Leif Schiffmann1,2*
Matthias Becker3
Leendert Develing4David Varga-Szabo4Caroline Scheidereiter-Krüger4Hubert Zirngibl4
Michael Seifert5Lothar Biermann6Claudia Schlüter6Felicitas Tumczak4
Arved Weimann7Boris Jansen-Winkeln7Ingo Wallstabe8Frank Schwandner2Sandra Denecke4
Clemens Schafmayer2
Imad Kamaleddine2Albrecht Stier5Katharina Haegele7Michael Kindler3Sabine Michling9Ernst-Wilhelm Horling9Ulrike Denzer10
- 1Department of Visceral and General Surgery, Helios Klinikum Aue, Aue, Germany
- 2Department of General, Thoracic, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- 3Department of Visceral and General Surgery, Helios Weißeritztal-Kliniken GmbH—Klinikum Freital, Freital, Germany
- 4Department of Visceral and General Surgery, University Hospital Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
- 5Department of Visceral and General Surgery, Helios Klinikum Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany
- 6Department of Visceral and General Surgery, Joseph Hospital Warendorf, Warendorf, Germany
- 7Department of Visceral and General Surgery, Klinikum St. Georg Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- 8Department of Gastroenterology, Klinikum St. Georg Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- 9Department of Visceral and General Surgery, Klinikum Kaufbeuren, Kaufbeuren, Germany
- 10Department of Gastroenterology, Marburg University Hospital, Marburg, Germany
Background: Low anterior resection for rectal cancer is commonly associated with a diverting stoma. In general, the stoma is closed 3 months after the initial operation. The diverting stoma reduces the rate of anastomotic leakage as well as the severeness of a potential leakage itself. Nevertheless, anastomotic leakage is still a life-threatening complication and might reduce the quality of life in the short and long term. In case of leakage, the construction can be converted into a Hartmann situation or it could be treated by endoscopic vacuum therapy or by leaving the drains. In recent years, endoscopic vacuum therapy has become the treatment of choice in many institutions. In this study, the hypothesis is to be evaluated, if a prophylactic endoscopic vacuum therapy reduces the rate of anastomotic leakage after rectal resections.
Methods: A multicenter parallel group randomized controlled trial is planned in as many as possible centers in Europe. The study aims to recruit 362 analyzable patients with a resection of the rectum combined with a diverting ileostoma. The anastomosis has to be between 2 and 8 cm off the anal verge. Half of these patients receive a sponge for 5 days, and the control group is treated as usual in the participating hospitals. There will be a check for anastomotic leakage after 30 days. Primary end point is the rate of anastomotic leakages. The study will have 60% power to detect a difference of 10%, at a one-sided alpha significance level of 5%, assuming an anastomosis leakage rate of 10%–15%.
Discussion: If the hypothesis proves to be true, anastomosis leakage could be reduced significantly by placing a vacuum sponge over the anastomosis for 5 days.
Trial registration: The trial is registered at DRKS: DRKS00023436. It has been accredited by Onkocert of the German Society of Cancer: ST-D483. The leading Ethics Committee is the Ethics Committee of Rostock University with the registration ID A 2019–0203.
Background
Despite all progress in improving the treatment of patients with rectal cancer with neoadjuvant therapy or total mesorectal exzision (TME), anastomosis leakage (AL) after low anterior resections remains a significant problem. The rate of insufficient anastomosis lies between 0% and 26% (1, 2). Up to 2007, the treatment of AL was limited to converting into a Hartmann situation, reoperation, or treating the patient with an intelligent regime containing the component drainage, rinsing, and diverting stoma. The diverting stoma itself led to a decrease of AL and lowered mortality (3, 4).
In 2008, Weidenhagen et al. (5) published their results of a new approach for AL by using an endoscopically placed vacuum sponge (EVT) in the insufficient cavity and a commercial system became available. This system leads to a high percentage of successful healing of AL. Until now, there is no randomized trial available comparing the results of conventional treatment vs. the EVT. Kühn et al. (6) compared their results of EVT with a historical cohort of conventionally treated AL and found a significantly higher success rate of EVT compared to conventional treatment (95.2% vs. 65.9%, p = 0.011). EVT was also associated with the preservation of intestinal continuity in a significantly higher percentage of patients than those undergoing conventional treatment (86.7% vs. 37.5%, p = 0.001).
In many hospitals in Germany and other countries, EVT for treating AL is considered the gold standard and the results are satisfying (7, 8). However, the treatment is costly and time-consuming. It might be even better if AL could be avoided in the first place. Despite attempts testing the anastomosis intraoperatively and the blood flow of the two sides of the rectum and descendens, the intraluminal placement of a vacuum sponge might lead to a significantly reduced rate of AL.
Objectives and hypothesis
The aim of our study was, therefore, to investigate whether an intraoperatively placed sponge reduces the rate of AL compared with patients treated without sponge after rectal resection.
Methods
The administrative and medical processes are shown in flowcharts 1 and 2.
Flowchart 1. The flowchart shows the process from recruiting the patient to filing the documentation sheets.
Flowchart 2. The flowchart shows the SEVTAR study.
Design
A prospective randomized multicenter clinical superiority trial is performed with a balanced randomization. Before the inclusion of the first participant, the trial was evaluated by the Ethics Committee of Rostock University (ID: A 2019–0203). Then, the trial was registered at DRKS (DRKS00023436). It has been accredited by Onkocert of the German Society of Cancer (ST-D483).
During the course and additional centers joining the study, there were positive statements of the following ethics committees: Medical Association of Saxony, Thuringia, Westfalen-Lippe, Bavaria, Baden-Württemberg, and of the Universities of Wuppertal and Düsseldorf.
Participants and recruitment
Individuals referred to one of the participating centers for rectal resection will be examined and screened for potential participation. Recruitment will be performed in a standard outpatient or inpatient clinic setting by a surgeon at least 24 h before the operation. Information about the study is handled over to the patient and formal consent was obtained.
Eligibility criteria
All legally competent patients with age 18 years and older scheduled for rectal resection with an anastomosis height between 2 and 8 cm from the anal verge and a planned diverting stoma qualifying for participating in the SEVTAR study. Two centimeters are required to secure the sponge and cover the anastomosis and no additional air is sucked. If the anastomosis would be higher than 8 cm, it might not be reached by the sponge and, commonly, a diverting stoma is not required. The diverting stoma is required when the sponge is unlikely to be blocked by stool.
Patients were informed orally and in writing, and if they were willing to participate, they had to sign a declaration of consent before inclusion. After this, randomization will take place.
Randomization
After the written consent is signed, the participating hospital will contact the study center transferring a form asking for randomization. For each participating hospital, 10 lots with equal number for treatment and control lots are objected. One of these lots is drawn every time a participating center requests for randomization. The result of randomization is transferred back until 8 a.m. the next morning the latest.
Surgery and EVT
Surgery itself is performed as usual in the participating center. There are no rules given by the study. After finishing the operation, a sponge should be placed in the treatment group endoscopically via rectoscopy or palpatory method with the center of the sponge lying on the intraluminal anastomosis. The sponge parameters are 100–125 mmHg suction with medium intensity and continuous suction. After 5 days, the suction is turned off and the sponge is removed without checking the anastomosis generally.
All other treatments are done as usual in the participating center. Further treatment after the operation is documented in a standardized documentation form including questions of searching for AL and potential treatment of AL.
There will be a check for anastomotic leakage after 30 days. A questionnaire will be completed via telephone or during a planned check up in the office. Indicators for AL include secretion of pus or blood transanally, pain, fever, etc. In all of these cases, the participating hospital takes action to search for AL. Primary end point is the rate of anastomotic leakages. Secondary end points are the quality of TME and the method of treating AL.
Sample size and statistical analysis
The sample size was calculated with G-Power 3.1. The study will have 60% power to detect a difference of 10%, at a one-sided alpha significance level of 5%, assuming an anastomosis leakage rate of 10%–15%.
Altogether, 362 patients have to be analyzed.
Statistical analysis will be performed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 23.0. All data are regularly transferred from the documentation forms to the database. Statistical analysis will be done using Pearson's χ2 test (Fisher's exact test).
Abortion of the study
After including 50 patients in each block, statistical analysis searching for side effects will be done. In case of major complications of EVT, or significant differences between groups, the study will be aborted.
Limited results
Until November 11, 2022, 73 patients have been randomized in the study. Twelve patients had to be excluded for one the following reasons: withdrawal of consent before the operation or intraoperative change of treatment (no anastomosis or no protective stoma).
Results are available for 47 patients. So far, there have been four cases of AL in the control group and two in the EVT group without EVT-related complications.
Discussion
If the hypothesis proves to be true, anastomosis leakage could be reduced significantly by placing a vacuum sponge over the anastomosis for 5 days. This would be a very easy method to reduce AL, probably without side effects.
Any hospital interested in participating in the SEVTAR study is encouraged to contact the corresponding author.
Ethics statement
The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Ethic Committee of Rostock University with the registration ID: A 2019–0203. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.
Author contributions
LS: planning of the trial, trial registration, trial accreditation, application for main ethic voting, and patient acquisition. UD: planning of the trial. Other authors: application for local ethic voting and patient acquisition. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher's note
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References
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4. Ulrich A, Weitz J, Büchler MW. Protective stoma after deep anterior rectal resection: pro. Chirurg. (2010) 81(962):964–7. doi: 10.1007/s00104-010-1928-0
5. Weidenhagen R, Gruetzner KU, Wiecken T, Spelsberg F, Jauch KW. Endoscopic vacuum-assisted closure of anastomotic leakage following anterior resection of the rectum: a new method. Surg Endosc. (2008) 22:1818–25. doi: 10.1007/s00464-007-9706-x
6. Kühn F, Janisch F, Schwandner F, Gock M, Wedermann N, Witte M, et al. Comparison between endoscopic vacuum therapy and conventional treatment for leakage after rectal resection. World J Surg. (2020) 44:1277–82. doi: 10.1007/s00268-019-05349-5
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Keywords: rectal cancer, anastomotic leakage, prevention, SEVTAR study, randomized trial
Citation: Schiffmann L, Becker M, Develing L, Varga-Szabo D, Scheidereiter-Krüger C, Zirngibl H, Seifert M, Biermann L, Schlüter C, Tumczak F, Weimann A, Jansen-Winkeln B, Wallstabe I, Schwandner F, Denecke S, Schafmayer C, Kamaleddine I, Stier A, Haegele K, Kindler M, Michling S, Horling E and Denzer U (2023) SEVTAR—A multicenter randomized controlled trial to investigate the impact of prophylactic endoluminal placed vacuum sponge for prevention of anastomotic leakage after low rectal resections. Front. Surg. 9:1099549. doi: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.1099549
Received: 15 November 2022; Accepted: 30 December 2022;
Published: 13 February 2023.
Edited by:
Gabriel Sandblom, Karolinska Institutet (KI), SwedenReviewed by:
Michael Solomon, The University of Sydney, AustraliaMarco Frascio, University of Genoa, Italy
© 2023 Schiffmann, Becker, Develing, Varga-Szabo, Scheidereiter-Krüger, Zirngibl, Seifert, Biermann, Schlüter, Tumczak, Weimann, Jansen-Winkeln, Wallstabe, Schwandner, Denecke, Schafmayer, Kamaleddine, Stier, Haegele, Kindler, Michling, Horling and Denzer. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Leif Schiffmann bGVpZkBkci1zY2hpZmZtYW5uLmRl
Specialty Section: This article was submitted to Visceral Surgery, a section of the journal Frontiers in Surgery