Thiago Ribeiro Lopes1,2,3*
Leonardo de Sousa Fortes4
Mitchell Robert Smith5,6
Bart Roelands7
Samuele Maria Marcora8
- 1Laboratory of Exercise Physiology at Olympic Center of Training and Research, Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- 2São Paulo Association for Medicine Development, São Paulo, Brazil
- 3Graduate Program in Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- 4Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
- 5Discipline of Exercise and Sports Science, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW, Australia
- 6Active Living Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
- 7Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- 8Department of Quality of Life Sciences, University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
Editorial on the Research Topic
Mental fatigue and sport: from the lab to the field
Prolonged periods of cognitive activity or high cognitive demand for a short time can induce mental fatigue (1). This psychobiological state is characterized by an increased sensation of tiredness and low energy, impaired executive functions (e.g., sustained attention, inhibitory control, and working memory), and altered neural brain activity (2). More than 100 years ago, in 1891, the Italian scientist Angelo Mosso reported the first evidence that mental fatigue could impair human physical performance (3). He showed that performing lectures and oral exams for the whole morning reduced the muscular endurance of two of his colleagues in a repetitive middle finger flexion task. Much later, in 2009, Marcora et al. published a seminal study showing that the mental fatigue experimentally induced by 90 min of effortful cognitive activity reduced the time to exhaustion in a constant-load cycling test (4). Since then, several research groups have investigated the effects of mental fatigue on many sports performance-related capabilities, such as endurance performance, maximal strength, power and speed production, technical-tactical and perceptual-cognitive skills (2, 5, 6). The present editorial article summarizes the main findings of the studies submitted to our Research Topic, extending our knowledge in this developing field.
Chen et al. demonstrated the recent increased interest in studies about mental fatigue and athletic performance. These researchers conducted a bibliometric analysis of studies on such a theme in the Web of Science database core collection published from 2001 to 2021. They mapped the main disciplines that studied such an issue, the countries and institutions that conducted more research in the field, and the scientific journals and authors that were most cited. The authors found that publications have significantly increased in the last five years. By keywords co-occurrence clustering, they could also describe the hot research topics in the field, which include the application of EEG technology to obtain an objective indicator of mental fatigue, the search for pharmacological or non-pharmacological interventions against mental fatigue, and the comprehension of the mental fatigue effect on endurance performance, technical skills, and sports-related decision-making.
Systematic reviews and meta-analyses have unanimously demonstrated a deleterious effect of mental fatigue on endurance performance (1, 2, 6–8). This deleterious effect does not seem influenced by individual features, such as sex, age, or physical fitness (6, 9). Whilst the negative effect of mental fatigue on endurance performance is quite clear, mental fatigue does not seem to affect neuromuscular performance during short-duration and repeated maximal efforts (2, 5, 10). Recently, some studies have shown a negative mental fatigue effect on the performance of motor and perceptual-cognitive skills in different sports (11–13). Accordingly, Yuan et al. did a systematic scoping review to investigate the mental fatigue effect on sport-specific motor performance among team-sports athletes. The 12 retrieved studies examined team sports athletes from soccer, basketball, cricket, rugby, field hockey, volleyball, and Australian football. The authors found a deleterious effect of mental fatigue on intermittent endurance exercise capacity and the following skill variables: ball loss, passing and shooting errors, interceptions, and successful tackles. In addition, Cao et al. systematically reviewed the scientific literature on the effect of mental fatigue on basketball players' physical, technical, tactical, and cognitive performance. They found that mental fatigue impaired free throws, three-point shots, and total turnovers. Interestingly, the researchers did not find studies investigating mental fatigue's influence on basketball players' physical and tactical performance.
Many sport-related (e.g., travel, pre-match activity, and team talks) and non-sport related (e.g., education, excessive use of social media or video games) situations involve a high cognitive demand that can potentially generate a mental fatigue state (14). The sport itself poses high cognitive demands on the athletes and thus can cause mental fatigue (15). Therefore, it is crucial to develop, investigate and implement strategies to counteract the adverse effects of mental fatigue (16). For example, Sun et al. investigated in mentally-fatigued university soccer players whether exposure to a sequence of natural setting photographs could improve a video-based decision-making task performance involving real-soccer match situations. They found that the group that viewed 12.5 min of natural scenes improved the accuracy and reaction time in the soccer decision-making task as compared to the baseline values obtained before the mental fatigue induction. Such an effect was not observed in the control groups exposed to urban pictures. Moreover, the researchers found that the exposure effect to natural scenes seems to be time-dependent since the groups exposed for 4.17 and 8.33 min to the pictures did not change the soccer decision-making task performance from baseline values.
The underlying mechanisms for the harmful effects of mental fatigue on subsequent endurance performance, technical skills, and sports-related decision-making still need to be elucidated (17–19). Mangin et al. put some light on this topic. They submitted 83 subjects to a 30-min modified Stroop or a control task (watching a documentary) followed by a time-to-exhaustion handgrip exercise. Compared to the control task, the prolonged cognitive task impaired the subsequent physical performance. Interestingly, the authors found a statistically significant small correlation between the cognitive performance decrement during the 30-min modified Stroop task (time-on-task effect) and physical performance decrement in the time-to-exhaustion handgrip exercise (sequential task effect). For the authors, this relationship between the time-on-task and sequential task effects suggests that the two fatigue-related phenomena share a common mechanism but are not entirely equivalent.
To conclude, the studies presented in this Research Topic demonstrate that the research on mental fatigue continues to develop from well-controlled laboratory-based studies with high internal validity to studies in sporting settings with more real-world validity. However, sports scientists still have several important issues to address, such as the practicalities of monitoring mental fatigue in applied sporting environments and the psychobiological factors that moderate and mediate mental fatigue's deleterious effects on physical and technical-tactical performance across many different sports. These issues make such an area rich for future investigations.
Author contributions
TL wrote the manuscript. LF, MS, BR, and SM revised and edited the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
References
1. Giboin L-S, Wolff W. The effect of ego depletion or mental fatigue on subsequent physical endurance performance: a meta-analysis. Perform Enhanc Health. (2019) 7:100150. doi: 10.1016/j.peh.2019.100150
2. Van Cutsem J, Marcora S, De Pauw K, Bailey S, Meeusen R, Roelands B. The effects of mental fatigue on physical performance: a systematic review. Sports Med. (2017) 47:1569–88. doi: 10.1007/s40279-016-0672-0
3. Di Giulio C, Daniele F, Tipton CM. Angelo mosso and muscular fatigue: 116 years after the first congress of physiologists: IUPS commemoration. Adv Physiol Educ. (2006) 30:51–7. doi: 10.1152/advan.00041.2005
4. Marcora SM, Staiano W, Manning V. Mental fatigue impairs physical performance in humans. J Appl Physiol. (2009) 106:857–64. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.91324.2008
5. Pageaux B, Lepers R. The effects of mental fatigue on sport-related performance. Prog Brain Res. (2018) 240:291–315. doi: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.10.004
6. Habay J, Uylenbroeck R, Van Droogenbroeck R, De Wachter J, Proost M, Tassignon B, et al. Interindividual variability in mental fatigue-related impairments in endurance performance: a systematic review and multiple meta-regression. Sports Med Open. (2023) 9:14. doi: 10.1186/s40798-023-00559-7
7. Brown DMY, Graham JD, Innes KI, Harris S, Flemington A, Bray SR. Effects of prior cognitive exertion on physical performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. (2020) 50:497–529. doi: 10.1007/s40279-019-01204-8
8. Holgado D, Sanabria D, Perales JC, Vadillo MA. Correction: mental fatigue might be not so bad for exercise performance after all: a systematic review and bias-sensitive meta-analysis. J Cogn. (2021) 4:32. doi: 10.5334/joc.178
9. Lopes TR, Oliveira DM, Simurro PB, Akiba HT, Nakamura FY, Okano AH, et al. No sex difference in mental fatigue effect on high-level Runners’ aerobic performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. (2020) 52:2207–16. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002346
10. Angius L, Merlini M, Hopker J, Bianchi M, Fois F, Piras F, et al. Physical and mental fatigue reduce psychomotor vigilance in professional football players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. (2022) 17:1391–8. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0387
11. Filipas L, Borghi S, La Torre A, Smith MR. Effects of mental fatigue on soccer-specific performance in young players. Sci Med Footb. (2021) 5:150–7. doi: 10.1080/24733938.2020.1823012
12. Fortes LS, Berriel GP, Faro H, Freitas-Júnior CG, Peyré-Tartaruga LA. Can prolongate use of social media immediately before training worsen high level male volleyball players’ visuomotor skills? Percept Mot Skills. (2022) 129:1790–803. doi: 10.1177/00315125221123635
13. Fortes LS, Gantois P, De Lima-Júnior D, Barbosa BT, Ferreira MEC, Nakamura FY, et al. Playing videogames or using social media applications on smartphones causes mental fatigue and impairs decision-making performance in amateur boxers. Appl Neuropsychol Adult. (2023) 30:227–38. doi: 10.1080/23279095.2021.1927036
14. Thompson CJ, Smith A, Coutts AJ, Skorski S, Datson N, Smith MR, et al. Understanding the presence of mental fatigue in elite female football. Res Q Exerc Sport. (2022) 93:504–15. doi: 10.1080/02701367.2021.1873224
15. Walsh V. Is sport the brain's biggest challenge? Curr Biol. (2014) 24:R859–60. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.08.003
16. Proost M, Habay J, De Wachter J, De Pauw K, Rattray B, Meeusen R, et al. How to tackle mental fatigue: a systematic review of potential countermeasures and their underlying mechanisms. Sports Med. (2022) 52:2129–58. doi: 10.1007/s40279-022-01678-z
17. Martin K, Meeusen R, Thompson KG, Keegan R, Rattray B. Mental fatigue impairs endurance performance: a physiological explanation. Sports Med. (2018) 48:2041–51. doi: 10.1007/s40279-018-0946-9
18. Mcmorris T. Cognitive fatigue effects on physical performance: the role of interoception. Sports Med. (2020) 50:1703–8. doi: 10.1007/s40279-020-01320-w
Keywords: cognition, neuroscience, brain, psychology, physiology
Citation: Lopes TR, Fortes LS, Smith MR, Roelands B and Marcora SM (2023) Editorial: Mental fatigue and sport: from the lab to the field. Front. Sports Act. Living 5:1213019. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1213019
Received: 27 April 2023; Accepted: 27 April 2023;
Published: 9 May 2023.
Edited and Reviewed by: Richard Giulianotti, Loughborough University, United Kingdom
© 2023 Lopes, Fortes, Smith, Roelands and Marcora. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Thiago Ribeiro Lopes dHIubG9wZXNAdW5pZmVzcC5icg==