xing Z, Tao G, Pan W, Wu D, Pan T, Wan L, Ma X and Wang Y (2023) Case report: Surgical treatment of McCune-Albright syndrome with hyperthyroidism and retrosternal goiter: A case report and literature review. Front. Surg. 9:921427. doi: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.921427

Received: 15 April 2022; Accepted: 28 November 2022;
Published: 6 January 2023.

Edited by:

Maria Tufano, Azienda Sanitaria di Firenze, Italy

Reviewed by:

Cemre Robinson, Mount Sinai Hospital, United States
Yusuf Yağmur, Liv Hospital Gaziantep, Turkey

© 2023 Xing, Tao, Pan, Wu, Pan, Wan, Ma and Wang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

*Correspondence: Xiaopeng Ma xiaopengma@fsyy.ustc.edu.cn Yangyi Wang wangyangyiword@outlook.com

Specialty Section: This article was submitted to Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, a section of the journal Frontiers in Surgery

Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.