Abstract
Objectives:
To report the adaptation and implementation of LUCHA (Latinos United for a Culturally Healthy Alimentation), a pilot intervention to improve dietary quality and behaviors (primary outcomes) of Latinos in Massachusetts, US, and the lessons learned during the process, including disruptions during the COVID-19 pandemic, to help shape future programs.
Methods:
The cultural adaptation process was pre-planned using a framework, grounded in the Theory of Reasoned Action/Planned Behavior, and informed by formative mixed-methods research. A projected 75 self-identifying Latino adults (25–65y) were recruited with community-wide strategies and randomized to receive, in parallel, daily healthy eating text messages for 2 months, reinforced for 2 subsequent months, to either control (i.e., surface-level messages based on USDA MyPlate in Spanish), or intervention (i.e., deep-structure messages). The intervention messages were ethnically tailored to Caribbean or non-Caribbean heritages specifically, grounded in entrenched cultural attitudes, norms, and preferences. Trained research assistants administered questionnaires and clinical measurements at baseline, 2-months, and 4-months, in person (pre-pandemic) or via online video calls (at-pandemic). Clinicaltrials.gov registration #NCT04724382.
Results:
LUCHA faced challenges and opportunities that conveyed lessons for future cultural adaptation and implementation of healthy eating programs. Recommendations are provided to improve digital programs for diverse ethnicities, such as widening language capabilities in texting services, using familiar video call applications, and instructing participants to measure their own clinical metrics at home using guided standardized protocols.
Conclusion:
Tailoring nutrition programs with deep-structure cultural messages is essential when promoting healthy eating in diverse Latino heritages. LUCHA can inform programs for similar ethnic groups.
Introduction
One of the four foundational recommendations of the United States (US) Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2020-2025 is to “customize and enjoy nutrient-dense food and beverage choices to reflect personal preferences, cultural traditions, and budgetary considerations” (1). The guidelines suggest including spices and herbs in place of sugars, saturated fat, and sodium, and relying on the expertise of nutrition professionals with specific cultural knowledge to healthfully prepare foods appropriate for each heritage. While this is a first step in recognizing customized dietary needs and preferences of the diverse cultures in the US, the exact path to achieve culturally appropriate healthy eating is complex and remains unpaved.
Meaningful and culturally relevant programs and interventions could support successful healthy eating behaviors and subsequent disease prevention (2). Several studies have shown higher effectiveness of dietary interventions tailored to an intended ethnic or socioeconomic group over general messages across various diet and health outcomes (3–5). However, most studies fail to report the details of the cultural adaptation, including which materials are being modified and the adaptation process. Moreover, most cultural adaptations have been limited to surface-level content, that is, observable or superficial characteristics of the intended population such as location, language, food, and appearance, rather than the deep-structure features such as embedded cultural, social, historical, environmental, and psychosocial factors that influence the behavior (6, 7). Surface-level adaptations may be well received by the group they have been adapted for, but deep-structure adaptations may be more meaningful to them, increasing their chance of receptivity, effectiveness, and maintenance. For example, a meta-analysis found that training programs for parents of ethnic minority families that had deep-structure sensitivity components were more effective in improving parenting behavior (8). It is important to detail the adaptation process of tailored behavioral interventions to inform future processes in similar populations.
Our study focused on Hispanics/Latinos (hereafter referred to as Latinos to describe individuals of all Hispanic and Latino ethnic heritages and all genders) as they are the largest ethnic group residing in the US and have a high prevalence of cardiometabolic conditions (9). Considerable variations in the prevalence of cardiometabolic conditions as well as in the food preferences and diet quality of Latinos by ethnic heritage have been well established, with individuals of Puerto Rican and Cuban (i.e., Caribbean) heritage generally having poorer diet (i.e., high intake of total energy, total fat, red and processed meat, refined grains, and sodium but low intake of vitamin C, fiber, whole grains, omega-3 fatty acids, and fruit and vegetables) and health outcomes (i.e., elevated abdominal obesity, blood pressure, and plasma glucose), compared to those of Mexican or Central and South American heritage (i.e., non-Caribbean, with generally high intake of vitamin C, calcium, fiber, fruit, poultry, fish, and whole grains, and with elevated triglycerides and low HDL-C) (9–11). However, few diet quality interventions consider the deeply rooted cultural differences that may influence attitudes toward health and diet among Latinos of diverse ethnic heritages.
This article aimed to (1) explain the deep-structure cultural adaptation of healthy eating messages for Latinos of Caribbean and non-Caribbean heritage; (2) describe the implementation of a pilot parallel intervention (LUCHA: Latinos United for a Culturally Healthy Alimentation) comparing the adapted messages to surface-level messages among Latino adults in Massachusetts, US; and (3) contribute the lessons learned during these processes with the goal of informing the design of future programs for diverse Latinos and similar populations. In March 2020, the US government declared a national emergency due to the COVID-19 pandemic (12). By then, our study was underway, and we had to modify the implementation plan; thus, we also reported the modifications made and lessons learned during the pandemic.
Methods
Cultural adaptation
The Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials (SPIRIT) reporting guidelines on study methodology were used (13). The cultural adaptation process was proactively planned and conducted prior to LUCHA implementation using the Framework for Reporting Adaptations and Modifications-based Implementation Strategies (Figure 1) (14); minor reactive adjustments were done during implementation. Input from researchers, practitioners, community members, and participants was obtained. We identified content, context, and format of healthy eating messages at the individual, group, and heritage level, which entailed tailoring, adding, substituting, and breaking out content of the original source. The process encompassed goals across sociopolitical, organizational, provider-based, and recipient-based reasons.
Figure 1
Factors for the deep-structure cultural adaptation process of healthy eating messages for Latinos, following the Framework for Reporting Adaptations and Modifications-based Implementation Strategies (with permission from Wiltsey-Stirman).
The original source of healthy eating messages for US Latinos, and thus the control group in LUCHA, was the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) MyPlate in Spanish website (15). It was selected as it is the communication initiative of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2020–2025 to help consumers choose healthier foods. MyPlate illustrates five food groups using a place setting, and includes online tools, containing recipes, graphics, and educational materials. To our knowledge, there is no formal cultural or linguistic adaptation of MyPlate online materials. We identified only surface-level factors in the Spanish materials: language, people, and food. For LUCHA, we copied or slightly abridged selected quotes and recipes directly from the Spanish materials, which best represented the seven selected themes for LUCHA: general nutrition knowledge, cultural aspects of healthy eating, eating habits, access and cost, cooking recipes, self-control strategies, and family meals. Direct translations of the English website were made when the quote was unavailable in Spanish. Changes to the literacy level, or tailoring at any level, were not made.
For the adapted materials (i.e., intervention group), messages were tailored guided by collected published literature and previously conducted formative research consisting of qualitative interviews with nutrition experts and Latino adults in Boston, Massachusetts, and a survey with Latino adults from the same area. Briefly, the formative exploratory sequential mixed-methods research (i.e., key informant qualitative interviews with nutrition experts, participants’ semi-structured qualitative interviews, and participants’ surveys) was grounded in the Theory of Reasoned Action/Planned Behavior (16), which also guided LUCHA design. The formative research probed for deep-structure attitudes, perceived sociocultural norms, and perceived barriers/motivators (control) that could influence behavior. The published results identified several themes regarding healthy eating (probed openly as any food or beverage participants considered beneficial to their health) that were both unique and shared among Latinos of Caribbean and non-Caribbean heritage (17). For example, most participants of all heritages agreed that healthy eating would improve health and physical appearance and that families should eat together. Deeper nuances by ethnic background were noted, though, such that the concept of ‘healthy eating’ meant limiting types of foods and nutrients and controlling portions for Caribbeans, while it meant eating wholesome and fresh foods for non-Caribbeans. For the construct of family meals, Caribbeans perceived family both as a motivator for support and caring and as a barrier (enabling unhealthy/comfort foods) to eat healthy, while non-Caribbeans focused on family members serving as role models and on the communal experience of eating. Caribbeans (vs. non-Caribbeans) were more likely to respond to statements related to the high cost of healthy foods, healthy foods as needed only for the sick, and low self-efficacy/perceived control (giving in to cravings), while non-Caribbeans were more likely to agree with indulging on special occasions. Additionally, nutrition experts identified the following deep-structure cultural factors: food as cultural identity, resignation about health, emotional regulation with food, and healthy eating as unfamiliar, expensive, and unsatisfying.
Adapted messages were created in Spanish and English by bilingual team members of diverse Latino heritages through an iterative process until consensus was attained. Healthy behaviors and concepts that were already engrained were reinforced in the messages. Misconceptions and negative perceptions of healthy eating were addressed with positive advice. When the formative research and the literature noted differences by heritage, the messages addressed these distinctions. When a topic was generally shared across Latinos, the messages were similar, while still including the deep-structure tailoring done in the first round. In addition to deep-structure components, the messages were tailored at the surface level with appropriate language, food, location, people, holidays, flavors, and strategies reported in the literature (18–20). While language is considered a surface-level factor, we tailored it more deeply as previously done for other Spanish healthy eating materials (21), by using, for example, common words for specific foods for each region or country and using the formal Spanish pronoun for “you” (usted rather than the informal pronoun tú) that is used across more countries and is considered more respectful. The linguistic readability level was set at the Flesch–Kincaid middle school grade levels. The messages included educational facts, skill-building advice, statements on cultural attitudes, and prompts for behavioral change, as framed on the “knowledge-attitude-behavior” model for health promotion (22). One adapted message was created for each of the seven selected themes and for each heritage.
Table 1 shows examples of original and adapted messages, and the deep structure and/or ethnic-specific components used for the process. For example, the Spanish MyPlate includes tips to make culturally diverse foods and cooking practices in a healthy way, such as “using foods that are familiar to you and preparing new recipes; adding curry to chickpeas, cilantro to brown rice, or mango to your salads and smoothies.” To deeply adapt this into a message that addressed cultural themes, we first conveyed that ‘healthy eating’ can be traditional and tasty, given the overall negative attitudes toward their taste mentioned in our formative research. Differences by ethnicity regarding the construct of ‘healthy eating’ were addressed by tailoring the message for Caribbeans around portion control and specific nutrients that concerned them, and the message for non-Caribbeans around finding wholesome, fresh foods. We concurred to include specific examples of lean meat and fish consumption in the Caribbean group, though not the non-Caribbean group, based on published prevalence of intake of these foods. We also decided to encourage non-Caribbeans to shop in Latino food markets as they had expressed familiarity and easy access to these establishments that tend to offer typical Latino food products. In an example for the cost theme, the control group received a message to “use fresh vegetables and fruits that are in season; they are easy to obtain, have more flavor, and tend to be less expensive.” For the adaptation, we first emphasized that food can be both healthy and affordable to address the notion among all Latinos that healthy food is expensive. We focused on fruits and vegetables to reinforce the concept among all Latinos that these are healthy foods. For ethnic tailoring, we emphasized the message on low-cost for only the Caribbean group, which markedly perceived cost as a barrier. We also highlighted low-sodium options and beans given this group’s dietary pattern. For the non-Caribbean group, we emphasized eating wholesome and fresh food from their country of origin, based on their concept of “healthy eating,” and reinforced shopping in local Latino food markets. Of note, we decided to keep the message on seasonal foods for both groups, as this concept may be unfamiliar to people relocating to the US from Latin American countries with different or less discernible agricultural seasons.
Table 1
| LUCHA theme | USDA MyPlate Spanish (control) | Deep-structure culturally-adapted (intervention) | Deep structure and ethnic-specific adaptation components; as informed by the literature or formative research | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Caribbean | Non-Caribbean | |||
| General knowledge | The dietary fiber in vegetables, which are part of a healthy diet, helps reduce blood cholesterol levels and can reduce the risk of heart disease | To eat more whole grains, substitute a whole grain product for a refined product, such as eating whole grain bread instead of white bread or brown rice instead of white rice. Remember to substitute, instead of adding the whole grain product | To eat more whole grains, substitute a whole grain product for a refined product, such as eating whole wheat bread instead of white bread or whole wheat tortilla instead of flour tortilla. Remember to substitute, instead of adding the whole grain product |
|
| Culture | Use foods that are familiar to you and prepare new recipes. For example, add curry to chickpeas, cilantro to brown rice, or mango to your salads and smoothies | Caribbean food can be healthy and tasty. To follow a healthier diet that includes meat, just try to make it in small quantities and buy low fat meat! Cuts such as “sirloin” or “lean” ground beef have less fat. Poultry and fish are also a good option | To find healthy foods from your country of origin that taste fresh and delicious, shop in Latino stores! |
|
| Eating habits | Eat fresh, frozen, canned or dried fruits instead of cookies, brownies or other sugary sweets | If you crave dessert, eat fresh or frozen fruit instead of ice cream or mantecado, cupcake, or sweet bread. You can make a strawberry shake! | When eating food that has sauce, such as enchiladas, choose a sauce that does not have cream. For example: enchiladas verdes instead of enchiladas suizas |
|
| Access and cost | Use fresh vegetables and fruits that are in season. They are easy to obtain, have more flavor and tend to be less expensive | Seasonal fruits and vegetables are usually cheaper and fresher! There are healthy low-cost meals available all year: beans, cabbage, sweet potatoes or canned tomatoes low in sodium, apples and bananas | Use fresh vegetables and fruits that are in season. They are easy to obtain, are fresh like the products of your country of origin and are usually less expensive. Your local market is a great source of seasonal products |
|
| Cooking recipes | Two-step chicken Potato salad Chocolate and yogurt cookies Light white sauce Chicken, vegetable, and brown rice Sweet and sour chicken Pasta salad French bread |
Rice with pink beans Chili with beans Light fruit shake Brown rice with vegetables Oven-fried Yucca Yellow plantain with meat casserole Baked tilapia with tomatoes Grilled vegetable kabobs |
Chicken Veracruz Fast and Tasty Pumpkin Flan Corn salad Turkey tacos Cod with chickpeas in Harissa sauce Green enchiladas Healthy arepa of broccoli, carrot, paprika, and cilantro Lentil soup |
|
| Self-control | Cook more at home to control the ingredients of your meal! | It is normal to have cravings. When you eat something unhealthy try to limit the amount. For example, if you are going to eat some potato chips, serve yourself some on a plate and close the bag so you do not eat “without thinking” | When going to a party, walk around the table to see what foods are offered before serving. Save calories with smaller portions. For example, serve yourself a palm sized amount of rice instead of a whole plate of rice |
|
| Family | Avoid stress at mealtime by planning a weekly menu and posting it in a location for everyone to see, like a chalkboard in the kitchen | When celebrating with the family, remember to serve yourself smaller portions to follow a healthy diet. Staying healthy is important so you can take care of them! | Families can eat healthy together! Try every week for a family member to find a healthy, delicious recipe they want to try as a family! |
|
Examples of healthy eating messages at the surface-level (control) and deep-structure culturally adapted (intervention) for Latinos of Caribbean and non-Caribbean ethnic heritages.
Study design
LUCHA was designed as a parallel two-arm double-blind randomized pilot and feasibility intervention. The protocol included three visits to administer interviews and collect clinical measurements for intervention and control participants: one at baseline, 2 months, and 4 months. After the baseline visit, eligible participants received daily healthy eating messages sent via text messages for 2 months (delivery phase); after the two-month visit, participants received the same texts again for another two more months and were also given access to the messages on the study website (reinforcement phase) (Figure 2). The control group received surface-level healthy eating messages, while the intervention group received deep-structure messages tailored to their predominant ethnic heritage of Caribbean (e.g., Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, and Cuba) or non-Caribbean (e.g., Mexico, Central and South America). Each visit was estimated to take about 1-2 h to complete. All participants remained enrolled in the study for its duration unless they were removed from the study, they actively dropped out, or we lost contact. The Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health approved this study. LUCHA was registered at clinicaltrials.gov under the identification number NCT04724382.
Figure 2
Protocol flowchart of Latinos United for a Culturally Healthy Alimentation: a pilot intervention of deep-structure culturally-adapted vs. surface-level healthy eating messages for Latinos in Massachusetts, US.
LUCHA was launched in April 2019 in partnership with community clinics in Boston, Massachusetts, US neighborhoods with high concentrations of Latino residents and Latino-serving organizations. LUCHA had to pause in-person activities on March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. During a 4-months pause, study protocols were limited to administering pending questionnaires to enrolled participants and asking optional questions on signs, symptoms, management, and behaviors during COVID-19 via online or video platforms; culturally relevant and trustworthy information on COVID-19 from trustworthy national organizations was also provided. Text-based messages were delivered daily as scheduled during this time. On July 2020, LUCHA resumed with changes to the protocol, until completion on September 2021. The Methods describe the protocols as originally designed (denoted as “pre-pandemic”), as well as the changes made in response to the COVID-19 restrictions (denoted as “at-pandemic”). Other changes made to the study during its course that were not in direct response to COVID-19 are described in the Results section as part of the lessons learned.
Recruitment
Pre-pandemic
Research assistants with proper identification approached individuals in public areas of the partner clinics to inform them about the study. Informational flyers were posted in the partner clinics, in Latino-serving community organizations, and in public sites of Latino neighborhoods in the Greater Boston area such as public housing, churches, service shops, markets, food establishments, fairs, festivals, and parking lots. For referrals, participants were asked to give a study flyer to individuals currently not living in the same household. Eligibility criteria included self-identifying Hispanic/Latino individuals aged 25–65y, who had resided in the Greater Boston area for at least the previous 6 months and were not planning to move for the next 6 months, and who had access to a cellphone capable of receiving calls and text messages for the duration of the study. Exclusions included a self-reported diagnosis of cancer, diabetes, gastrointestinal disease, coronary heart disease, stroke or heart attack, severe dietary allergies or restrictions, current pregnancy, or institutionalization. Eligible participants provided signed informed consent.
At-pandemic
Recruitment switched primarily to Facebook (posting on public Latino-oriented community and business pages and groups), with some passive community approaches (i.e., posting flyers) using public health safety precautions. Eligibility criteria remained the same except that the area of residency was expanded to the state of Massachusetts, as social media and video calls (for appointments) allowed for wider recruitment and implementation. Participants recruited at-pandemic provided oral informed consent.
Both pre- and at-pandemic
Interested individuals contacted the study by phone call, email, or text to be screened for potential eligibility by a bilingual (English/Spanish) research assistant. Eligible individuals were scheduled for a baseline interview, where informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Flexible times and days for appointments were available; completion by phone was an option. At the completion of the baseline interview, participants were randomized to a group via simple probability sampling. Random numbers were generated using Microsoft Excel within the range of 0–1, and at the time of assignment, if the subsequent number fell at or below 0.5, the participant was assigned to the control group. If the number was greater than or equal to 0.5, the participant was assigned to the intervention group according to their heritage (i.e., intervention for Caribbeans or intervention for non-Caribbeans). Participants were compensated for their time up to $65, such that they received $25 at baseline, and $20 at each remaining visit through physical gift cards pre-pandemic, and electronic gift cards or physical gift cards sent via certified mail at-pandemic. Reimbursement for transportation was available upon request during pre-pandemic.
To assist with attendance and retention, participants were contacted up to five times to schedule or remind them of the appointments using their preferred method of communication. Three points of contact were recorded to reach participants if not responsive. To assist with data completion, participants were allowed to pause the interviews at any time and resume them within the subsequent 14 days; they were contacted up to five times to remind them to complete the pending questions. Process evaluation (i.e., reach of texts; fidelity of texting delivery and receipt; rates of recruitment, rescheduling, retention, adverse events, data quality checks, etc.) was monitored bi-weekly and adjustments were implemented as needed.
Data collection
Research assistants were trained and re-trained on questionnaire implementation, uniform data collection and processing, cultural sensitivity, treatment fidelity, and confidentiality. All personnel in contact with participants was blinded to group allocation, except for one research assistant who exclusively sent text messages and mailed letters with information on the group-dependent website. To assist with double blinding, participants were informed that they would receive messages on healthy eating, without further details on the type of messages.
Pre-pandemic
Data collection and procedures were conducted in a single private room in the partner clinics or at Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health by bilingual research assistants. When scheduling an interview, participants were instructed to wear light clothing for the body measurements. At each visit, the research assistant measured the participant’s waist and hip circumference to the nearest 0.1 cm using a stretch-resistant measuring tape, and weight to the nearest 0.1 kg using a Detecto SlimTalkXL scale (Detecto, Webb City, MO) following standard procedures. After sitting for a 5-min rest, the participant was measured for blood pressure at either arm using an Omron 10 Series Upper Arm Blood Pressure Monitor (Omron, Kyoto, Japan). Instruments were tested and calibrated before and during the study. Measurements were repeated thrice, and an average value was calculated across all three measurements. Height was self-reported. A letter with these values was sent to the participant upon request.
At each visit, a research assistant administered a questionnaire in the participant’s preferred language. Answers were entered using the real-time web-based electronic data capture tool, “Research Electronic Data Capture” (REDCap) (23). Participants received a light, healthy snack, and water.
The questionnaire included sections to assess our primary and secondary outcomes (described below), as well as single-item question on age, sex-at-birth, education, income, work history, health care, medical diagnoses, food security and assistance, smoking, alcohol use, physical activity, and sleep quantity and quality. The questionnaire also included psychosocial measures previously validated among Spanish speakers: a 10-item perceived stress scale (24), a 3-item loneliness scale (25), the 20-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (26), and the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List-12 for social support (27).
The primary outcomes were changes in dietary intake (i.e., quality) and behaviors, at 2-months and 4-months. Diet quality was measured using an adapted brief diet quality screener that probed frequency of intake of 18 major food groups and has been validated against 24-h recalls (r = 0.61) and various nutrients (28). Briefly, standard portions are described to the participant, who is then asked to report the consumption in the past month of one daily portion of bread, vegetables, fruit, milk/yogurt, rice/pasta, oils (corn, sunflower or olive), or breakfast cereal; 4–6 portions per week of meat, sausage, cheese, sweets/desserts, butter/fat, other oils, or fast food; and 2–3 portions per week of fish, legumes (e.g., beans), or nuts. Intake in the indicated frequency for each of these foods is allocated 2 points; intake at a higher frequency is given 3 points, and at a lower frequency is given 1 point; except for meat, sausage, cheese, sweets/desserts, butter/fat, other oils, or fast food that are reverse-coded. Daily consumption of one alcoholic drink is scored as 3; lower and higher intakes are scored 1. The food items are added for a total possible score range of 18–54.
The dietary behaviors measured were food consumption away from home, mealtime habits with the family, cooking practices (such as portion or nutrient control), and nutrition awareness (such as knowledge of the USDA My Plate or nutrition facts label). Food consumption away from home was probed using a questionnaire administered in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (29). The remaining constructs were measured via questions adapted from the Food Attitudes and Behaviors Survey of the National Cancer Institute (Cronbach’s α coefficient ≥ 0.68) (30, 31) and a validated dietary behaviors questionnaire for Latinos (Cronbach’s α coefficients 0.47–0.48) (32). The questions have been subsequently applied in studies with participants of Latino heritage (33, 34).
Secondary outcomes included changes in the 45-item Diet Satisfaction Questionnaire to assess healthy lifestyle, cost, convenience, family dynamics, preoccupation with food, negative aspects, and planning and preparation (35); cultural dietary attitudes and perceptions from the survey developed during formative research (17); emotional, uncontrolled and restrictive eating behaviors using the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (36); and an adapted Fulkerson home food inventory (37). Additionally, we evaluated program satisfaction and engagement by asking participants whether they agreed or disagreed with various statements regarding the program components and implementation.
At-pandemic
Interviews shifted to the IRB-approved password-protected online video platforms (i.e., Zoom or Microsoft Teams). Phone calls were also available via a password protected Google Voice account. Participants were asked the same questions as pre-pandemic. They were mailed detailed instructions, with diagrams, on how to take their waist and hip circumference and blood pressure at home as used in the pre-pandemic protocols. We mailed a measuring tape and a wrist blood pressure monitor [G.LAB md1520/2222/2231 (Fremont, CA) or LifeSource UB-521 (Mississauga, ON)] directly to the participant’s home. Participants kept these instruments after the program ended. The research assistant guided the participant on how to use the instruments and visually confirmed the measurements by showing the instrument or a picture during the video call or texting a picture or the values if not using video platforms. Sending weight scales was not viable at the time of protocol changes, thus, participants were asked to self-report their weight.
Text messages and website access
Text messaging was chosen given its high acceptability and feasibility among Latinos, and efficacy of previous interventions for healthy eating in this population (38–40). Texting also broadens access for populations without a smartphone or internet. Daily text messages (56 in total, over 2 months) were delivered to participants in each assigned group in their preferred language throughout the initial 2 months (delivery phase). After the delivery phase, an unblinded research assistant provided a letter to the participant with detailed instructions on how to log into a password-protected Harvard University-hosted website that contained all the text messages specific to the participant’s assigned group. Because prior research has demonstrated periodic reminders may be effective in diet behavior interventions (41), we designed a reinforcement phase where participants received the same 56 text messages during the subsequent 2 months.
The fee-based automated Short Message Servicing (SMS) platform EZTexting was initially selected to deliver the text messages, but because of its limited Spanish language capabilities at the time of the study (e.g., accents), the team promptly switched to Google Voice (an SMS platform free at the time of the study) to send messages in both Spanish and English. Participants had the opportunity to send messages with questions or comments to the study using Google Voice. These messages were answered by a research assistant; consultation with the team was sought if needed.
Sample size and projected analysis
The projected sample size was 75 participants based on estimates for pilot studies, with a 0.05 Type I error, 80% power, and assumed 20% dropout rate based on previous projects in this population (42, 43). Primary analysis will be based on intention-to-treat. Per protocol analysis will also be done. We will use repeated measure analyses to test differences in mean change in 2-mo and 4-mo (from baseline) in primary outcomes for control vs. intervention groups, adjusting for baseline score, and any characteristic that was not randomly allocated. Secondary analyses will test similar changes by Caribbean vs. non-Caribbean heritage, and for secondary outcomes. Data analysis will follow the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) guidelines (44).
Results
The March 2020 emergency of COVID-19 triggered protocol changes that imparted lessons on study implementation. At-pandemic, the video platforms approved by IRB for interviews were unfamiliar or unavailable to several participants and sometimes required registration or a fee; participants, instead, often requested video calls through popular free social media platforms or apps that they already used for casual communication, such as FaceTime, WhatsApp, or Facebook Messenger. Limited access to internet connectivity (reliable or at all), or to a computer with video capability, was also commonly mentioned by participants, who preferred phone-based options. Despite this preference and need, IRB declined approval of the more familiar online video platforms.
Because the measurement instruments were mailed directly to the participant’s home, the study personnel could not test or calibrate them before use. The additional steps in guiding the participant on how to set up and use the instruments during the video call, lengthened the duration of the interview. Mailing letters, gift cards, and materials increased costs—by approximately US$10 (letters and gift cards) to US$30 (materials) per participant—and delayed the protocol timeline by 5–10 days per participant. Several deliveries were lost, and 7 wrist monitors were reported defective and re-sent, which further delayed the interviews and increased costs.
General lessons were also learned throughout the whole study period, especially relevant for studies delivered digitally. After the text delivery phase, nearly all participants needed help with the process of accessing the password-protected website that contained all the text messages specific to their assigned group. As the institutional website was cumbersome to access and the password was difficult to remember and could not be changed; this guidance required extra time and effort from the interviewers and participants. Another technological challenge was that Google Voice was not automatized. Therefore, an unblinded research assistant needed to manually send messages to each participant daily, which was time consuming and prone to lapses to fidelity of protocol. Pictures or long texts (e.g., recipes) sent through Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) were received as small and unclear on some cellphones, and sometimes were received in the wrong order, even when sent correctly, confusing the participants. Thus, MMS had to be limited and recipes were instead sent in multiple text messages or as a link, which was cumbersome and may have excluded access for those without internet connection.
Discussion
LUCHA demonstrates that creating deep-structure culturally tailored nutrition messages to specific Latino ethnic heritages is feasible and valuable. Although gaps remain in methodological approaches to create such messages, recent interest from the Dietary Guideline for Americans in encouraging culturally appropriate healthy diets should pave the way for more and better designed deep-structure dietary programs and interventions, especially for underserved ethnic groups. Such endeavors are starting to emerge and should be emulated, including the deep-structure modifications made to the culturally adapted version of the “Coping with Stress Course” (into the Resilient in spite of Stressful Events) for Black adolescents in a low-income urban community, and the self-help program “Step-by-Step” for psychological distress for Albanian-speaking immigrants in Switzerland and Germany (45, 46).
We learned several key lessons while adapting and implementing LUCHA, which has encouraged us to propose recommendations for future research and practice (Figure 3). First, formative research, especially those employing mixed-methods design (47), is essential in informing cultural adaptations. Quantitative data may help collect metrics of outcomes generalizable to the intended population while qualitative data may help contextualize such data in a meaningful manner. During the adaptation process, researchers should apply an evidence-based behavioral theory that aligns with their research question, include both surface and deep-structure components, and record their process using reporting guidelines. Additional time, budget, and contingency plans should also be prepared in case of delayed or defective instruments mailed to participants, or the unexpected onset of public health emergencies (i.e., COVID-19). We also faced institutional barriers with IRB that required password-protected professional platforms for the online video interviews and the website where materials were shared, limiting access to participants who were unfamiliar or unable to open such. Latinos continue to be underrepresented in research and several strategies have been identified to prioritize and facilitate their recruitment and retention in biomedical studies. To overcome obstacles that would hinder their representation, IRB offices should consider alternatives for familiar, free, and user-friendly online platforms, especially in a post-COVID-19 era that has shifted many research protocols online. Providing technical support to participants should be part of the study planning and budgeting. Researchers and practitioners delivering text-based health interventions should opt for content quality over intricate visuals for ease of delivery and select text messaging platforms with services in the language of the served population. Updated and new platforms should solve these barriers. Lastly, researchers may consider instructing participants to measure their own clinical values at home using standardized protocols and guided via video; doing so may help empower participants and bolster health behaviors, as has been previously shown with improvements in blood pressure control, self-care, and self-efficacy (48).
Figure 3
Recommendations for cultural adaptation of text-message-based behavioral programs for ethnic groups.
This study has some limitations. Creating materials for LUCHA was specific to the Latino population in Massachusetts and may not be generalizable to other sites in the US or globally. Messages were designed for Caribbean vs. non-Caribbean groups that may be homogenous in some ways, but the content may not reflect cultural nuances of distinct ethnic groups by country of origin. Future formative research and interventions should consider these intricacies. However, the same cultural tailoring methodology utilized in this study may be applied in other settings and for different ethnic groups. Furthermore, this study was completed during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, which created a unique environment that may not be replicated in other studies. However, the pandemic granted an opportunity to redesign the project and, subsequently, learn useful lessons for future research.
LUCHA supports the tailoring of nutrition programs with deep-structure cultural messages as an essential step when promoting healthy diets in Latinos of diverse ethnic heritages. Recommendations from our adaptation and implementation process can inform similar programs for other ethnic groups.
Statements
Data availability statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
Ethics statement
The studies involving humans were approved by Institutional Review Board of Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health. The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. The participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.
Author contributions
JM: Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Formal analysis. AC-G: Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. AM-R: Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Methodology. AZ: Data curation, Writing – review & editing, Methodology. HJO’N: Data curation, Formal analysis, Visualization, Writing – review & editing, Methodology. CG: Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing, Methodology.
Funding
The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This work was supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (grant K01-HL120951 to JM).
Acknowledgments
We appreciate the generous contributions made by our participants, and the collaboration of our partners at the South End Community Health Center, East Boston Neighborhood Health Center, La Alianza Hispana, Sociedad Latina, ABCD-Jamaica Plain, and ABCD-East Boston. Data are available for sharing upon request to the corresponding author.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
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Summary
Keywords
deep structure, cultural adaptation, cultural tailoring, nutrition education, ethnic minorities
Citation
Mattei J, Caballero-González A, Maafs-Rodríguez A, Zhang A, O’Neill HJ and Gago C (2024) Lessons learned by adapting and implementing LUCHA: a deep-structure culturally tailored healthy eating randomized pilot intervention for ethnic-diverse Latinos. Front. Public Health 11:1269390. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1269390
Received
29 July 2023
Accepted
20 December 2023
Published
20 February 2024
Volume
11 - 2023
Edited by
Ines Gonzalez Casanova, Indiana University, United States
Reviewed by
Kendra Kattelmann, South Dakota State University, United States
David Nelson, Medical College of Wisconsin, United States
Updates
Copyright
© 2024 Mattei, Caballero-González, Maafs-Rodríguez, Zhang, O’Neill and Gago.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Josiemer Mattei, jmattei@hsph.harvard.edu
†ORCID: Areli Caballero-González xhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2903-9147
Disclaimer
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.