Xinjie RenZhaoyou GuoJiao Bai*
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
Struma ovarii (SO) is a rare form of ovarian teratoma in which the thyroid tissue constitutes over 50% of the tumor. SO comprise 1% of all ovarian tumors. We report the case of a 61-year-old woman who was admitted to the hospital because of frequent urination and dysuria. Abdominal magnetic resonance imaging revealed a mass measuring approximately 16 cm in diameter in the right adnexal area. After transabdominal bilateral adnexectomy, pathological examination revealed a teratoma of the ovary on the right and goiter of the ovary with focal thyroid cancer on the left side. Subsequent total thyroidectomy was performed, and no cancer was found on pathological examination. The patient was treated with thyroxine for a long time after the operation, and there was no recurrence 3 years after diagnosis.
Introduction
Struma ovarii (SO) is a rare form of ovarian teratoma in which the thyroid tissue forms a grossly detectable mass or is the major cellular component (>50%). Teratomas comprise approximately 95% of germ cell tumors, of which SO accounts for only 3% (1, 2). Tumors are usually benign,but <5% of all SO undergo neoplastic transformation (3–5). The most widespread malignant forms of SO are papillary and follicular carcinomas (6, 7). SO can occur in women of all ages; however, it is most common in women between 40 and 60 years old (7–9). We present the case of a 61-year-old woman who underwent transventral bilateral adnexectomy for bilateral ovarian tumors. After surgery, she was diagnosed with mature teratoma of the right ovary and SO of the left ovary with focal papillary thyroid carcinoma.
Case presentation
A 61-year-old woman was admitted to the department of gynecology due to frequent urination, dysuria for 10 + days. Before admission, Doppler Ultrasonography (DU) of pelvic mass and catheterization were performed at another hospital. After catheterization, the patient's symptoms were significantly relieved. Physical examination after admission showed that the patient was in good condition and had stable vital function. A non-tender mass with a diameter of approximately 15 cm, reaching two fingers below the umbilicus, was palpated. DU and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the abdominal cavity and pelvis revealed a cystic mass in the right adnexal area with a long axis of 16 cm (Figure 1). The right ureter and kidney were dilated. Tumor marker levels for Carcinoma Embryonic Antigen and Cancer Antigen 199 were 12.14 ng/ml and 368.70 IU/ml, respectively. The patient underwent transabdominal bilateral adnexectomy. Intraoperative enlargement of the right ovary (approximately 16 × 15 × 15 cm3) was observed, presenting multilocular, cystic, and solid changes. The left ovary is enlarged (approximately 4 cm in diameter) with a dark brown surface with multiple vesicular changes. No malignant tumor cells were found in frozen bilateral adnexa during the operation, and the surgical scope was not further expanded.
Figure 1. Magnetic resonance imaging of the abdominal cavity and pelvis: (A) a vast cystic-solid lesion in the right adnexal area; (B) the left ovary is enlarged with multiple vesicular changes.
Postoperative pathological examination revealed a mature teratoma of the ovary on the right side and goiter of the ovary with active epithelial papillary hyperplasia on the left side. On morphological and immunohistochemical examinations, a goiter with papillary thyroid carcinoma was considered on the left side (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Postoperative pathological examination: (A) mature teratoma of the ovary on the right; (B,C) goiter of the ovary with active epithelial papillary hyperplasia on the left; (D) immunohistochemical examination.
Postoperative thyroid DU showed echogenic masses in the right thyroid lobe with calcification and multiple hypoechogenic masses in the left thyroid lobe. The possibility of ovarian metastasis from thyroid cancer cannot be ruled out. No abnormal antibodies to thyrotropin or thyroglobulin were detected. Subsequently, total thyroidectomy and central lymph node dissection were performed. Postoperative pathological examination suggested atypical adenoma with calcification in the right lobe of the thyroid, adenoma in the left thyroid, reactive hyperplasia in some lymph nodes with a few thyroid follicles in one lymph node in the right central region with no obvious atypia, and mostly ectopic thyroid (Figure 3). The patient was treated with long-term thyroxine to reduce thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion. Pelvic MRI and neck DU reexamination 9 months after surgery showed no tumor recurrence, and and the patient's condition was uneventful for more than 3 years.
Figure 3. Pathological examination: adenoma in the left thyroid.
Discussion
SO can occur in women of all ages; however, it is most common in perimenopausal women and tends to occur in younger women. The clinical presentation of SO is nonspecific and similar to that of other ovarian tumors. The most common symptoms are pelvic tumor, abdominal pain, abdominal distension, abnormal menstrual cycles, vaginal bleeding, frequent and urgent urination, ascites, and deep vein thrombosis (10–12).
In this case, the patient's first symptom involved the urinary tract, which was related to the right teratoma of the ovary that was too large to compress the right ureter.
MRI and DU of SO showed a unilateral cystic and solid mass in the pelvic cavity. Blood flow signals were detected in the solid part on the DU, and thyroid tissue-like enhancement was observed in the MRI-enhanced scan. SO needs to be distinguished from other cystic solid masses, such as: (i) mature teratoma, where fat and calcification are specific and a liquid-liquid plane is visible; (ii) ovarian cystadenoma: compared to SO, the cyst fluid density of ovarian cystadenoma is close to that of water, and the cyst fluid density of SO is higher than that of bladder fluid; (iii) tubal tuberculosis: for patients with pelvic mass, ascites, and cancer antigen 125 < 500 IU/ml, the possibility of tubal tuberculosis needs to be considered (13); and (iv) sex cord stromal cell tumor: as rare as SO and likely to have endocrine function, the coexistence of zoological symptoms and signs of endocrine involvement depends on the secretion of hormones and the origin of the tumor (14).
However, it is generally believed that MRI and DU do not enable the diagnosis of SO, which depends on pathologic examination (10).
At present, the criteria for the pathological diagnosis of SO are (15): (i) the tumor is completely or mainly composed of thyroid tissue (1/2 or more); (ii) thyroid tissue in the mature teratoma forms a generally visible tumor tissue; and (iii) the thyroid tissue in tumors is not as large as 1/2 of the tumor and histologically malignant thyroid tissue, which was combined with the first diagnostic criteria.
SO is generally a nonfunctional tumor; however, many cases suggest that there is a strong relationship between hyperthyroidism and goiter. The following conditions should be considered: (i) the thyroid tissue of the hyperfunctional ovary secretes a large amount of thyroxine; (ii) the thyroid and the ovarian goiter simultaneously produce large amounts of thyroxine; (iii) the thyroid secretes thyroxine and the ovarian thyroid is functional (16). Therefore, in some cases, the cause of hyperthyroidism is not well identified. The patient in this case had no history of hyperthyroidism, had normal thyroid function, and was considered to have a nonfunctional ovarian goiter.
To date, no guidelines have been established for the treatment of thyroid cancer in this location. However, evidence-based recommendations for the management of thyroid cancer were developed by the American Thyroid Association in 2015 (17).
For the treatment of ovarian and thyroid cancer with different recurrence risks, Yassa et al. (6) proposed some treatment plans: (i) for a primary tumor limited to the ovary, smaller than 2 cm, and without aggressive histopathology, they proposed unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and levothyroxine treatment to maintain serum TSH levels at 0.1–0.5 mIU/L; and (ii) patients with tumors larger than 2 cm or with invasive histopathological features are at high risk and require total thyroidectomy and adjuvant radioactive iodine (I-131) therapy to prevent recurrence. In addition, unilateral oophorectomy can be performed in women with fertility requirements and unilateral disease without capsular invasion or metastases (18).
If ovarian thyroid cancer is associated with distant metastasis, more aggressive treatment (total hysterectomy and bilateral resection of the adnexa and ovaries, omentectomy, total thyroidectomy, and I-131 treatment) is required.
Malignant SO can coexist with thyroid cancer; therefore, we recommend performing total thyroidectomy followed by I-131 treatment to remove possible primary thyroid cancer and micrometastases.
Regardless of the treatment, we recommend at least 10 years of long-term monitoring, including clinical monitoring and thyroglobulin level assessment.
Imaging diagnosis of SO remains difficult. Due to unreliable preoperative and intraoperative diagnoses, histopathological examination must be performed to provide guidance for the treatment and follow-up of patients.
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Keywords: struma ovarii, papillary thyroid cancer, teratoma, tumor ovarii, thyroid carcinoma
Citation: Ren X, Guo Z and Bai J (2022) Struma ovarii with contralateral ovarian teratoma: A case report. Front. Surg. 9:907326. doi: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.907326
Received: 29 March 2022; Accepted: 3 August 2022;
Published: 19 August 2022.
Edited by:
Patrice Mathevet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Switzerland© 2022 Ren, Guo and Bai. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Jiao Bai baijiao77@163.com
Specialty Section: This article was submitted to Obstetrics and Gynecological Surgery, a section of the journal Frontiers in Surgery