A correction has been applied to this article in:
Corrigendum: Cardiac function and autonomic cardiac function during a multi-stage cycling event: a brief report
Vincent Menard1*
Anna Barrero1
Thibault Lachard2
Lucien Robinault3Lingxia Li1
Frederic Schnell2,4,5
François Carré2,5
Solène Le Douairon Lahaye1
- 1M2S Laboratory, University of Rennes 2, Rennes, France
- 2Department of Sports Medicine, University Hospital of Rennes, Rennes, France
- 3Independent Researcher, Auckland, New Zealand
- 4Center of Clinical Investigation of Rennes, CIC-CIT INSERM 1414, Rennes, France
- 5INSERM, LTSI-UMR1099, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
Introduction: Prolonged and repeated exercise performed during an ultra-endurance event can induce general and cardiac fatigue known as exercise-induced cardiac fatigue. Our objective was to find a possible correlation between the cardiac function and the autonomic cardiac function.
Methods: During a multistage ultra-endurance event, a female well-trained cyclist underwent daily rest echocardiography and heart rate variability measurements to assess the cardiac function and the cardiac autonomic function.
Results: The athlete completed 3,345 km at 65% of her maximum heart rate and 39% of her maximum aerobic power. A progressive improvement of the systolic function for both the left ventricle and the right ventricle was observed during the event.
Discussion: Alterations were observed on the cardiac autonomic function with an imbalance between sympathetic and parasympathetic, but there was no sign of a significant correlation between the cardiac function and the autonomic cardiac function and no signs of cardiac fatigue either. Further analysis should be performed on a larger sample to confirm the obtained results.
1 Introduction
Due to a high cardiac workload, prolonged intense exercise, such as that performed during ultra-endurance events, results in an exercise-induced cardiac fatigue (EICF) (1). This phenomenon is characterized by transient cardiac function alterations associated with an increase in the cardiac damage biomarkers after athletes perform ultra-endurance events, whether isolated (2) or repeated over several consecutive days (3).
Although the association is not clearly demonstrated, the repetition over time of an EICF episode could have a negative impact on the cardiovascular health of athletes (4, 5).
To date, EICF is generally evaluated through conventional echocardiography, tissue Doppler imaging, speckle tracking techniques, or cardiac biomarkers (6–8). Although they are relevant, these evaluation methods are not easy to use in the routine of athletes.
The cardiovascular control by the autonomic nervous system (ANS) can be indirectly assessed through the heart rate variability (HRV) (9–11). The HRV assessment is known to be a reliable, affordable, and non-invasive tool for assessing the autonomic cardiac function and for evaluating the physiological state (fitness vs. fatigue) of athletes (12).
Thus, the objective of this study was to describe the evolution of the cardiac function assessed by echocardiography and the autonomic cardiac function assessed by the HRV during an ultra-endurance event in a well-trained female cyclist, thereby determining their relationship.
2 Method
As in our previously published studies (13, 14), this scientific project was carried out as part of the sports project “Donnons des elles au vélo J-1,” which aimed to promote women's cycling.
2.1 Participant
One athlete was included in this case report. She received daily HRV measurements and was subsequently subjected to an echocardiography examination. The participant was a well-trained (maximal aerobic power output: 325 W and max: 62 ml.min.kg−1) Spanish female cyclist (32 years old, 53 kg, 169 cm).
2.2 Description of the cycling event
The cyclist performed the ultra-endurance events from the Tour de France using the men's routes. Details about the event have already been published (13, 14).
To preserve and respect the full rest of the athlete in the morning, no data were recorded on the 2 days of rest during the event between the 9th and 10th stages and between the 15th and 16th days.
2.3 Load analysis
During the different stages, the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) was assessed using the Borg CR-10 Scale for subjective load (15). The mean heart rate (HR) during the event were compared to the maximum theoretical HR of the athlete, as was done for the mean normalized aerobic power (NP) output, to also assess the exercise load of the event.
2.4 Echocardiography for the cardiac function evaluation
The echocardiography analysis protocol used was previously described (16).
The participant underwent resting echocardiography using Vivid Q (GE Vingmed Ultrasound AS, Horten, Norway) for 3 days before the event to assess the possible variations of each parameter during days without physical activity, and then daily in the morning just after waking up, except on the two rest days. All the variations were compared to the baseline (Figure 1).
Figure 1
Figure 1. Echocardiographic parameters in a graphic presentation with the minimal and maximal ranges for the baseline and the clinical threshold for the left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricle global longitudinal strain (LV GLS), mean S′ wave, E/A ratio, E/E′ mean ratio, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), fractional area change (FAC), and right ventricle global longitudinal strain (RV GLS) min /max for the rest days - - - -; clinical acceptable value ———.
All echocardiography examinations were performed, and the results were read and interpreted by a single cardiologist blinded to the clinical data as to prevent any inter-operator variability.
2.5 RR interval recording and HRV analysis for autonomic cardiac function evaluation
The RR interval recording and HRV analysis protocols used were previously described (13).
The baseline pre-event RR intervals were collected daily for 3 days before the event to obtain a basal HRV state. All resting recordings were made in a fasted state, right after awakening and before the cyclist gets up, and thus before the echocardiography.
Both time and frequency domain HRV analyses were performed.
2.6 Statistical analysis
All the statistical analyses were performed with Python software version 3.9.1.2 (Python Software Foundation, USA). The Pearson product moment correlation was used to evaluate the correlations between the echocardiography and HRV parameters.
The significant threshold was set at p < 0.05, and the correlation threshold was set at r > 0.8/−0.8 to only keep the strong correlations.
3 Results
For the HRV analysis, out of the 21 stages, 20 stages had usable data for the supine position, and 18 had usable data for the standing one. For the echocardiography analysis, 19 stages were usable.
3.1 Load analysis
The athlete performed 3,345 km in 21 stages. During the event, the mean heart rate was 65% of her maximum HR; the mean NP output was 39% of her maximum aerobic power; and, finally, the mean RPE was a 5 on the Borg CR-10 Scale.
3.2 Evolution of the cardiac function: echocardiography parameters
The echocardiographic data before and during the event are shown in Figure 1.
All echocardiographic data parameters were compared to the baseline, with a range of minimum and maximum for each parameter. The evolution of each parameter was also compared to the clinical norms presented in Figure 1.
3.2.1 Left ventricle systolic function
All along the 21 stages, an increase in the LV systolic function was observed. For the left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF), this trend was evident, despite the decrease of the systolic function in some of the stages. The LVEF stayed under clinical norms during the whole event. The same trend was observed for the left ventricle global longitudinal strain, which increased from −19.9% during baseline to −23.7% during the 20th stage. An improvement of the S′ mean wave was also reported (baseline: 0.11 vs. 20th stage: 0.16). A decrease was observed on the 7th stage and the 9th stage, but the S′ mean remained under the pathological threshold.
3.2.2 Left ventricle diastolic function
There were variations for the E and A waves and for the E/A ratio, although the E/A values remained close to the baseline. These variations always stayed above the clinical norms of the pathological threshold (<1). An upward trend was also observed for the E/E′ mean, which always stayed above the baseline values.
3.2.3 Right ventricle systolic function
For the RV fractional area change, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, and global longitudinal strain, an upward trend was reported during the 21 stages of the event. No signs of significant clinical degradations were found.
3.3 Evolution of the autonomic cardiac function: HRV parameters
3.3.1 Supine HRV parameters
The supine HRV data before and during the event are shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2
Figure 2. HRV parameters in the supine and standing positions in a graphic presentation with heart rate (HR), low frequencies (LF), and high frequencies (HF) in normalized units (nu).
The supine HR tended to increase all along the event, starting from the morning of the 3rd stage. This was associated with an increase of the LF and a decrease of the HF (Figure 2). The LF and HF evolutions induced an inversion of the supine autonomic balance (3rd-stage morning). This imbalance was more or less important all along the event, function of the length, and difficulty of the stages. Indeed, the increase of the HF and the LF and the decrease of the HF were linked to the increase in the RPE on these stages.
3.3.2 Standing HRV parameters
The standing HRV data before and during the event are shown in Figure 2. A trend to standing HR decrease was observed all along the event. This was associated with the decrease of the LF and the increase of the HF, particularly after the 10th stage (Figure 2).
After the investigation of the lnRMSSD and the lncRMSSD (17, 18), no conclusive trends were found in relation to their respective evolutions through the different stages of the athlete's performance.
3.4 Correlation between the cardiac function and autonomic cardiac function parameters
No correlation was observed between the cardiac function and the autonomic cardiac function. Indeed, no matter the echocardiographic or the HRV parameter chosen, no significant correlation was found.
4 Discussion
The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the evolutions of the cardiac function and the autonomic cardiac function during an ultra-endurance multi-stage event.
The main result of our case study is that no significant correlation is found between the cardiac function and the autonomic cardiac function, which were assessed by echocardiography and HRV analysis, respectively.
While the cardiac function seems to be improved during the 21 stages of the ultra-endurance event, the autonomic cardiac function is more likely to be disrupted all throughout the event.
Indeed, no clinical signs of cardiac function degradation or fatigue were observed either for the systolic and diastolic functions of the LV and the systolic function of the RV. It even seems to improve during the ultra-endurance event.
By contrast, we observed changes in the resting autonomic balance (HRV supine measure) starting from the third day. Indeed, the HRV parameter analysis revealed a decrease of the parasympathetic influence (HF) and an increase of the sympathetic one (LF), which led to an increase of the resting HR. These changes remained during the duration of the event, with a modification of the autonomic imbalance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic influences that could indicate a potential fatigue, regardless of the duration and the difficulty of each stage.
Concerning the autonomic response to orthostatic stress (HRV standing measure), we observed a decreased LF, followed by an increased HF, which induced a decreased HR. It seems possible that the stress induced by the repetition of the stages adds up without sufficient time for the athlete to recover.
The physiological adaptations required by the ultra-endurance multi-stage event were high enough to induce several variations in the cardiac autonomic function, which was assessed via the HRV analysis. However, these physiological adaptations were not significant enough to alter the cardiac function, which was assessed by echocardiography.
The study presents some limitations. For logistical reasons, we did not take into account the variations in hydration, body weight, and blood pressure that may be induced by this type of ultra-endurance exercise. However, we cannot deny the importance of these parameters in the evolution of the cardiac function due to their impact on the pre- and afterload. Nevertheless, in other studies conducted in our team, no significant variation in the body weight, systolic and diastolic pressures (16), or LVED (19) was observed after the same type of ultra-endurance events. In this study, the fact that LVED did not decrease, that the athlete could hydrate without restriction during exercise, and that all measurements were performed after a night of sleep are in disfavor of a possible dehydration.
5 Conclusion
Our results suggest that an ultra-endurance event at moderate intensity can affect the autonomic cardiac function without any sign of cardiac fatigue, as assessed by echocardiography. These results need to be confirmed in a larger population of athletes.
Data availability statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
Ethics statement
The studies involving humans were approved by Rennes University Hospital Ethics Committee (Number 2013-A01524-41). The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. Written informed consent for participation was not required from the participants or the participants’ legal guardians/next of kin in accordance with the national legislation and institutional requirements. Written informed consent was obtained from the individual(s) for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article.
Author contributions
VM: Data curation, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. AB: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. TL: Writing – review & editing. LR: Writing – review & editing. LL: Writing – review & editing. FS: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. FC: Writing – review & editing. SL: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully thank the support of Armel Cretual on statistics.
Funding
The authors declare that no financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
The authors declare that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision.
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
References
1. Oxborough D, Birch K, Shave R, George K. “Exercise-induced cardiac fatigue”—a review of the echocardiographic literature: exercise-induced cardiac fatigue. Echocardiography. (2010) 27(9):1130–40. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8175.2010.01251.x
2. Whyte G, George K, Shave R, Dawson E, Stephenson C, Edwards B, et al. Impact of marathon running on cardiac structure and function in recreational runners. Clin Sci. (2005) 108(1):73–80. doi: 10.1042/CS20040186
3. Middleton N, Shave R, George K, Whyte G, Simpson R, Florida-James G, et al. Impact of repeated prolonged exercise bouts on cardiac function and biomarkers. Med Sci Sports Exerc. (2007) 39(1):83–90. doi: 10.1249/01.mss.0000239395.93578.60
4. Eijsvogels TMH, Thompson PD, Franklin BA. The “extreme exercise hypothesis”: recent findings and cardiovascular health implications. Curr Treat Options Cardio Med. (2018) 20(10):84. doi: 10.1007/s11936-018-0674-3
5. Franklin BA, Thompson PD, Al-Zaiti SS, Albert CM, Hivert MF, Levine BD, et al. Exercise-related acute cardiovascular events and potential deleterious adaptations following long-term exercise training: placing the risks into perspective—an update: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. (2020) 141(13):13–8. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000749
6. Shave R, George KP, Atkinson G, Hart E, Middleton N, Whyte G, et al. Exercise-induced cardiac troponin T release: a meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc. (2007) 39(12):2099–106. doi: 10.1249/mss.0b013e318153ff78
7. Danielsson T, Carlsson J, Schreyer H, Ahnesjö J, Ten Siethoff L, Ragnarsson T, et al. Blood biomarkers in male and female participants after an Ironman-distance triathlon. PLoS One. (2017) 12(6):e0179324. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179324
8. Shave RE, Dawson E, Whyte G, George K, Ball D, Gaze DC, et al. Evidence of exercise-induced cardiac dysfunction and elevated cTnT in separate cohorts competing in an ultra-endurance mountain marathon race. Int J Sports Med. (2002) 23(7):489–94. doi: 10.1055/s-2002-35069
9. Poanta L, Porojan M, Dumitrascu DL. Heart rate variability and diastolic dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Acta Diabetol. (2011) 48(3):191–6. doi: 10.1007/s00592-011-0256-2
10. Gordan R, Gwathmey JK, Xie LH. Autonomic and endocrine control of cardiovascular function. WJC. (2015) 7(4):204. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v7.i4.204
11. Billman GE, Huikuri HV, Sacha J, Trimmel K. An introduction to heart rate variability: methodological considerations and clinical applications. Front Physiol. (2015) 6:55. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00055
12. Schmitt L, Bouthiaux S, Millet GP. Eleven years’ monitoring of the world’s most successful male biathlete of the last decade. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. (2021) 16(6):900–5. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0148
13. Barrero A, Schnell F, Carrault G, Kervio G, Matelot D, Carré F, et al. Daily fatigue-recovery balance monitoring with heart rate variability in well-trained female cyclists on the Tour de France circuit. PLoS One. (2019) 14(3):e0213472. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213472
14. Barrero A, Le Cunuder A, Carrault G, Carré F, Schnell F, Le Douairon Lahaye S. Modeling stress-recovery status through heart rate changes along a cycling grand tour. Front Neurosci. (2020) 14:576308. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2020.576308
15. Scherr J, Wolfarth B, Christle JW, Pressler A, Wagenpfeil S, Halle M. Associations between Borg’s rating of perceived exertion and physiological measures of exercise intensity. Eur J Appl Physiol. (2013) 113:147–55. doi: 10.1007/s00421-012-2421-x
16. Charton M, Kervio G, Matelot D, Lachard T, Galli E, Donal E, et al. Exercise-induced cardiac fatigue in soldiers assessed by echocardiography. Front Cardiovasc Med. (2021) 8:785869. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.785869
17. Tegegne BS, Man T, Van Roon AM, Riese H, Snieder H. Determinants of heart rate variability in the general population: the lifelines cohort study. Heart Rhythm. (2018) 15(10):1552–8. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2018.05.006
18. Berg ME VD, Rijnbeek PR, Niemeijer MN, Hofman A, Van Herpen G, Bots ML, et al. Normal values of corrected heart-rate variability in 10-second electrocardiograms for all ages. Front Physiol. (2018) 9:424. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00424
Keywords: endurance, exercise-induced fatigue, heart rate variability, echocardiography, athlete
Citation: Menard V, Barrero A, Lachard T, Robinault L, Li L, Schnell F, Carré F and Le Douairon Lahaye S (2024) Cardiac function and autonomic cardiac function during a multi-stage cycling event: a brief report. Front. Sports Act. Living 6:1356577. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1356577
Received: 19 December 2023; Accepted: 16 July 2024;
Published: 29 July 2024.
Edited by:
Lars Brechtel, Medical School Berlin, GermanyReviewed by:
Efstathios Pagourelias, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GreeceLuis Manuel Rama, University of Coimbra, Portugal
Copyright: © 2024 Menard, Barrero, Lachard, Robinault, Li, Schnell, Carré and Le Douairon Lahaye. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Vincent Menard, menardvincent18@hotmail.fr