- 1Department of Electrical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
- 2CoreLab, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
- 3Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
The demand for dual-functional wireless systems is on the rise as certain resources become more congested and scarce. Joint communication-radar (JCR) is a promising technology that is becoming very critical and growing in popularity, where communication and radar applications are serviced simultaneously sharing the same hardware/software and the frequency band resources. JCR and its alternatives need to be cleverly integrated into certain waveforms such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) to function properly without degradation in the performance. With the aid of the promising concepts of index modulation (IM) and Golay complementary sequences, a novel JCR waveform is proposed to serve both communication and radar applications with the same resources. It has been shown by extensive computer simulations that the proposed OFDM with an index modulation (OFDM-IM) waveform outperforms the classical OFDM with fixed pilot design both in bit error rate (BER) performance and radar-based applications by introducing diversity among subcarriers and frequency agility over the whole frequency band.
1 Introduction
Future, 6G and beyond, wireless systems are evolving rapidly in terms of flexibility, interoperability, and coexistence of various wireless technologies. Due to the invaluable and scarce bandwidth, as researchers explore techniques to make efficient use of strict resources, different applications, systems, and waveforms are envisioned to coexist and operate together in harmony. On account of radar, wireless sensing and communication being eminently common and important radio frequency (RF) applications, the marriage of these concepts has recently attracted substantial attention. In the literature, radar-sensing and communicatio4n marriage have been given numerous names, such as radar-communication coexistence (RCC) and dual-functional radar-communication (DFRC) (Liu et al., 2020). In the first category, two systems share the same habitat (cohabitation), and they operate with efficient interference management techniques (cooperation). The second category can be seen as a codesign of a system having both radar and communication capabilities. The design approach of a DFRC system can be divided into three subgroups as follows: joint radar-communication (JRC), joint communication-radar (JCR) Mazahir et al. (2021), and unified architecture. JRC mainly focuses on the radar capability and performs communication as a secondary functionality. On the other hand, JCR refers to the systems whose essential design parameter is the communication capability of a DFRC system. Last but not least, a unified architecture proposes a codesign system that is designed for the application requirements from the scratch.
Moreover, DFRC provides hardware and software convergence of radar-sensing and communication applications to utilize scarce resources more efficiently and effectively. With these and upcoming considerable contributions, DFRC is envisioned to be implemented and provide service to many applications, some of which include intelligent vehicular transportation, aircraft traffic, and military applications whether it is in the air, sea, or space. JCR, which is a form of the DFRC system, creates a fusion of both functionalities in a unified platform, which is feasible since the gap between radar and communication systems is small. This unification not only grants a cost reduction but also enables an efficient spectrum usage, efficient power consumption, and a more compact system size. One major challenge of designing a JCR system is the performance criteria (Zheng et al., 2019); that is, both functionalities are desired to be designed cooperatively without performance degradation. Additional challenges include dedicated receiver algorithms and complication of the transmitter design.
JCR research has pushed significant efforts to share the spectrum between radar and communication without interference. Fundamental concepts and important performance metrics have been discussed, and resource management approaches have been analyzed for JCR in the study by Luong et al. (2021). Waveform design plays a critical role in the JCR concept, and a single novel waveform for both radar and communication functionalities, without a reduction in performance of either, is yet to exist. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a very popular waveform integrated to JCR (Ozkaptan et al., 2018). Also, a JCR technique on the wireless system standard IEEE 802.11 employing OFDM is proposed in the study by Nguyen and Heath (2017) with dedicated OFDM-radar algorithms. However, for the dual-functionality of the system, it is not mandatory to have a single waveform. Different waveforms may be superimposed and transmitted simultaneously as in the study by Şahin and Arslan (2020), Şahin and Arslan (2021), where frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) and OFDM are used. Additionally, millimeter wave (mmWave) communication provides large transmission bandwidth enabling large data rates and has a potential to collaborate with JCR. From the signal processing perspective, Mishra et al. (2019) dived in to mm-Wave JCR systems and waveform design. As a further note, Feng et al. (2020) explored state-of-the-art JCR evolution with a comprehensive survey on the DFRC technology.
On the other hand, index modulation (IM) is a simple, spectral, and energy efficient scheme that can be implemented by many waveforms and techniques, such as OFDM. OFDM with index modulation (OFDM-IM) is a very popular scheme that conveys information not only through quadrature amplitude modulated symbols but also through the indices of active subcarriers in the frequency domain Basar et al. (2013). It has been utilized in various ways to transmit additional bits, provide flexibility, improve reliability, and more, such as in the study by Basar (2015), Arslan et al. (2020a), Dogukan and Basar (2020), Arslan et al. (2020b). Superiorities of OFDM-IM over classical OFDM include efficient implementation and flexibility of active subcarriers, energy efficiency, a reduced peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), robustness to inter-carrier interference (ICI), and improved bit error performance Basar et al. (2017). Recently, IM has even been applied to DFRC. In the study by Hoque and Şahin (2020), IM-aided circularly shifted chirps are proposed for DFRC systems. In the study by Huang et al. (2020), information is embedded on the DFRC system in an IM manner, where different frequency and antenna selections construct possible constellation space. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no study focusing on the implementation and analysis of OFDM-IM in JCR systems.
This study sheds lights on the drawbacks of pilot-based OFDM in the JCR system such as a limited unambiguous radar range and channel estimation errors, and proposes a novel structure using OFDM-IM to overcome these problems. To perform radar functionality on the proposed structure, Golay complementary sequences (GCS) are inserted into the OFDM-IM waveform, which are explained in Section 2. Since GCS have suitable ambiguity function properties for radar functionality (Kumari et al., 2018), they are used as preknown radar symbols in our proposed scheme.
The contributions of this study can be summarized and highlighted as follows:
• A novel JCR waveform scheme is proposed using the OFDM-IM structure and GCS as radar symbols.
• The transmitter and receiver structures are introduced to improve both the communication and radar performance of the proposed waveform scheme.
• A novel channel estimation scheme is proposed for OFDM-IM utilizing its radar functionality.
• Superiority of the proposed scheme is analyzed compared to the conventional OFDM structure with comb-type pilots for JCR systems proposed in the study by Ozkaptan et al. (2018).
The rest of the article can be summarized as follows. In Section 2, the system model of the proposed JCR scheme is presented. In Sections 3 and 4, radar and communication functionalities of the proposed scheme are explained. Computer simulation results are presented in Section 5. Finally, Section 6 concludes the article.
2 System Model
In this section, the system model of the proposed OFDM-IM JCR scheme is provided. First, the transmitter architecture is presented, and then the channel model is explained.
2.1 Transmitter Design
The block diagram of the considered OFDM-IM JCR system is presented in Figure 1. As in classical OFDM-IM, the entire OFDM-IM symbol consisting of N subcarriers is split into total G subblocks. Since each subblock undergoes the same procedures, it is sufficient to consider the ξth subblock
For the ξth subblock, incoming b bits are split into b1 and b2 bits. The
bits can be transmitted per subblock. An example look-up table with a subblock size of four and two communication subcarriers (k = 2) per subblock with symbols Co, where o ∈ {1, 2}, is shown in Figure 2A. In this example, there is one radar (r = 1) and one null subcarrier (l = 1) in a subblock. The number of total radar symbols in one OFDM symbol is denoted as R = rN/g. Figure 2B is presented to visualize the considered time–frequency lattice, according to Figure 2A. The flexible design of OFDM-IM allows the proposed scheme to utilize the whole bandwidth for radar processing such as frequency-agile radars. At the receiver side, the location of the radar symbol is found via estimation of the null subcarrier location, which will be explained in Section 3. Therefore, null subcarriers are distributed intelligently to find the locations of radar symbols.
FIGURE 2. A case study for the proposed architecture. (A) Look-up table for two active subcarriers out of four subcarriers in a subblock. (B) Example of the transmitted OFDM-IM JCR frame.
Next, two complementary Golay sequences Ga and Gb, both with length R/2, are generated. In succession, the elements of Ga are placed into the first half of the OFDM-IM JCR block with N/2 subcarriers. Subsequently, the aforementioned procedure is repeated for the remaining N/2 subcarriers using Gb. After this point, the procedures as in OFDM are applied. The time domain mth OFDM symbol xm is generated by applying the inverse fast Fourier (IFFT) transformation on frequency domain samples Xm, as given below:
Let the matrix X ∈ CM×N be the frame of frequency domain–transmitted symbols, where the element Xm,n is the mth symbol transmitted on subcarrier n, for m = 1, … , M and n = 1, … , N. After the IFFT operation, a cyclic prefix (CP) of length C samples
Afterward, the baseband discrete signal x is processed with a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) and upconverted to the desired radio frequency (RF) band, where the transmitted passband analog signal becomes
where
2.2 Channel Model
Throughout the study, the communication receiver is also exploited as a radar receiver. Hence, the bistatic radar model is used, where the transmitter and the radar receiver are not colocated. The wireless channel is dedicated for both communication and radar operation, where the transmitted OFDM-IM JCR waveform propagates through. The channel model includes complex channel gain, Doppler shift, and delay for every path. It is also assumed that the transmission of the frame is long enough to be affected from time selectivity, but short enough such that the time variation can be accurately modeled as depending only on per-tap linear phase variations due to Doppler effects (Letzepis et al., 2011). Therefore, the linear time-variant channel in the time-delay domain, c(t, τ), can be modeled as follows (Hlawatsch and Matz, 2011):
where αp, τp, and νp denote the complex attenuation factor, bistatic time delay, and the Doppler frequency shift associated with the pth target, respectively, where there are a total of P targets. The estimation of the complex gain, delay, and the Doppler shift from each tap of the multipath channel is performed via radar signal processing techniques as explained in Section 3. It is known that the frequency domain channel coefficients for an entire frame can be expressed as the superimposition of two-dimensional complex sinusoids, which allow us to use a periodogram-based delay and Doppler shift estimation. Down-converting the received passband signal into baseband and sampling with the frequency of Fs = NΔf, the discrete-time signal becomes
where
where
The relation of Eq. 4 with the time domain channel matrix Ht can be represented as follows:
where the delay matrix
The Doppler shift matrix for the pth path,
where there are total P paths with different delays and Doppler shifts.
The channel estimation and decoding processes are explained in the next sections.
3 Bistatic Radar and Channel Estimation
In this section, the bistatic radar signal processing scheme is introduced using the known Golay sequence on the transmitted OFDM-IM frame. The general structure of the steps followed both in this section and the next section can be seen in Figure 3. Revisiting (Eq. 6), the received signal can be written in frequency domain as follows:
where ʘ denotes the Hadamard product,
where Td is the OFDM symbol duration after cyclic prefix (CP) in addition to the original duration
3.1 Null Subcarrier Estimation
In this step, the entire Y matrix is processed to estimate the null subcarrier locations. Once the null subcarrier location is found for each subblock, the location of radar and communication subcarrier can also be found as it can be seen in Figure 2A. For each ξ subblock in the mth OFDM symbol, the null subcarrier estimation
Afterward, the vector
3.2 De-Chirping
After the null subcarrier estimation, de-chirping of the received sequence is done. Also, it is followed by filling estimated communication subcarriers with zeros. In this step, the fast-time/slow-time coherent processing interval matrix
where the index in the Golay sequence matrix is
3.3 Delay and Doppler Shift Estimation
Delay and Doppler shift estimation of the proposed method is done via the 2D-periodogram method. The matrix K is utilized to perform periodogram-based radar processing. The output power of the periodogram at the ιth Doppler and ςth range bin is as follows:
where sinusoids in K related to object’s distance and velocity lead to peaks in P (ι, ς). Then certain distance and velocity values can be found from the related range and the Doppler bin value of peaks. The threshold value is set according to the SNR of the system. Distance d and velocity ν of the paths are found as follows:
where c denotes the speed of light.
3.4 Complex Attenuation Estimation
In this step, the complex attenuation factor of the channel is estimated. It is assumed that the total number of targets is known in advance. The number of targets can be obtained by simply putting a threshold in Eq. 14. Let the vector
and the MR × P matrix Ω as a function of
where
where (⋅)H denotes the Hermitian operator.
4 Communication Functionality and Decoding Algorithms
In this section, the decoding process of transmitted information is explained with two different options. Both options are numerically evaluated in Section 5.
4.1 Null Subcarrier Estimation–Based Decoding
Here, the null subcarrier estimation in the first step of radar processing is utilized to determine the location of communication symbols and the index bits b1. The QAM symbols on estimated communication subcarrier locations are demodulated via well-known maximum likelihood (ML) QAM demodulation, which calculates the minimum Euclidean distance with the possible symbols in a complex symbol set.
4.2 Maximum-Likelihood–Based Decoding
The full-ML detector considers all possible subblock realizations by searching for all possible subcarrier index combinations, the signal constellation points, and corresponding radar symbol for each subblock in order to make a joint decision on the active indices and the constellation symbols. For the mth OFDM symbol, the full-ML detector is employed in each subblock by minimizing the following metric:
where c denotes all possible subblock realizations, including radar symbol, null subcarrier, and QAM symbols.
4.3 Soft Decoding With a Channel Decoder
This section includes the log-likelihood ratio (LLR) calculations of the proposed OFDM-IM structure. Calculated LLRs are sent to the channel decoder as input. For the sake of fair comparison, we have used the log-sum approximation technique (Caire et al., 1998) to calculate approximate LLR of the proposed OFDM-IM scheme and conventional OFDM with a comb-type pilot scheme (Ozkaptan et al., 2018). The LLR of the bit i (
where
4.4 Complexity Analysis
Here, the complexity analysis of the proposed decoding methods is performed to compare decoding schemes. The complexity of null subcarrier–based decoding becomes, in terms of complex multiplications,
5 Simulation Results
This section demonstrates the applicability of the proposed OFDM-IM JCR waveform structure in the presence of multiple and mobile targets. Mean-square error (MSE) and the bit error rate (BER) metrics are used to demonstrate the radar-sensing and communication performance of the proposed scheme. Simulation parameters depending on radar and communication requirements are shown in Table 1. It is assumed that the maximum delay τmax caused by targets is smaller than the CP length of each OFDM symbol. The total symbol energy is set the same for the proposed scheme and the conventional OFDM JCR scheme. For LDPC codes, NR LDPC codes with code rates 0.5 and 0.75 are implemented, where the code length is set to be 384, and the iteration number of decoding is 20. Interleaving after LDPC encoding is not implemented to have fair comparison between conventional OFDM JCR and the proposed OFDM-IM JRC scheme. The number of subcarriers in one OFDM symbol is 256 due to the code length and SE, and 180 OFDM symbols are transmitted with one OFDM frame. BER and MSE results are obtained with repeated 1,000 Monte Carlo simulations to get ensemble averages. To compare the proposed OFDM-IM JCR scheme, the conventional OFDM JCR scheme with comb-type pilot arrangement is implemented, which is proposed in Ozkaptan et al. (2018); one out of four subcarriers is assigned with a pilot symbol. For communication symbols, QPSK modulation is utilized. Therefore, the spectral efficiency of both schemes becomes 1.5 bit per subcarrier.
The power delay profile (PDP) of the channel is determined as an exponentially decaying function where the power of complex channel coefficients is set as
After evaluating the complex attenuation factor αp in Eq. 5, the estimation of channel matrix
The proposed scheme is compared with the conventional OFDM scheme where the channel estimation is done with comb-type pilot arrangements explained in the study by Ozdemir and Arslan (2007). It is well known that the minimum MSE is obtained when the pilots are equi-spaced (comb-type arrangement), when the MSE of the least-square (LS) estimation is utilized. Also, the use of the same subcarriers for pilot allocation among subsequent OFDM symbols is a widely used pilot arrangement scheme Ozdemir and Arslan (2007). Simple LS estimate is employed to find initial channel estimates on pilot subcarriers, where the correlation across the OFDM carriers and OFDM symbols is not exploited. The channel frequency response (CFR) vector is obtained by implementing linear interpolation over all pilots. This is followed by replacing the samples after the length of the CP with zeros in the time domain by taking IFFT. The noise reduced signal is then transformed back into the frequency domain via FFT operation to obtain the estimated value of the channel over each OFDM symbol. The number of pilots, symbols, and subcarrier spacing (Δf) used in conventional OFDM for comparison are the same as those of the proposed OFDM-IM JCR structure. Figure 4 illustrates the radar functionality of the proposed scheme compared to conventional OFDM when SNR is 10 dB. It is obviously seen in Figure 4A that a fixed pilot design limits the unambiguous radar range, whereas it is not the case in the proposed scheme as seen in Figure 4B.
FIGURE 4. Distance–velocity plot of the three targets with velocities [0, 14.9, 21.2] (m/s) and distances [29.3, 127.3, 225.3] (m) where SNR is 10 dB. (A) Comb-type pilot-based OFDM and (B) proposed OFDM-IM JCR scheme.
Figure 5 shows the performance analysis for two stationary and one moving targets and their respective distances. In Figure 5A, conventional OFDM JCR with a comb-type pilot arrangement, OFDM-IM with interpolation of irregularly spaced pilots, and the proposed radar-based OFDM-IM waveform are compared considering their MSE of channel estimation. It can be observed that the proposed scheme significantly outperforms the two existing conventional schemes. As a channel decoder to perform BER simulations, LDPC (low-density parity check) is used with two different rates, which are 0.5 and 0.75. Figure 5B shows the benefit of the proposed scheme in terms of error performance compared to conventional OFDM with pilots. It also compares the proposed OFDM-IM JCR scheme with two different decoding types such as the null subcarrier–based and ML-based decoding explained in Section 4. It can be observed that our scheme outperforms the conventional schemes in both detection methods. The ML-based scheme provides better error performance than the proposed null-based decoding; however, it has a much higher complexity.
FIGURE 5. Performance analysis in the presence of three targets with velocities [0, 0, 14.9] (m/s) and distances [39, 136.6, 234.2] (m). (A) MSE vs. SNR and (B) BER vs. SNR.
Figure 6 shows the performance analysis for one stationary and three moving targets and their respective distances. From Figures 6A,B, the conventional OFDM scheme reaches error floor at ∼ 10–3 BER, whereas proposed scheme exhibits promising performance reaching beyond 10–4 BER. There exists a trade-off between complexity and performance for ML detection over null subcarrier–based detection. It is observed that since there are more active targets in Figure 5, due to multiple Doppler effects, the performance of the conventional OFDM scheme degrades. However, the performance of the proposed OFDM-IM JCR scheme is maintained the same as in Figure 5B, claiming the superiority of the proposed scheme against high Doppler effect. Also, it should be noted that the conventional OFDM with 0.75 code rate performs worse than the uncoded system in Figures 5B, 6B. It is the case because we do not implement interleaving after encoding the bit sequence for both the conventional OFDM JCR scheme and the proposed OFDM-IM JRC scheme. It is can be seen that the proposed OFDM-IM performs better and index bits inherently introduce diversity over one OFDM-IM symbol.
FIGURE 6. Performance analysis in the presence of four targets with velocities [0, 14.9, 21.2, 30.6] (m/s) and distances [29.3, 127.3, 225.3, 323.3] (m). (A) MSE vs. SNR and (B) BER vs. SNR.
6 Conclusion
In this study, a novel JCR waveform utilizing OFDM-IM and its promising properties has been proposed. The system model description along with numerical and computational evaluations has been provided. Computer simulations show that the proposed scheme provides not only improvement in error performance for communication but also enhanced radar performance when compared to OFDM-JCR schemes in terms of BER and MSE performance. Also, it is shown that the proposed scheme increases the maximum unambiguous radar range compared to conventional OFDM with a comb-type pilot design. For future research direction, generalization of the proposed OFDM-IM scheme for different subblocks and active subcarrier numbers will be studied.
Data Availability Statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material; further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
Author Contributions
HA and EB guided the whole study, suggested the outline of the article, and revised it many times. MS, IG, and EA carried out numerical evaluations and wrote the article. As a PhD student, MMS is the corresponding author of the paper.
Funding
The work of HA was supported the National Science Foundation under award ECCS-1609581. The work of EB was supported by TUBITAK under Grant 218E035.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s Note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors, and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
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Keywords: OFDM-IM, joint communication and radar, Golay complementary sequence, dual function radar communication, channel estimation, waveform design
Citation: Şahin MM, Gurol IE, Arslan E, Basar E and Arslan H (2021) OFDM-IM for Joint Communication and Radar-Sensing: A Promising Waveform for Dual Functionality. Front. Comms. Net 2:715944. doi: 10.3389/frcmn.2021.715944
Received: 27 May 2021; Accepted: 14 July 2021;
Published: 26 August 2021.
Edited by:
Shuping Dang, University of Bristol, United KingdomReviewed by:
Tianqi Mao, Tsinghua University, ChinaEnis Kocan, University of Montenegro, Montenegro
Marwa Chafii, École nationale supérieure de l'électronique et de ses applications, France
Copyright © 2021 Şahin, Gurol, Arslan, Basar and Arslan. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Mehmet Mert Şahin, mehmetmert@usf.edu