Haoliang Wu
Liwei Zhang
Mingxing Li1
Shunbo Wei
Hualong Bai- 1Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- 2Key Vascular Physiology and Applied Research Laboratory of Zhengzhou City, Zhengzhou, China
Background: Endovascular treatment of juxtarenal or pararenal abdominal aortic aneurysms is more popular than open surgery, mainly because it reduces perioperative mortality and morbidity. The custom-made fenestrated devices need to be tailored to each patient, so these devices require extra manufacturing and shipping time. The increased wait time may increase the risk of aneurysm rupture in some patients. In some situations, “Off-the-shelf” (OTS) fenestrated grafts can be used. The Cook Zenith p-Branch device (William Cook Australia, Brisbane, Australia) is a relatively common OTS. This study aimed to systematically evaluate all published experiences with p-Branch.
Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane to find works of literature that reported on the outcomes of patients treated with the p-Branch stent-grafts. Then we conducted an assessment of quality and meta-analysis of the results. The primary endpoints were the application rate of p-Branch stent-graft (type A, B), technical success rate, and early re-intervention rate. We estimated pooled proportions and 95% CIs.
Results: Initial search of the literature included 111 articles, of which 7 studies were included in the end. A total of 260 patients were enrolled in these studies, and 218 patients were eventually treated with p-Branch. The pooled application rate of type A devices was 48% (95% CI, 29–67%), and pooled application rate of type B devices was 30% (95% CI, 16–44%). The pooled technical success rate was 87% (95% CI, 75–98%). The early re-intervention rate was 10% (95% CI, 3–17%). Midterm renal infarct rate (after 30 days) was 3% (95% CI, 0–6%). Midterm re-intervention rate (after 30 days) was 30% (95% CI, 3–57%). Midterm renal failure rate (after 30 days) was 6% (95% CI, 2–10%).
Conclusions: This pooled analysis indicated an acceptable technical success rate after p-Branch stent-graft implantation, with early and midterm re-intervention rate and renal failure rate that cannot be ignored. The p-Branch repair of juxtarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms may be an appropriate and safe option, especially in emergency situations.
Introduction
Endovascular treatment is often preferred over open surgical aneurysm repair for repairing juxtarenal or pararenal abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA). Some studies have pointed out that the short- and medium-term mortality and morbidity rates of endovascular treatment were lower (1–3). In addition, unfavorable neck anatomy with insufficient infrarenal sealing zone poses a great challenge for endovascular treatment of AAA. Fenestrated and branched stent-grafts could be used to treat complex aortic aneurysms at high risk (4).
In the past few years, device technology and operator experience in endovascular aortic repair have achieved tremendous improvement, resulting in improved outcomes with fenestrated and branched endografts (5). And current studies suggested fenestrated endovascular aneurysm repair (FEVAR) was a safe and effective treatment for juxtarenal and pararenal AAA (6, 7). These custom-made fenestrated devices, which need to be tailored to each patient, require extra manufacturing and shipping time, making them unavailable to patients requiring emergency interventions. At the same time, this also puts large-diameter aneurysms at a heightened risk of rupture (8, 9).
Physician-modified fenestrated stent-grafts (PMSGs) save the time required for graft manufacture and delivery, but there are still technical challenges and concerns about such uncontrolled device modifications (10–12). “Off-the-shelf” (OTS) fenestrated grafts can be used in emergency situations due to a degree of standardized design in planning and deployment. The emergence of OTS solves the dilemma faced by the above devices to a certain extent. The Cook Zenith p-Branch device (William Cook Australia, Brisbane, Australia) is a relatively common OTS.
The aim of our study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of published reports concerning technical success rate and early and midterm clinical outcomes of the p-Branch stent graft use for the treatment of juxtarenal or pararenal AAA.
Methods
The present systematic review and meta-analysis was written based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) Statement (13).
Eligibility Criteria
This analysis included original research studies that reported outcomes of applications of the p-Branch stent graft for the treatment of juxtarenal or pararenal AAA. The article was considered for inclusion when the target population was patients with aortic aneurysm receiving p-Branch stent-graft treatment and the AAA was objectively diagnosed. Studies examining insufficient data were excluded, as were review articles and studies whose data was incomplete.
Search Strategy
The databases search was updated last on January 2022 in the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library. No restriction on language was required. Search terms included “p-Branch”, “off-the-shelf”, “aortic aneurysm”, “aneurysm”, and “Zenith”. Moreover, we enriched the search by manually reviewing the reference lists of all retrieved articles.
Study Selection
Three review authors (HW, LZ, and ML) screened the titles and abstracts of each search result independently. Then we read the full text to review for eligibility and quality of selected articles. Disagreements were resolved by consensus if necessary.
Data Extraction and Management
Two review authors (SW and CZ) independently extracted data from each study using standard forms. We collected the following data: number, sex, and age of enrolled patients, types of studies, and number of patients. The main endpoints of the analysis were the application rate of the p-Branch stent-graft (type A, B), technical success rate, and early re-intervention rate. Secondary endpoints included midterm renal infarct rate, re-intervention rate, and renal failure (14).
Assessment of Methodological Quality
The quality of studies was assessed based on The Quality Appraisal of Case Series Studies Checklist (Table 1) (22). We evaluated quality based on it with discrepancies resolved by a third author.
Table 1. Quality appraisal checklist for the included studies.
Statistical Analysis and Data Synthesis
All analyses were conducted using Stata statistical software version 14 (StataCorp LP, College Station, TX, USA). According to the data collected, we generated pooled rates and 95% CIs. The software produced forest plots and the heterogeneity of included studies was evaluated by providing inconsistency (I2) statistics. Publication bias was assessed by generating funnel plots.
Result
Study Characteristics
A total of 111 results were retrieved from databases. After excluding 36 duplicated studies, the remaining 75 studies were potentially eligible. After scanning titles and abstracts and removing 57 irrelevant studies, 18 studies were further evaluated. After reading the full text, 7 eligible studies were finally included, (15–21) 8 studies were excluded due to insufficient data, and 3 studies were excluded due to irrelevant study objects (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Flow chart of the study selection process.
The baseline characteristics of the 7 eligible studies included in the present review are shown in Tables 2, 3. A total of 260 patients were enrolled in these studies, and 218 patients were eventually treated with p-Branch. The mean age was 73.1 years; 180 of 219 (82.2%) were men (results from 6 studies). One included publication was a retrospective single-center study, five publications were prospective studies, and one did not specify the nature of the study. Three studies identified a total of 24 patients who received emergency procedures, seventeen of the patients underwent emergent surgery for ruptured aneurysms, three had symptoms, one had a mycotic aneurysm, and the rest were with no information available. In these studies, no death at 30-days was mentioned. The technical success rate was 91.7% (22/24) in the emergent group and 92.6% (162/175) in the elective group.
Table 2. Baseline characteristics of studies not funded by Cook.
Table 3. Baseline characteristics of studies funded by Cook.
Meta-Analysis
The pooled application rate of type A was 48% (95% CI, 29–67%) (Figure 2), and pooled application rate of type B was 30% (95% CI, 16–44%) (Figure 3). The pooled technical success rate was 87% (95% CI, 75–98%) (Figure 4). Early re-intervention rate was 10% (95% CI, 3–17%) (Figure 5). Early renal infarct rate was 15% (95% CI, 8–22%). Early occlusion rate of a fenestrated renal vessel was 2% (95% CI, −1 to 4%). Midterm death rate (after 30 days) was 15% (95% CI, 8–22%). Midterm occlusion rate of a fenestrated renal vessel (after 30 days) was 8% (95% CI, 3–14%). Midterm renal infarct rate (after 30 days) was 3% (95% CI, 0–6%). Midterm re-intervention rate (after 30 days) was 30% (95% CI, 3–57%). Midterm renal failure rate (after 30 days) was 6% (95% CI, 2–10%).
Figure 2. Forest plot presenting the meta-analysis of application rate of type A. CI, Confidence intervals; ES, Effect size.
Figure 3. Forest plot presenting the meta-analysis of application rate of type B. CI, Confidence intervals; ES, Effect size.
Figure 4. Forest plot presenting the meta-analysis of technical success rate. CI, Confidence intervals; ES, Effect size.
Figure 5. Forest plot presenting the meta-analysis of early re-intervention rate. CI, Confidence intervals; ES, Effect size.
Discussion
In the present systematic review and meta-analysis, we collected and analyzed the data on standardized, off-the-shelf stent graft (p-Branch) implantation for the treatment of AAA. The results show that type A p-Branch is more used than type B. We found a pooled success rate of 87% with a lower pooled early re-intervention rate and midterm renal infarct rate of 10 and 3%, respectively.
Specifications and characteristics of the stent-graft for type A and type B have been described in detail in previous studies (16, 23). In brief, it is a tubular stent-graft with a scallop for the celiac artery consisting of one 8-mm superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and two renal artery pivot fenestrations (p-Branches). Differences in the position of the p-Branches relative to the renal artery pivotal fenestration at the origin of the SMA led to two types of p-Branches. In type A, the two branches are at the same level, while in type B, the longitudinal position of the two branches is staggered, and the left renal pivot fenestration is 4 mm lower than the right renal pivot fenestration (20). This study on p-Branch also indicated that type A was available in 54% of patients and type B was available in 49%, which is similar to our results (20). In addition, one study suggested that “OST” devices were suitable for 50–80% of patients anatomically and another study showed p-Branch stent graft was not able to incorporate visceral arteries in 40% of patients (24, 25).
The pooled technical success rate was 87%. This success rate was satisfactory; it was lower than that of off-the-shelf stents in other studies (11). Juan et al. evaluated 11 of 41 patients who were unsuitable for this stent-graft (15). Farber et al. observed 2 failures, one due to difficulty in cannulating the renal arteries and the other due to the inability to place a renal stent (19). Sveinsson et al. suggested that technical failure occurred in two emergency ruptured AAA cases where renal arteries were left unstented (16). Vessel access anatomy may also play a role in technical failure cases. Unfortunately, due to data limitations, we cannot analyze the success rates of the two types of p-Branches separately. The technical success rate of the emergent population (91.7%) is similar to that of the elective population (92.6%), which also requires more data to confirm.
The results of follow-up showed that p-Branch is not only safe and effective in selected patient populations, but also can be used in emergency situations (16). More research is needed to see if p-Branch works differently in selective and emergency settings. In addition, three studies have shown reasons for re-intervention. There were eight early interventions, two due to type III endoleak, one due to type Ic endoleak, one due to limb occlusion, one due to completion of the primary intervention, one due to SMA occlusion, one due to left renal artery occlusion, and one due to observed lower extremity ischemia. Furthermore, there were twelve late interventions, one due to type Ib endoleak, one due to type III endoleak, one due to device migration, one due to left lower extremity claudication and left femoral artery stenosis, one due to left renal stent kink, one due to hip and buttock claudication, two due to limb stenosis, three due to renal artery occlusion, three due to type II endoleak, four due to SMA stenosis, and five due to renal artery stenosis (16, 19, 20). Interestingly, there was no early intervention in the elective patient population, but there were different reasons for early and late interventions between the elective and the emergent population (16).
In our results, there was no death event in three studies. One systematic review compared the safety and efficacy of off-the-shelf fenestrated/branched grafts and physician-modified stent-grafts for the treatment of complex AAA also showed that no death at 30 days in the OTS group (11). There were 8 midterm death events, but all deaths were related to the device and procedure. Hence, the safety of the device is satisfactory.
Chuter et al. compared the results of multibranched custom-made stent-grafts with standard stent-grafts for repairing aortic aneurysms. Their results showed no significant differences in branching morphology and perioperative outcomes between the two groups, and “OTS” standard stents expanded the treatment population due to delays in the absence of manufacturing (26). However, “OST” devices may be difficult to implant due to their relative mismatch with the aortic anatomy compared to the customized stents (25). In addition to implantation problems, “OTS” devices have a higher risk of complications, such as loss of target vessels, endoleaks, and the need for open surgery, due to their lower matching with the native aortic anatomy than custom-made devices (27). In addition, branch instability can also cause issues (28).
As a study pointed out, the durability of fenestructions and branches depends on the patency of the target vessels and renal impairment (11). Early and midterm renal infarct rate and occlusion rate of a fenestrated renal vessel were low. More studies and patients are needed to confirm it strongly. There are also some limitations in this review. Firstly, the small number of published studies and patients included in the analysis as well as the high levels of heterogeneity between the included studies limit the quality of the results. Secondly, we did not include unpublished studies, such as the gray literature. Thirdly, three studies were funded by Cook Medical, which might potentially have an impact on the results.
Conclusion
Our results showed an acceptable technical success rate of p-Branch stent graft implantation with re-intervention rate and renal failure rate that cannot be ignored. Considering these, p-Branch is a promising technology for the repair of emergent AAA, but for selective cases, it is an option that needs careful preoperative evaluation.
Data Availability Statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
Author Contributions
HB and HW designed experiments, performed data analysis, wrote, and revised the manuscript. LZ, ML, SW, and CZ compiled data. HB obtained funding. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Funding
This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China to Hualong Bai (Grant No: 81870369), Health Science and Technology Innovation Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of Henan Province (YXKC2021040), and Key projects of Medical Science and Technology in Henan Province to HB (Grant No: SBGJ202002035).
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher's Note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
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Keywords: p-Branch, off-the-shelf, branched endovascular aortic aneurysm repair, juxtarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm, pararenal abdominal aortic aneurysm
Citation: Wu H, Zhang L, Li M, Wei S, Zhang C and Bai H (2022) Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Published Studies on Endovascular Repair of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm With the p-Branch. Front. Surg. 9:879682. doi: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.879682
Received: 20 February 2022; Accepted: 23 March 2022;
Published: 29 April 2022.
Edited by:
George Galyfos, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GreeceReviewed by:
Dimitrios Liakopoulos, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GreeceKonstantinos A. Filis, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
Copyright © 2022 Wu, Zhang, Li, Wei, Zhang and Bai. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Hualong Bai, baihualongdoctor@126.com; fccbaihl@zzu.edu.cn