Editorial: Identification of key factors to improve performance in Olympic water sports

Editorial on the Research Topic
Identification of key factors to improve performance in Olympic water sports

Water sports can be categorized into team or individual sports and can be performed in different aquatic environments (e.g., swimming pool, river or sea). Among those, swimming, open water swimming, artistic swimming, diving, water polo, rowing, canoeing (canoe/kayak), sailing and surf are recognized as Olympic sports. Although they share the same approach from a scientific analysis standpoint (e.g., biomechanical, physiological and anthropometrics), they differ on which are the most specific and determinant factors for winning. Within this, the Research Topic entitled Identification of key factors to improve performance in Olympic water sports aimed to gather scientific knowledge of Olympic water sports regarding: (i) biophysical factors that determine performance; (ii) acute and long-term effects on performance determinant factors; (iii) the use of different equipment and technologies to maximize the training effects; (iv) valid and reliable methodologies for testing and training control (including feedback); and (v) performance pathways or long-term athletic development strategies.

Seven articles were included in this Research Topic, being six published in Frontiers in Sports and Active Living (Costa et al., Croteau et al., Cuenca-Fernández et al., Fassone et al., Raineteau et al. and Rejman et al.) and one in Frontiers in Physiology (Wang and Zhao). The main areas of interest within these studies were anthropometrics, body composition, biomechanics, physiology and strength & conditioning distributed for swimming, water polo and canoeing (Figure 1). Considering the first author demographics of each study, most articles had origin in Europe (71.4%), followed by North America (14.3%) and Asia (14.3%).

Figure 1

Figure 1. The main areas of interest for each study (n = 7).

Competitive swimming from childhood to adulthood aims to accomplish a given distance in the shortest time (1), the reason why researchers try to understand the way to excel within the major competitions by considering the progression and variability between and within events (2, 3). One study aimed to analyze the performance variation in all rounds and sections of the male elite 100 m and 200 m events and to determine the performance level effect in the final outcome (Cuenca-Fernández et al.). Swimmers who competed at the LEN 2019 European Short Course Swimming were analyzed, being observed that: (i) 100 m finalists progressed between rounds mainly due to the improvement in start and split times during lap 1; (ii) higher performance maintenance was observed in the round-to-round analysis of 200 m than 100 m events; and (iii) only backstroke finalists showed lower variation in split times compared to non-qualified swimmers. Despite concluding that the finalist's success can be attributed to overall higher performance levels and progression, it was assumed that elite performances are often composed by outliers.

It is well known that competitive swimming is based on a multifactorial and dynamic phenomenon, where anthropometrics and biomechanical domains define the energetic profile and can contribute to performance enhancement (4). Within this, the relationships with the force output and performance have been a topic of interest in recent years (5). While assessing the associations between force production (tethered-swimming) and 100 m front crawl inter-lap pacing and kinematics in 11 elite male swimmers, Costa et al., found an increase in lap time along with a decrease in velocity, stroke rate and stroke index between the two 50 m laps, while stroke length remained unchanged. They also found a positive association between peak force and the ability to maintain a stable swimming velocity between 100 m front crawl laps, even if both pacing and kinematics fall from the first to the second 50 m sections. In the same line, Croteau et al., attempted to understand the associations between load-velocity profiles (semi-tethered swimming), kinematics and performance in eight elite male swimmers who performed the 100 m and 200 m front crawl. The estimated maximal velocity did not determine the studied performances but was strongly related to kinematics (stroke rate, stroke length and stroke index). However, when the load was normalized to the body mass, a strong correlation with the performance on the 100 m was found. So, it was emphasized that the relationships between the analyzed profiles, kinematics and performance depend on the event distance.

Regarding stroke length monitoring, Fassone et al., aimed to develop a methodology mostly based on metronome daily use. Data underscored the importance of using a metronome throughout the training season to control young swimmers stroke length changes, since results revealed that values were higher during the in-season comparing to pre-season. On the other hand, Rejman et al., explored which somatic features are common to the four competitive swimming techniques and medley, with the allometric model run in 130 swimmers revealing that there were five common swimming speed predictors: age², upper body circumference, handbreadth, waist circumference and subscapular skinfold thickness. So, authors stated that results reinforced the idea that swimming performance underlies a “V-shape” trunk, longer upper limbs and large hands.

As the goalkeeper is determinant during the water polo teams' defensive stance (6), Croteau et al., monitored three female senior goalkeepers from the Canadian water polo national team. Players used an inertial measurement unit to measure the external load of lower limbs actions, jumps and player-load, while the internal load was defined as the session rating of perceived exertion. From 155 sessions, it was concluded that internal and external load can be monitored using self-reported and inertial devices measures, but it should be noted that former measures can differ across the goalkeepers within the same session, while latter measures differ across training contexts. In another specific Olympic water sport, Wang and Zhao compared a set of measures (Figure 1) in sprint kayakers according to different age groups and expertise levels, being observed that speed, physiologic indicators, strength and muscle mass were the main measures that distinguish the different age groups and expertise levels. Authors also found that international-level sprint kayakers exhibited better when compared to club-level athletes.

Since today's winners reach the podium with a small advantage, every factor that can determine better performances should be regularly tested. Accordingly, the current Research Topic gathered novel information on how coaches and researchers can help top-level athletes within the spectrum of Olympic water sports to become better while pursuing their goals.

Author contributions

CS: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. FC-F: Writing – review & editing. RF: Writing – review & editing. MC: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

The author(s) declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision.

Publisher's note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

References

1. Costa MJ, Marinho DA, Bragada JA, Silva AJ, Barbosa TM. Stability of elite freestyle performance from childhood to adulthood. J Sports Sci. (2011) 29(11):1183–9. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2011.587196

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

2. Costa MJ, Garrido ND, Marinho DA, Santos CC. How much the swimming performance leading to Tokyo 2020 Olympic games was impaired due to the COVID-19 lockdown? J Sports Sci Med. (2021) 20(4):714–20. doi: 10.52082/jssm.2021.714

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

3. Santos CC, Fernandes RJ, Marinho DA, Costa MJ. From entry to finals: progression and variability of swimming performance at the 2022 FINA world championships. J Sports Sci Med. (2023) 22(3):417–24. doi: 10.52082/jssm.2023.417

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

4. Barbosa TM, Costa MJ, Marinho DA. Proposal of a deterministic model to explain swimming performance. Int J Swim Kinet. (2013) 2:1–54

Google Scholar

5. Ruiz-Navarro JJ, Andersen JT, Cuenca-Fernández F, López-Contreras G, Morouço PG, Arellano R. Quantification of swimmers’ ability to apply force in the water: the potential role of two new variables during tethered swimming. Sports Biomech. (2022):1–13. doi: 10.1080/14763141.2022.2089220

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

6. Canossa S, Fernandes RJ, Estriga L, Abraldes JA, Lupo C, Garganta JM. Water polo offensive methods after the 2018 FINA rules update. Int J Environ Res Public Health. (2022) 19(5):2568. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19052568

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar