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SYSTEMATIC REVIEW article
Front. Oral. Health
Sec. Oral Cancers
Volume 6 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/froh.2025.1605978
This article is part of the Research TopicAdvances and Innovative Discoveries in Oral Potentially Malignant DisordersView all 6 articles
Macrophages and the Immune Microenvironment in OPMDs: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Provisionally accepted- University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Background: in the presence of cancers, Tumor Associated Macrophages have a well-established role, but the literature provides limited evidence regarding their involvement in the onset and malignant transformation of Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders (OPMDs). Objectives: the present systematic review aimed to collect evidence on the presence and characterization of macrophages in the microenvironment of OPMDs. Data sources: PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, Web of Science. Study eligibility criteria: ex vivo or in silico human studies reporting original quantitative data on macrophage infiltration in OPMDs or Oral Epithelial Dysplasia (OED), published from 1990 onward. Results: thirty-seven studies were included for qualitative analysis. Investigated OPMDs included: oral leukoplakia, oral lichen planus, oral lichenoid lesions, proliferative leukoplakia, oral submucous fibrosis, actinic cheilitis, chronic graft versus host disease. Discussion: even though the heterogeneity of data from the included studies prevents a meta-analysis, the reported results are quite consistent in supporting an increasing macrophage infiltration from normal mucosa to OPMDs, OED, and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC). An M1 pro-inflammatory polarization is prevalent in OPMDs, with a shift toward an M2 pro-tumorigenic polarization in moderatesevere OED and OSCC. Several novel markers including STAT1, IDO, PD-L1, APOE, ITGB2 appear to be able to identify macrophage clusters involved in pro-inflammatory or pro-tumorigenic pathways. Conclusions: Evidence from the present review supports an active role of macrophages in regulating immune suppression, oncogenesis, and tumor progression in OPMDs and during the transition to OSCC. Future research should focus not merely on cell quantification and general M1/M2 polarization but rather on the expression of specific markers potentially linked to immunomodulatory pathways involved in oncogenesis.
Keywords: Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD), Cellular Microenvironment, Macrophages, Carcinogenesis, Oral leukoplakia (OL), Oral epithelial dysplasia (OED), Mouth Diseases, Precancerous Conditions
Received: 04 Apr 2025; Accepted: 17 Apr 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Sutera, Furchì and Pentenero. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence:
Olga Anna Furchì, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
Monica Pentenero, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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