94% of researchers rate our articles as excellent or good
Learn more about the work of our research integrity team to safeguard the quality of each article we publish.
Find out more
Rosibel Rodríguez-Bolaños1*†
Evangelina Díaz-Andrade2,3*†
Paula Ramírez-Palacios4†Anabel Rojas-Carmona5,6Katia Gallegos-Carrillo7
Inti Barrientos-Gutiérrez4Lizeth Cruz-Jiménez8Dèsirée Vidaña-Pérez8Edna Arillo-Santillán9James F. Thrasher8,9†- 1Department of Reproductive Health, Population Health Research Center, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
- 2Department of Research, Health Services of Jalisco, Secretary of Health, Health Region VI, Ciudad Guzmán, Jalisco, Mexico
- 3Southern Region University Center, University of Guadalajara, Ciudad Guzmán, Jalisco, Mexico
- 4Evaluation and Survey Research Center, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
- 5Faculty of Nursing, University of the Sea, Puerto Escondido, Oaxaca, Mexico
- 6Faculty of Medicine, Graduate Program in Public Health, University Federal of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- 7Epidemiology and Health Services Research Unit, Mexican Social Security Institute, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
- 8Department of Health Promotion, Education & Behavior, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
- 9Department of Tobacco Control, Population Health Research Center, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
Objective: To assess associations between experienced violence and the use of combustible cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and of both products (“dual use”) among adolescent students from Mexico.
Methods: Data comes from an online survey among 3,046 adolescents (12–19 years) conducted between September and December 2021. Students reported experiences of neglect, physical, psychological, and sexual violence perpetrated by household members, and digital violence (by anyone) in the previous 12 months, as well as current (last 30 day) use of cigarettes and e-cigarette. In multinomial logistic models, exclusive cigarette use, exclusive e-cigarette use, and dual use (reference = no use) were regressed on experienced violence and covariates.
Results: The prevalence of exclusive use of cigarettes was 1.4%, exclusive e-cigarette use was 6.1, and 2.4% for dual use. Almost half (46.9%) of adolescents reported having been the target of physical violence, followed by psychological violence (42.6%), neglect (34.9%), digital violence (12.3%), and sexual violence (5.2%). In adjusted multinomial models, adolescents who experienced physical violence (Adjusted Relative Risk Ratios: ARRR = 2.28, 95% CI [1.05–4.96]) were more likely to exclusively smoke cigarettes. Adolescents were also more likely to exclusively use e-cigarettes if they had been targeted by psychological or digital violence (ARRR = 1.55, 95% CI [1.05–2.29] and ARRR = 1.69, 95% CI [1.12–2.54], respectively). Experience of physical, digital, neglect, and sexual violence were positively associated with dual use.
Conclusion: Experiences of violence may increase the likelihood of tobacco use, particularly dual use. Prevention programs may need to include the family environment to reduce violence.
1 Introduction
Violence is a significant global public health concern due to its detrimental effects on both physical and mental development. During the pandemic, several countries including China, England, the United States of America, France and Brazil reported an increase in domestic and gender-based violence, especially toward women, children and adolescents (1). In five Latin American countries, including Mexico, an increase in domestic physical altercations was reported (2). Adolescents who experience violence encounter a multitude of challenges in their personal development, as well as in their interpersonal and social relationships.
Exposure to violence within the family has been demonstrated to influence in nicotine product use among adolescents (3, 4). Physical, psychological and sexual violence in the family have been associated with an elevated risk of consuming cigarettes, alcohol (5), and other psychoactive substances (6). Additional studies have found youth who experience various forms of neglect and digital violence are also more likely to use cigarettes and e-cigarettes than youth who do not have these experiences (7, 8). To date, however, no studies have identified the specific types of violence associated with e-cigarette use or “dual use” of both cigarettes and e-cigarettes.
In many countries, smoking among adolescents has declined while e-cigarette use has increased (9). The rise of youth e-cigarette poses significant public health concerns because they can adversely impact the developing brain during adolescence, a period when risk-taking behaviors are prevalent (10). Research has identified a number of risk factors for adolescent e-cigarette use, such as being male, older, belonging to a sexual or gender minority, traumatic childhood experiences, peer influence, and alcohol and other substance use (11–13). A comprehensive understanding of the risk factors for e-cigarette use can help identify targets for prevention strategies.
1.1 Study context
Jalisco is a Mexican state where adolescents aged 12–29 comprise about a third (31.2%) of the population (14), making it one of the states with the highest proportion of adolescents in the country. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, 60.6% of women aged 15–29 reported experiencing some form of violence in the last 12 months. In 2022, Jalisco ranked among the top 10 Mexican states (out of 32) with the highest rates of femicides and reports of family violence (15). Moreover, in a study conducted with adolescents in Ciudad Guzmán, in southern Jalisco, 5.0% reported interpersonal violence experienced in their lifetime (16, 17), underscoring the severity of this issue.
In Mexico, the 2021 National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT-2021) (18) estimated that 2.7% of adolescents smoked and 3.5% used e-cigarettes. Prior to the pandemic, the prevalence of cigarette smoking (3.7%) and e-cigarette use (1.7%) among adolescents in Jalisco was similar to these national estimates (19). Prior research on urban Mexican adolescents found that males, those with greater family wealth, current smokers, those with higher “technophilia” (i.e., pleasure from using new technologies), and those whose family members used cigarettes and e-cigarettes were more likely to use e-cigarettes (20, 21). Furthermore, studies in other countries have found that parental rules regarding media use in the home, has been demonstrated to play a significant role in the initiation of cigarette and e-cigarette use (22, 23). To our knowledge, there is only one study that has examined the association between neglect and sexual violence and cigarette smoking (24). However, not for all five types of violence and the use of any nicotine product among Mexican adolescents.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between exposure to violence and the exclusive use of combustible cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and dual use (consumption of both cigarettes and e-cigarettes) among Mexican middle and high school students in Jalisco, Mexico, during the COVID-19 pandemic.
2 Materials and methods
2.1 Study design and population
The annual Mental Health, Addictions, and Violence Survey collects cross-sectional data to assess critical issues in these areas. The questions used in this study were primarily adapted from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS), a validated instrument widely applied in research involving adolescents in Mexico (25). A convenience sample of public middle schools (n = 51) and high schools (n = 19) from 16 municipalities in southern Jalisco participated. The survey was anonymous was launched online via Google Forms from September to December 2021.
Informed consent and assent were obtained prior to data collection via Google Forms. School director provided consent to conduct the study within their educational institutions during the pandemic. This facilitated the implementation of the study in a controlled and accessible environment. Recruitment was carried out using two methods: (a) school director shared a link to the online questionnaire directly with students, and (b) a team of health promoters from the Ministry of Health visited schools in person to invite students to participate. The questionnaire was accessible via cell phones, tablets, or computers, and in some cases, students were directed to computer rooms. Students who agreed to participate completed a 103-item multiple-choice questionnaire. Additionally, all participants were given information about the 075 helpline and mental health and addiction care centers.
A total of 3,215 students entered the survey portal, 126 declined to participate, and 43 failed to meet the age criteria. A total of n = 3,046 adolescents from 12 to 19 years old completed the survey.
2.2 Measurements
2.2.1 Dependent variable
Current cigarette use was determined by asking students: “During the past 30 days, how many days did you smoke cigarettes?,” with those who reported smoking at least once defined as current smokers. Similarly, for current e-cigarette use, students were asked: “During the past 30 days, how many days did you use e-cigarettes?” Those who reported using e-cigarettes at least once in the prior 30 days were defined as current users. These two categories were used to divide the sample into (1) non-current users (of neither product); (2) exclusive cigarette users (only smoked); (3) exclusive e-cigarette users (only used e-cigarettes); and (4) dual users, used both cigarette and e-cigarettes over the prior month.
2.2.2 Violence
We collected information on five types of violence experienced in the past 12 months (26), using validated measures that capture key areas of violence that children and adolescents experience. Students reported on four types of violence that household members had perpetrated on them: (1) physical violence: (a) “Have you had any type of objects such as shoes, kitchen utensils, or furniture thrown at you, whether or not it hit you?” (b) “Have you been slapped anywhere on your body?” (c) “Have you been burns with an iron, the stove, a match or cigarette or any liquid or another hot object on your body?”; (2) psychological violence: (a) “Has anyone referred to you with rude or aggressive words that have made you feel bad?” (b) “Have you had been made fun of due to your physical characteristics, or your knowledge, or your way of thinking, acting, and feeling?” (c) “Have you been humiliated?”; (3) sexual violence: (a) “Have you been sexually harassed or forced to let yourself be touched or caressed against your will?” (b) “Have you been forced to have sexual intercourse against your will, without or with the use of physical force?”; (4) Neglect: (a) “Have you been tied you up to prevent you from going out or doing what you want to do?”; (b) Have you been prevented from going to the doctor or had your state or health condition neglected when you needed care?”; (c) “Have your diet, clothing, recreation, or education been restricted at home?.” Answering “yes” to any of the questions within any domain was regarded as having experienced that type of violence. A question regarding students’ experiences of digital violence (i.e., “Have you received any type of violence or harassment through the internet/digital social media?”) referred to perpetrators of any type, not just family members.
2.2.3 Covariates
Questions on sociodemographic included sex, sexual orientation (27) [responses: heterosexual, gay/lesbian/bisexual/other (LGB), do not know], age (two categories: 12–14 years and 15–19 years), family structure [adolescent is living with: both parents, one parent, other people (e.g., grandparents, uncles/aunts, cousins, siblings, partners)], and being employed (Yes/No). Wealth was measured with the Family Affluence Scale (FAS) (28), an index comprising four items: (a) how many cars or vans does your family own? (0/1/2 or more), (b) do you have a room to yourself? (0/1), (c) during the past 12 months, how many times did you go on vacation with your family? (0/1/2/3 or more), and (d) how many computers does your family have? (0/1/2/3 or more), with scores summed (range = 0–9) so that higher scores indicated greater family wealth. Scores were re-coded into three categories: low (0–2 points), medium (3–5 points), and high (6–9 points).
Students reported on cigarette and e-cigarette use among family members who live with them and among their five closest friends, with responses dichotomized to indicate the use of each product (Yes/No) separately for family and friends (29). Parental rules about media use were evaluated through four questions: (1) videogame use, (2) time spent on the Internet, (3) what you see on the Internet, and (4) what you watch on TV, resulting a variable with three categories: None = 0 of 4; some rules = 1–2 of 4 rules; many rules = 3–4 of 4 rules (30).
2.3 Statistical analysis
A descriptive analyses characterized the distribution of students in each category of categorical variables. Proportions of each study variable were calculated for each category of use (past 30-day) of combustible cigarettes and e-cigarettes: (1) non-current user (reference category), (2) exclusive cigarette user, (3) exclusive e-cigarette users, and (4) dual user. We also estimated multinomial logistic models, regressing tobacco product use (reference = students who did not use either product) on victimization by each of the five types of violence (physical, psychological, neglect, sexual, and digital), as well as all covariates. Assessment of potential collinearity among independent variables indicated no concerns (i.e., all variance inflation factors < 2.0). Analyses were performed using STATA 15 (31).
3 Results
Of the 3,046 participants (Table 1), more than half were female (57.4%), most identified as heterosexual (64.5%), and the majority were aged between12 and 14 years (78.0%). About half (51.3%) of participants resided with both parents, 29.5% were employed, and 34.6% had low FAS. Almost half of the adolescents surveyed reported having been the target of physical violence (46.9%), with 42.6% reporting psychological violence, 34.9% neglect, 12.3% digital violence and 5.2% sexual violence (Figure 1).
Table 1
Table 1. Characteristics of the among middle and high school students, Jalisco 2021.
Figure 1
Figure 1. Experienced violence interpersonal among middle and high school students, Jalisco 2021.
3.1 Prevalence and factors associated with current nicotine product users
The prevalence of exclusive current use of combustible cigarettes was 1.4%, exclusive e-cigarette use was 6.1, and 2.4% used both products (i.e., “dual use”) (Table 1).
In adjusted multinomial models (see Table 2), exclusive cigarette use was higher among adolescents who resided with one (vs. both) of their parents (Adjusted Relative Risk Ratios: ARRR = 2.46, 95% CI [1.17–5.18]), had one or more friends who smoked (ARRR = 6.78, 95% CI [3.18–14.43]), and had experienced physical violence (ARRR = 2.28, 95% CI [1.05–4.96]). Conversely, adolescents who reported some and many regulations of parental rules around media use (vs. none) were less likely to exclusively smoke (ARRR = 0.37, 95% CI [0.17–0.80]).
Table 2
Table 2. Prevalence and factors associated with current nicotine products users among middle and high school students, Jalisco 2021.
Model results also indicated that the likelihood of exclusive e-cigarette use was higher among adolescents who identified as gay/lesbian/bisexual/others (ARRR = 1.69, 95% CI [1.04–2.74]), lived with one (vs. both) of their parents (ARRR = 1.52, 95% CI [1.05–2.21]), had high (vs. low) FAS (ARRR = 1.71, 95% CI [1.09–2.69]), were employed (ARRR = 1.68, 95% CI [1.20–2.37]), had one or more friends who smoked (ARRR = 1.68, 95% CI [1.15–2.46]) or used e-cigarettes (ARRR = 6.21, 95% CI [4.11–9.40]), and whose parents used e-cigarettes (ARRR = 2.12, 95% CI [1.42–3.16]). Furthermore, adolescents were more likely to exclusively use e-cigarettes if they had been targeted by psychological or digital violence (ARRR = 1.55, 95% CI [1.05–2.29] and ARRR = 1.68, 95% CI [1.12–2.54], respectively).
The probability of dual-use was elevated among older adolescents (ARRR: 1.78, 95% CI [1.01, 3.14]), those employed (ARRR: 1.69; 95% CI [0.98, 2.89]) and those with one or more friends or parents who used cigarettes (ARRR: 2.03, 95% CI [1.05, 3.91] and ARRR: 5.80, 95% CI [2.78, 12.11], respectively) or e-cigarettes (ARRR: 1.91, 95% CI [1.04, 3.51] and ARRR: 5.28, 95% CI [2.55, 10.93], respectively). Furthermore, victimization by four of the five types of violence – physical, digital, neglect, and sexual – was found to be positively associated with dual use.
4 Discussion
This study found that experiences of violence were positively associated with exclusive use of combustible cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and dual use of both product among middle and high school students, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Experiences of physical (46.9%), psychological (42.7%), and sexual violence (5.2%) were higher than in another study of Mexican adolescents (20.3, 35.0, and 2.6%, respectively) in 2021 (32), though these differences may be due to contrasting age ranges of students (12–19 vs. 15–18) or question wording. By contrast, digital violence was higher in that other study (34.4% vs. 12.3%), perhaps because their data were collected earlier in the pandemic when students were taking classes virtually that may, in turn, have increased opportunities for exposure to online bullying (33). While previous studies have linked violence with smoking an e-cigarette use (7, 8, 34), to our knowledge, only one study in Mexico (24) has identified neglect and sexual violence associated with combustible cigarettes use, with no data e-cigarettes or dual use.
Our results indicate that adolescents who experience household physical violence were more likely to smoke, either exclusively or concomitantly with e-cigarettes (i.e., dual use). Having experienced psychological and digital violence were more strongly associated with exclusive e-cigarettes use. Additionally, dual use of combustible and e-cigarette was more prevalent among adolescents who reported experiencing four out of five types of violence: physical, neglect, digital and sexual. These finding underscore the importance of understand – and developing strategies to prevent – violent experiences, including within the family environment, as they represent stressful or traumatic precursors that seem to increase the likelihood of tobacco use (7).
Our results are generally consistent with studies of the associations between Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and cigarette use, e-cigarette use, and dual use of both products (7, 8). ACEs include physical violence, psychological violence, forms of sexual abuse and neglect, as well as living with people who have a mental illness, who suffer from substance abuse, or who are violent toward other family members (35). ACEs are also a significant factor in tobacco use-related disparities faced by sexual minority groups (34). Similarly, we found that adolescents who do not consider themselves, heterosexual are more likely to be e-cigarette and dual smokers, though not from combustion cigarettes. However, the last result may be the product of an insufficient sampling frame to identify a significant association. Future research with larger sample sizes are needed to determine whether the strength of association between experienced violence and substance use vary by sexual orientation.
Our results show that adolescents who report having suffered neglect and sexual violence are more likely to be dual users. This is consistent with a study (24) of high school students from four Mexican states that showed that males, though not females, who had suffered neglect were more likely to smoke cigarettes than those who did not. The study also measured sexual violence, finding that cigarette use is higher among adolescents who have experienced sexual violence compared to those who have not. However, the year in which this other study was conducted, e-cigarettes were not yet commercially available. To prevent substance abuse and mitigate adverse health consequences, child abuse and stress in the home likely need to be addressed.
Our results show that adolescents who are victims of digital violence – or cyberbullying – are more likely to use e-cigarettes. This may be related to the greater social media use during the pandemic. A longitudinal study (36) shows that using video calls and online shopping is related to a higher risk of starting to use e-cigarettes among adolescents, as is technophilia, whose measurement includes assessment of time spent online (21).
In Mexico, it is illegal to sell or market e-cigarettes, but it is not illegal to use them (37). Our survey revealed that a higher percentage of adolescents use e-cigarettes (8.5%) than those who smoke combustible cigarettes (3.8%). Systematic reviews and meta-analysis find that adolescents who start using e-cigarettes are four times more likely to go on to use combustible cigarettes compared to those who have not used e-cigarettes (38), although the only longitudinal study of this issue in Mexico found weaker associations than studies in other countries (39). Furthermore, Mexican adolescents who used e-cigarettes as their first nicotine product appeared to be relatively low-risk compared to those who first used cigarettes (40). This suggests that e-cigarettes help recruit people to use cigarettes (41). The government must enforce the law for tobacco control, prohibiting the sale, distribution and consumption of tobacco products, and even move toward the eliminating of flavorings in tobacco products.
Family as one of the main factors that influence health-related behaviors, such as diet, physical exercise, tobacco, and alcohol consumption (42–44). The family is also a key factor in the development of psycho-emotional protective factors. Our results show that having household rules restricting adolescent media use may protect against cigarette use, consistent with prior research on parental monitoring of adolescent behaviors (30). However, these associations were not found for adolescents who use e-cigarettes or use both products. Interpretation of these results is unclear, but it may be that specific parental rules around e-cigarettes are needed.
Our research confirms what other studies have found (21, 40, 45): adolescents from wealthier families are more likely to use e-cigarettes. This is probably because they have more access to them or the expendable income to buy them. The low cost and easy availability of cigarettes, including single cigarettes, explains the lack of association between family affluence and cigarette use.
As adolescents move through life, their decisions about smoking and using e-cigarettes are influenced more by their peers than by their parents. Our findings regarding the correlation between social and family influences among current e-cigarette users are consistent with those of previous studies (46). Current e-cigarette users and dual users are associated with having parents or friends who use e-cigarettes. However, having at least one friend who smokes increases this risk (47). Hispanic adolescents in the United States (48), have reported that e-cigarette use among their peer networks strongly influences their own decisions.
4.1 Strengths and limitations
Our study has some limitations. Given our cross-sectional design, we cannot determine the temporal ordering of experiences of violence and the use of nicotine products. It is unlikely, however, that nicotine product use would lead to violence, additional, unmeasured confounding variables may account for both substance use and violence in this population. Nevertheless, our models controlled for family wealth, which may be one of the socioeconomic confounders, though others may need to be explored (e.g., marginalization). The main contribution of these findings was to help reveal patterns of association between violence and substance use in a country where interpersonal violence and e-cigarette use among adolescents are growing.
5 Conclusion
Our results suggest a need for intersectoral interventions that likely require involvement from family, school, and the community. ACEs – which include violence of all types – are undeniably associated with addictive behaviors. Friends and parents have a significant influence, and adolescents smoking is influenced by their financial resources. This knowledge must inform the development of effective tobacco prevention strategies and legislation.
In the school context, prevention and awareness strategies must involve the active participation of parents. It is vital to emphasize their importance as role models and the behaviors they could show toward tobacco in front of their children. Prevention activities and programs may need to begin in primary education, given the relatively early age at which adolescents begin to experiment with both cigarettes and e-cigarettes.
Data availability statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.
Ethics statement
The studies involving humans were approved by Ministry of Health of Ciudad Guzmán, Jalisco, Mexico (Ethical Approval Code: 103/RVI/2021). The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. Online informed consent for participation in this study was provided by the participants’ legal guardians/next of kin as well as by participants themselves.
Author contributions
RR-B: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. ED-A: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. PR-P: Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft. AR-C: Investigation, Supervision, Writing – review & editing. KG-C: Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – review & editing. IB-G: Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing. LC-J: Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing. DV-P: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing. EA-S: Investigation, Writing – review & editing. JT: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing.
Funding
The author(s) declare that financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This publication resulted (in part) from research supported by Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health under award number R01 TW010652 and the National Cancer Institute (R01 CA290828) of the United States National Institutes of Health. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
Acknowledgments
Thanks are due the health promoters, the Coordinator of Social Participation and the head of Health Region VI, for their support in the field work. We would particularly like to thank the teaching staff of the middle and high schools that participated in Survey-Jalisco.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Generative AI statement
The authors declare that no Gen AI was used in the creation of this manuscript.
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
References
1. Marques, ES, de Moraes, CL, Hasselmann, MH, Deslandes, SF, and Reichenheim, ME. Violence against women, children, and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: overview, contributing factors, and mitigating measures. Cad Saude Publica. (2020) 36:e00074420. doi: 10.1590/0102-311X00074420
2. UNICEF. La juventud opina sobre violencia durante la pandemia de la COVID-19. UNICEF (2021). Available at: https://www.unicef.org/lac/la-juventud-opina-sobre-violencia-durante-la-pandemia-de-la-covid-19 (Accessed October 5, 2024).
3. Miguel-Aguilar, CF, de los Rodríguez-Bolaños, RÁ, Caballero, M, Arillo-Santillán, E, and Reynales-Shigematsu, LM. Fumar entre adolescentes: análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo de factores psicosociales asociados con la decisión de fumar en escolares mexicanos. Salud Publica Mex. (2017) 59:63–S72. doi: 10.21149/7835
4. Kim, J, Lee, S, and Chun, JS. An international systematic review of prevalence, risk, and protective factors associated with young People’s E-cigarette use. Int J Environ Res Public Health. (2022) 19:11570. doi: 10.3390/ijerph191811570
5. Caballero, MÁ, Ramos, L, González, C, and Saltijeral, MT. Family violence and risk of substance use among Mexican adolescents. Child Abuse Negl. (2010) 34:576–84. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2010.02.001
6. Benjet, C, Borges, G, Medina-Mora, ME, and Méndez, E. Chronic childhood adversity and stages of substance use involvement in adolescents. Drug Alcohol Depend. (2013) 131:85–91. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.12.002
7. Ofuchi, T, Zaw, AMM, and Thepthien, B. Adverse childhood experiences and prevalence of cigarette and E-cigarette use among adolescents in Bangkok, Thailand. Asia Pacific J Public Health. (2020) 32:398–405. doi: 10.1177/1010539520962956
8. Martinasek, MP, Wheldon, CW, Parsons, CA, Bell, LA, and Lipski, BK. Understanding adverse childhood experiences as predictors of cigarette and E-cigarette use. Am J Prev Med. (2021) 60:737–46. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2021.01.004
9. Fadus, MC, Smith, TT, and Squeglia, LM. The rise of e-cigarettes, pod mod devices, and JUUL among youth: factors influencing use, health implications, and downstream effects. Drug Alcohol Depend. (2019) 201:85–93. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.04.011
10. Department of Health U, Services H, for Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. E-Cigarette Use Among Youth and Young Adults. A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health. (2016). 1–275 Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538680/ (Accessed October 05, 2024).
11. Jane Ling, MY, Ahmad, N, Mohd Yusoff, MF, and Lim, KH. Current e-cigarette use among in-school adolescents in West Malaysia: examining the interactions between sociodemographic characteristics and lifestyle risk behaviours. PLoS One. (2022) 17:e0263355. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263355
12. Van Minh, H, Long, KQ, Van Vuong, D, Hung, NM, Park, K, Takeuchi, M, et al. Tobacco and electronic cigarette smoking among in-school adolescents in Vietnam between 2013 and 2019: prevalence and associated factors. Glob Health Action. (2022) 15:2114616. doi: 10.1080/16549716.2022.2114616
13. Jane Ling, MY, Abdul Halim, AFN, Ahmad, D, Ahmad, N, Safian, N, and Mohammed, NA. Prevalence and associated factors of E-cigarette use among adolescents in Southeast Asia: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. (2023) 20:3883. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20053883
14. UNFPA, CONAPO, IMJUVE. Situación de las personas adolescentes y jóvenes de Jalisco Información Oportuna Para la Toma de Decisiones (2021). 62 p.
15. Secretariado Ejecutivo del Sistema Nacional de Seguridad Pública. Información sobre violencia contra las mujeres. (2022). 1–101. Available at: http://secretariadoejecutivo.gob.mx/docs/pdfs/nueva-metodologia/Info_violencia_contra_mujeres_DIC2018.pdf (Accessed October 5, 2024).
16. Díaz-Andrade, E, García-Ramírez, JF, López-Nava, AE, Michel-Jiménez, SV, and Ramos-Trujillo, EE. Depresión en adolescentes de Ciudad Guzmán, Jalisco México. Salud Jalisco (2022) 9: 93–101.
17. Díaz Andrade, E, Rodríguez Bolaños, R, Rojas Carmona, A, Ramírez Palacios, P, Arillo Santillán, E, Barrientos Gutiérrez, I, et al. Factors associated with interpersonal violence and depression symptoms in adolescent students from Jalisco during the COVID-19 pandemic. Salud Mental. (2024) 47:249–57. doi: 10.17711/SM.0185-3325.2024.029
18. Shamah-Levy, T, Romero-Martínez, M, Barrientos-Gutiérrez, T, Cuevas-Nasu, L, Bautista-Arredondo, S, Colchero, MA, et al. Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2020 sobre COVID-19. Resultados nacionales. Primera. Pública IN de S, editor. Cuernavaca: INSP. (2021). 148–162.
19. Reynales-Shigematsu, LM, Zavala-Arciniega, L, Paz-Ballesteros, WC, Gutiérrez-Torres, DS, García-Buendía, JC, Rodriguez-Andrade, MA, et al. (eds). Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz; Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Comisión Nacional Contra las Adicciones, Secretaría de Salud. Encuesta Nacional de Consumo de Drogas, Alcohol y Tabaco 2016-2017: Reporte de Tabaco. Secretaria De Salud (2017)1–272.
20. Zavala-Arciniega, L, Lozano, P, Kollath-Cattano, C, Gutierrez-Torres, DS, Arillo-Santillán, E, Barrientos-Gutiérrez, I, et al. E-cigarette use frequency and motivations among current users in middle school. Drug Alcohol Depend. (2019) 204:107585. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107585
21. Barrientos-Gutierrez, I, Lozano, P, Arillo-Santillan, E, Morello, P, Mejia, R, and Thrasher, JF. “Technophilia”: a new risk factor for electronic cigarette use among early adolescents? Addict Behav. (2019) 91:193–200. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.09.004
22. Kwon, E, Seo, D-C, Lin, H-C, and Chen, Z. Predictors of youth e-cigarette use susceptibility in a U.S. nationally representative sample. Addict Behav. (2018) 82:79–85. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.02.026
23. Barrington-Trimis, JL, Berhane, K, Unger, JB, Cruz, TB, Huh, J, Leventhal, AM, et al. Psychosocial factors associated with adolescent electronic cigarette and cigarette use. Pediatrics. (2015) 136:308–17. doi: 10.1542/peds.2015-0639
24. Bustos Gamiño, M, Oliva Robles, N, Villatoro Velázquez, JA, Fleiz Bautista, C, and Gutiérrez López, ML. Maltrato infantil y prácticas parentales como factores asociados al consumo de tabaco en adolescentes. Temas Selectos Orientación Psicológica Adicciones. (2014) 8:67–76. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.1.3573.1369
25. CDC-GTSSData: Documentation/Resources. Available at: https://nccd.cdc.gov/gtssdatasurveyresources/Ancillary/Documentation.aspx?SUID=1&DOCT=1 (Accessed January 11, 2025)
26. Álvarez Gutiérrez, MG, and Castillo Koschnick, JG. Panorama estadístico de la violencia contra niñas, niños y adolescentes en México. UNICEF (2019), 106. Available at: https://www.unicef.org/mexico/media/1731/file/UNICEF (Accessed October 5, 2024).
27. Glosario de la diversidad sexual, de género y características sexuales – Sistema Nacional de Información sobre Discriminación. Available at: https://sindis.conapred.org.mx/investigaciones/glosario-de-la-diversidad-sexual-de-genero-y-caracteristicas-sexuales/ (accessed January 11, 2025)
28. Pérez, A, Thrasher, J, Monzón, JC, Arillo-Santillán, E, Barnoya, J, and Mejía, R. La escala de afluencia familiar en la investigación sobre inequidades sociales en salud en adolescentes latinoamericanos. Salud Publica Mex. (2021) 63:201–10. doi: 10.21149/11793
29. Non-communicable Disease Surveillance, Monitoring and Reporting. Available at: https://www.who.int/teams/noncommunicable-diseases/surveillance/systems-tools/global-youth-tobacco-survey/questionnaire (Accessed January 11, 2025)
30. Peña, L, Lorenzo-Blanco, EI, Pérez, A, Morello, P, Arillo Santillan, E, Kollath-Cattano, C, et al. Parental style and its association with substance use in Argentinean youth. Subst Use Misuse. (2017) 52:518–26. doi: 10.1080/10826084.2016.1245337
32. Larrea-schiavon, S, López-lalinde, L, and Gutiérrez, JP. Resultados del estudio sobre violencia en la era COVID-19 (VoCes-19): Línea base reporte. Population Council. (2021) 19:1–154. doi: 10.31899/sbsr2021.1049
33. Armitage, R. Bullying during COVID-19: the impact on child and adolescent health. Br J Gen Pract. (2021) 71:122–2. doi: 10.3399/bjgp21X715073
34. Grigsby, TJ, Schnarrs, PW, Lunn, MR, Benjamin, SM, Lust, K, and Forster, M. Adverse childhood experiences and past 30-day cigarette and E-cigarette use among sexual and gender minority college students. LGBT Health. (2021) 8:433–8. doi: 10.1089/lgbt.2020.0456
35. Anda, RF. Adverse childhood experiences and smoking during adolescence and adulthood. JAMA. (1999) 282:1652. doi: 10.1001/jama.282.17.1652
36. Kelleghan, AR, Leventhal, AM, Cruz, TB, Bello, MS, Liu, F, Unger, JB, et al. Digital media use and subsequent cannabis and tobacco product use initiation among adolescents. Drug Alcohol Depend. (2020) 212:108017. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108017
37. Diario Oficial de la Federación. DECRETO por el que se prohíbe la circulación y comercialización en el interior de la República, cualquiera que sea su procedencia, de los Sistemas Electrónicos de Administración de Nicotina, Sistemas Similares sin Nicotina, Sistemas Alternativos de Consum. Secretaria de Gobernación. (2022). Available at: https://www.dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5653845&fecha=31/05/2022#gsc.tab=0 (Accessed October 5, 2024).
38. O’Brien, D, Long, J, Quigley, J, Lee, C, McCarthy, A, and Kavanagh, P. Association between electronic cigarette use and tobacco cigarette smoking initiation in adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. (2021) 21:954. doi: 10.1186/s12889-021-10935-1
39. Lozano, P, Barrientos-Gutierrez, I, Arillo-Santillan, E, Morello, P, Mejia, R, Sargent, JD, et al. A longitudinal study of electronic cigarette use and onset of conventional cigarette smoking and marijuana use among Mexican adolescents. Drug Alcohol Depend. (2017) 180:427–30. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.09.001
40. Thrasher, JF, Abad-Vivero, EN, Barrientos-Gutíerrez, I, Pérez-Hernández, R, Reynales-Shigematsu, LM, Mejía, R, et al. Prevalence and correlates of E-cigarette perceptions and trial among early adolescents in Mexico. J Adolesc Health. (2016) 58:358–65. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.11.008
41. Organización Mundial de la Salud. Informe exhaustivo sobre la investigación y la evidencia relativas a los productos de tabaco novedosos y emergentes, en particular los productos de tabaco calentados, en respuesta a los apartados a) a d) del párrafo 2 de la decisión FCTC/COP8(22): inf. Serie de Informes Técnicos 1029 (2021), 1–12. Available at: https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/368626 (accessed October 9, 2023)
42. Ramírez Ruiz, M, De Andrade, D, Mr, R, and La, AD. La familia y los factores de riesgo relacionados con el consumo de alcohol y tabaco en los niños y adolescentes (Guayaquil-Ecuador). Rev Latinoam Enfermagem. (2005) 13:813–8. doi: 10.1590/S0104-11692005000700008
43. Nuño-Gutiérrez, BL, Álvarez-Nemegyei, J, Velázquez-Castañeda, A, and Tapia-Curiel, A. Comparación del ambiente familiar y el tipo de consumo de tabaco en adolescentes mexicanos de nivel medio superior. Salud Mental. (2008) 31:361–9. Available at: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=58231503
44. Urquieta, JE, Hernández-Avila, M, and Hernández, B. El consumo de tabaco y alcohol en jóvenes de zonas urbanas marginadas de México: un análisis de decisiones relacionadas. Salud Publica Mex. (2006) 48:s30–40. doi: 10.1590/S0036-36342006000700005
45. Rodríguez-Bolaños, R, Arillo-Santillán, E, Barrientos-Gutiérrez, I, Zavala-Arciniega, L, Ntansah, CA, and Thrasher, JF. Sex differences in becoming a current electronic cigarette user, current smoker and current dual user of both products: a longitudinal study among Mexican adolescents. Int J Environ Res Public Health. (2019) 17:196. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17010196
46. Amin, S, Dunn, AG, and Laranjo, L. Social influence in the uptake and use of electronic cigarettes: a systematic review. Am J Prev Med. (2020) 58:129–41. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2019.08.023
47. Maglalang, DD, Fong, L, Gapuz, V-J, Navarro, K, Yoo, GJ, and Le, M-N. Social influence of E-cigarette use among Asian Americans in California. Am J Health Behav. (2023) 47:173–81. doi: 10.5993/AJHB.47.1.18
Keywords: violence, neglect, tobacco use, electronic cigarette, adolescents
Citation: Rodríguez-Bolaños R, Díaz-Andrade E, Ramírez-Palacios P, Rojas-Carmona A, Gallegos-Carrillo K, Barrientos-Gutiérrez I, Cruz-Jiménez L, Vidaña-Pérez D, Arillo-Santillán E and Thrasher JF (2025) Associations between interpersonal violence and cigarette smoking, e-cigarette use, and dual use among Mexican adolescent students. Front. Public Health. 13:1516135. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1516135
Edited by:
Jennifer Marie Murray, Queen’s University Belfast, United KingdomReviewed by:
Mona Mohamed Aboelkhair Alsadek Radwan, Medicine Faculty, EgyptAdriana Barni Truccolo, Universidade Estadual do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Doaa Osman, Assiut University, Egypt
Copyright © 2025 Rodríguez-Bolaños, Díaz-Andrade, Ramírez-Palacios, Rojas-Carmona, Gallegos-Carrillo, Barrientos-Gutiérrez, Cruz-Jiménez, Vidaña-Pérez, Arillo-Santillán and Thrasher. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Rosibel Rodríguez-Bolaños, cnJvZHJpZ3VlekBpbnNwLm14; Evangelina Díaz-Andrade, ZXZhZGlhejE5NzFAaG90bWFpbC5jb20=
†These authors have contributed equally to this work