Zito Viegas da Cruz
Afonso Lima Araujo2
Choosak Nithikathkul- 1Master of Science Program in Tropical Health Innovation, Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Muang, Mahasarakham, Thailand
- 2Health Statistics Information Ministry of Health (MoH), Dili, Timor-Leste
- 3Parasitology Section, Department of Biology, Healthcare and Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- 4Tropical Health Innovation Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Muang, Mahasarakham, Thailand
Dengue is a significant public health problem in mostly tropical countries, including Timor-Leste. Dengue continues to draw attention from the health sector during the COVID-19 phenomenon. Therefore, the goal of this study is to evaluate the dengue incidence rate in comparison with the COVID-19 cumulative number and associated dengue risk factors, including the fatality rate of dengue infection in each municipality during the COVID-19 phenomenon in Timor-Leste, by applying the data processing program in Geographic Information Systems (GIS). A descriptive study using GIS was performed to provide a spatial-temporal mapping of dengue cases. Secondary data, which were sourced from the Department of Health Statistics Information under the Ministry of Health Timor-Leste, were collected for the period during the COVID-19 outbreak in 2020–2021. These data were grounded at the municipal (province) level. Quantum GIS and Microsoft Excel were used to analyze the data. During the COVID-19 outbreak (2020–2021), dengue spread nationwide. It was found that there was an increase in municipalities with high dengue cases and cumulative COVID-19 numbers. The high number of dengue cases associated with the COVID-19 cumulative number found in municipalities with an urban characteristic and in terms of severity, dengue fever (DF) is most commonly reported with a total of 1,556 cases and is followed by dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS). Most cases were reported in the months of the monsoon season, such as December, January, and March. Dengue GIS mapping helps understand the disease's presence and dynamic nature over time.
1. Introduction
Dengue has become a serious public health problem, commonly in tropical countries, due to its compatibility with mosquito habitats such as those in Timor-Leste (1, 2). In addition to dengue as a disease of the tropical climate that is common, several other neglected tropical diseases are very common in Timor-Leste, such as scabies and impetigo (3), malaria, tuberculosis (4, 5), and rheumatic heart disease (6). In regards to all of this, much effort has been made in Timor-Leste to deal with it, but the situation still attracts the attention of the public health sector.
The novel Corona Virus 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has become a pandemic with a growing number of cases globally (7). With the rapid spread of COVID-19, global health systems are experiencing critical challenges in preventing infections, identifying and managing COVID-19 cases, and ensuring effective strategies to protect public health (8, 9). Afterward, in Timor-Leste, the first positive COVID-19 case was identified on March 21, 2020 (10). From that point on, the government monitored the situation, and to protect its health system, Timor-Leste established the “Centro Integrado de Gestão de Crise” (CIGC: Integrated Centre for Crisis Management) in March 2020 (11).
As Timor-Leste grapples with the threat of a resurgence of the coronavirus, an alarming spike in seasonal dengue fever has simultaneously presented a new challenge for health workers. Since a large proportion of health resources, such as human resources, laboratory testing, hospitals, and epidemiological monitoring, are dedicated to COVID-19, other diseases, such as dengue infection, are experiencing substantial delays in diagnosis and treatment. In addition, during the COVID-19 pandemic, health workers in dengue-endemic areas or those caring for patients who have recently visited the area must include dengue fever and COVID-19 in the differential diagnosis of acute febrile illness due to Clinically, the manifestations of dengue virus (DENV) infection can range from mild-acute undifferentiated febrile illness to classical dengue fever (DF), dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), and dengue shock syndrome (DSS) (12). Dengue fever (DF) is an acute febrile illness that causes symptoms such as bone or joint and muscular pains, headaches, leukopenia, and a rash. Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) has four major clinical manifestations: severe fever, hemorrhage, often with hepatomegaly, and, in severe cases, circulatory failure. In dengue shock syndrome (DSS), some of the infected individuals may develop hypovolemic shock due to severe plasma leakage. When the temperature reaches 37.5–38°C, a decrease in platelet count leads to leakage of plasma, subsequent shock, fluid accumulation with respiratory distress, critical bleeding, organ impairment, cardiorespiratory failure, and cardiac arrest (13). Therefore, there is a tendency for misdiagnosis between SARS-CoV-2 virus and dengue virus (DENV) infections (14, 15). Further, if a dengue infection is co-infected with SARS-CoV-2, this co-occurrence will be highly concerning, s both conditions may potentially lead to fatal outcomes (16).
Dengue fever has become more widespread in the past few decades around the world. Based on one projection, more than 390 million people are infected with the dengue virus (DENV) annually, with 96 million people manifesting clinical symptoms (with any severity of disease) (17, 18). Dengue-endemic areas have faced the additional public health and socioeconomic impact of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic (19). Timor-Leste's situation is no exception. Authorities in Timor-Leste have reported a surge of dengue cases since late 2021, at unusually high levels compared to previous years before the COVID-19 pandemic (20, 21). There were 1,451 reported cases and 10 deaths with a case fatality rate of 0.7% in 2020 and 901 cases and 11 deaths with a case fatality rate of 1.2% in 2021. In January 2022 alone, 1,286 cases were reported, with 20 fatalities, for a case fatality rate of 1.6% (22). This worrisome spike in case counts is partly explained by a shift in national policies for recording and reporting dengue fever to Ministries of Health (MoH) and the World Health Organization (WHO).
In this regard, several studies have found that dengue infection is associated with climate change, geographical, environmental, and sociodemographic conditions, including the expansion of the reach of its main vector (the Aedes mosquito), rapid and unplanned urbanization, the movement of people for trade, tourism, or because of natural disasters, and vulnerability in public health and vector control programs (23–28). Furthermore, an outbreak of dengue infection will be more severe if a climate disaster occurs, at the same time, such as a flood or hurricane, because it will increase the outbreak of other infectious diseases such as cholera, diarrhea, and so on during the COVID-19 phenomenon (29).
Thus, within the context of global environment changes, both local and global change scenarios exert significant impacts on environmental and physical phenomena, as well as health informatics issues. Some patients who reached the critical stage of these effects extended them from individual to global scales, encompassing a broad spectrum of influence. Thus, health information on neglected tropical and non-communicable outbreaks among all levels and international health organizations is still necessary for new trends and technological application approaches to develop prevention and control strategies, and integrating multidisciplinary networks is still considered essential (30–36). Therefore, in this study, we conducted a descriptive observational study to evaluate the dengue incidence rate in comparison with the COVID-19 cumulative number and associated dengue risk factors, including the fatality rate of dengue infection in each municipality during the COVID-19 phenomenon in Timor-Leste, by applying the data processing program in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) as a computer-based system, consisting of hardware and software that facilitate the capture, retrieval, management, manipulation, analysis, and display of the spatially geo-referenced data (37, 38), is to evaluate the present state of dengue in Timor-Leste to better understand the existing efforts and difficulties, as well as to find possibilities for development through innovative suggestions for all stakeholders.
Mapping disease is vital to supporting dengue surveillance because this tool allows the user to customize the disease picture across time in a specific space or population (39). This disease dynamics map also provides policymakers with information. Knowing the presence of disease and developing appropriate disease prevention strategies require spatial information.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Study area
This study is defined as a descriptive and observational study. Timor-Leste occupies a land area of 15,007 km2 in the eastern part of the island of Timor and is located between 8.1 and 9.5°S and 125.0 and 127.3°E, including the small enclave of Oecussi between 9.2 and 9.5°S and 124.1 and 124.5°E located in the western half of the island within West Timor. The country is divided into 13 municipalities. The population of Timor-Leste was 1,340,434 (40). Dili, the capital city, is the only major population center with over 300,000 people, with no other towns with more than 200,000 people. The majority of the population lives in rural areas and practices subsistence farming (26).
2.2. Data source and data collection
We used secondary data sets that were derived from a related institution and aggregated by municipality (province). Dengue morbidity and mortality were collected from the dengue monthly report of Health Statistics Information Systems (HIS/EIS) under the Ministry of Health Timor-Leste (MoH.TL) office during 2020–2021. Dengue positives in this study were described as every patient who tested positive for dengue fever (DF), dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), and dengue shock syndrome (DSS) by laboratory testing in the health facilities in each of the 13 municipalities before it was reported to the HIS/EIS department, along with the data of COVID-19 cumulative incidence from the first positive case reported on March 21, 2020, to December 2021, including the data of population density for each year during the COVID-19 phenomenon. Further, we used data recorded entirely in Health Statistics Information (HIS/EIS) under the Ministry of Health Timor-Leste (MoH.TL). We described variables in this research to explore the distribution of dengue cases in Timor-Leste during the COVID-19 phenomenon. Dengue cases, which are served as the incidence rate per municipality by year, are compared with the COVID-19 cumulative number reported, the population density for each municipality from each year, the distribution of dengue cases according to severity, and the comparison among dengue cases reported monthly, including the dengue fatality rate in each municipality during the COVID-19 pandemic.
2.3. Analysis data
An analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel for trend analysis. Furthermore, using secondary data, trend analysis was used to forecast future dengue incidence rates. Spatiotemporal mapping was generated using Quantum GIS (QGIS). It is used in data analysis when data are collected across both space and time. The dengue phenomenon at a certain location and time is described at a certain location and time, such as at the municipality level, and the time of incidence rate presented. Thus, the Geographic information on COVID-19 Cumulative incidence in Timor-Leste is based on population density in each of the 13 municipalities (Figure 1) and is necessary in evaluating dengue incidence during the COVID-19 phenomenon. Furthermore, the trend analysis result is shown on the map of the area.
Figure 1. The COVID-19 cumulative incidence in comparison with the population density in each of the 13 municipalities of Timor-Leste.
3. Result
3.1. The trend in dengue incidence
Dengue case incidence in each municipality seems to be declining during the COVID-19 phenomenon from 2020–2021. This can be seen from the linear line in Figure 2.
Figure 2. Dengue incidence rate per municipality in Timor-Leste during the COVID-19 phenomenon by 2020–2021.
3.2. Spatiotemporal and cumulative number of COVID-19 cases mapping
During the COVID-19 pandemic, it was simultaneously unexpected that dengue infection spread across Timor-Leste's 13 municipalities. It is predominantly found in urban areas such as Dili municipality (the capital city), Ermera, and Baucau (41, 42). However, two other municipalities, such as Manatuto and Liquica, have a direct geographical border area with the capital city, Dili Municipality1, and the majority of them are classified as having a high and medium incidence rate (IR), and the other eight municipalities are not directly bordered with the capital city, which is classified as having a low incidence rate (IR) during the last two years of each 2020 and 2021. Furthermore, the result of this study suggests that in each of the municipalities with a high or medium dengue incidence rate in the last 2 years, 2020 and 2021, there was a correlation with the COVID-19 cumulative case number reported (Figure 3).
Figure 3. Spatiotemporal mapping of dengue incidence rates by municipalities in Timor-Leste in comparison with COVID-19 cases in 2020 and 2021 (A, B).
3.3. Spatiotemporal and population density mapping
During the COVID-19 period (2020–2021), there were dengue cases in Timor-Leste, which were associated with sociodemographic conditions, particularly with the population density in each of the 13 Municipalities placed between 2,589.940000 and 15,404.39000 population density per square kilometer. Dili municipality, the Capital city of Timor-Leste, has the highest population density, followed by Ermera and Baucau municipalities, and Aileu, Manatuto, and Manufahi municipalities, which have predicated the lowest population density (Figure 4).
Figure 4. Spatiotemporal mapping of dengue incidence rate by municipalities in Timor-Leste in comparison with population density in 2020 and 2021 (A, B).
3.4. Distribution of dengue cases according to severity
According to the report from the Health Statistic Information Department under the Ministry of Health (MoH) of Timor-Leste, dengue cases were reported in order of severity, such as dengue fever (DF), dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), and dengue shock syndrome (DSS), based on symptoms and laboratory results (number of hemoglobin, leukocyte, thrombocyte, hematocrit, and rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs)]. The results show that dengue fever (DF) was most frequently reported in each year; in 2020, there were 920 cases reported, and in 2021, there were 636 cases reported out of all the total dengue cases reported during the COVID-19 phenomenon in the whole country. Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS) were less than half of the total dengue cases reported each year during the period of the COVID-19 pandemic (Figure 5).
Figure 5. Classification of dengue cases according to severity.
3.5. Monthly dengue cases report
In order to reported cases monthly during the time of the COVID-19 outbreak in Timor-Leste in 2020–2021, there were the most reported dengue cases in December–March (Figure 6), which is the rainy season in Timor Leste (43).
Figure 6. Dengue cases were compared every month in 2020 and 2021.
3.6. The dengue fatality rate in each municipality
During the period of the COVID-19 phenomenon in Timor-Leste, there were reported 21 mortality cases with a Fatality Rate (FR) of 0.02/1000 population, and of those, the Dili municipality, the capital city, had the most reported mortality cases with a total of 15, with a Fatality Rate (FR) of ~0.05/1,000 population, followed by the Covalima Municipality (Figure 7).
Figure 7. The fatality rate due to dengue cases in each municipality from 2020 to 2021.
4. Discussion
This is the first study to explore dengue incidence in Timor-Leste during the COVID-19 phenomenon. There was no evidence of spatial clustering of dengue risk after accounting for the covariates, indicating that variability in COVID-19 cumulative cases, precipitation, and sociodemographic conditions such as population density in an area, explain much of the spatiotemporal dynamics of the disease, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. This is similar to findings from studies in other parts of the world (16, 29, 44, 45). Furthermore, during the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide, all countries felt the impact, including Timor-Leste. This is a new challenge for health workers.
The current policy of dengue eradication in Timor-Leste, under the Ministry of Health, is implemented using the guidelines outlined in the Bi-regional Dengue Strategy (2008–2015) (WHO Southeast Asia and Western Pacific regions) (46). This involves a multi-pronged approach based on case management through early detection and diagnosis; vector control via spraying; source reduction activities in the community, including distributing larvicides and fumigating malathion (a mosquito adulticide) in residential quarters; mobilizing communities and volunteers to clean up water containers; and environmental education on prevention and surveillance (22). Dengue is mostly diagnosed based on clinical findings. While current guidelines recommend the use of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), they are not widely used. Dengue cases are subject to obligatory notification, and cases reported are collated by the Department of Epidemiological Surveillance at the Ministry of Health (26). However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, implementing all of these was a new challenge for program managers and the community in general.
During the COVID-19 period, dengue cases in Timor-Leste kept fluctuating, with the highest incidence rate (IR) per 1,000 population in 2020 at 2.94 and the lowest incidence rate (IR) per 1,000 population at 0.00 in 2021. Public health measures that restricted the movement of people and closed schools, universities, and offices to contain COVID-19 transmission unexpectedly led to a significant reduction in the reported numbers of dengue cases in Timor-Leste. This result is in accordance with a study by Surendran et al. (47). However, the number of reported dengue cases during the last 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic is substantially higher compared to the same periods in previous years before the COVID-19 pandemic (20, 21). Furthermore, dengue in Timor-Leste is not unexpected, but the significant daily increase in the number of dengue cases and the rate of hospitalization in the current outbreak is unusual (22).
Further, this study shows that the dengue cases reported by each municipality in Timor-Leste had a significant association with the presented COVID-19 cumulative case number. However, in consideration of this result, we assumed the existence of an uncertain diagnosis among these two disorders due to Timor-Leste's fragile healthcare system (48), particularly a lack of clinical laboratory systems. Furthermore, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has non-specific clinical and laboratory characteristics (49), which might be similar to other viral infections, including dengue. Therefore, it is a challenging context for certain diagnostics in Timor-Leste. This is consistent with preview studies by Ratnarathon et al. and Yan et al., which reported that dengue and coronavirus disease 2019 are difficult to distinguish because they have shared clinical and laboratory features (45, 50). Furthermore, to avoid misdiagnosis among these two disorders, we have to make an accurate differential diagnosis.
Population density is well-known to have contributed to dengue transmission in this study. This result, in accordance with previous research in Indonesia's Sleman district, found that dengue incidence is associated with population density, and high dengue incidence has occurred in areas of high population density (51). Further, in accordance with preview studies by Arifin et al. (39), Romeo-Aznar et al. (52), and Nagarani et al. (53), they report that unplanned population growth, mainly in the urban area, is responsible for the emergence of slum areas with insufficient sanitation that serve as mosquito breeding sites.
According to the severity of the dengue cases, the most reported is dengue fever (DF), followed by dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS). It was noted that, due to the limited resources and the COVID-19 outbreak, almost all the dengue fever (DF) reported was clinically suspected, which is not diagnostic in any way (22). Due to the similarity of the clinical manifestations shared by COVID-19 and dengue fever (DF), this has led to diagnostic challenges in Timor-Leste as a dengue-endemic area and raised concerns. This finding is consistent with the preview study by Harapan et al., in which it was reported that the similar clinical manifestations shared by COVID-19 and dengue fever (DF) had raised concerns, especially in dengue-endemic countries with limited resources, leading to diagnostic challenges (14). Further, a study by Pastor Bandeira et al. reported that due to the similarity of dermatological signs and symptoms presented in both disorders, a previously healthy patient with COVID-19 was mistakenly diagnosed with dengue fever (DF) due to a skin rash (54). Therefore, in accordance with this uncertain diagnosis, this is a highly concerning public health problem in Timor-Leste.
The monthly reported dengue cases during the COVID-19 phenomenon were the dengue cases most reported in the wettest and hottest months of the year (December to April) in Timor-Leste (43) and are likely to be associated with vector dynamics. This condition is because heavy rains can cause flooding and water stagnation in several risk places, which potentially facilitates vector population growth by providing water for mosquito breeding sites, mainly the Aedes sp. mosquitoes, and this phenomenon can contribute to other infection diseases being more complicated. This finding was in accordance with preview studies by Wangdi et al. and Hu et al., who reported that dengue cases were associated with precipitation in a dengue-endemic area (26, 55). Furthermore, in accordance with a study in Bangladesh by Rahman et al., the COVID-19 pandemic, dengue epidemic, and climate change revealed the high possibility of exacerbating the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic if there is a climatic hazard such as floods or cyclones (29).
In accordance with the case Fatality Rate (FR), Dili (the capital city) and Covalima municipalities were higher than eleven other municipalities, and the preliminary discussion with the program manager indicated that because of the COVID-19 impact, such as poor access to health facilities, the mortality probably happened due to the prolonged duration of admission to the hospital where people become ill. Some patients who reached the critical stage of the disease quickly experienced deterioration. Consequently, in the context of Dili municipality, there was an increase in reported cases of dengue-related mortality. Dili has the highest reported population density among the other 12 municipalities and is the center of all of the sectors (56). This finding is consistent with preview studies by Díaz-Quijano and Waldman, who discovered that, in addition to the age of endemicity, it is associated with several other risk factors such as environment (rainfall), demographics (population density), socioeconomics, and biology (circulating serotypes) that affect and contribute to the alarming increase in dengue mortality (57). Meanwhile, a study on dengue and COVID-19, overlapping epidemics, found that both conditions may potentially lead to fatal outcomes, especially in patients with chronic comorbidities, and overlapping infections and co-occurrence may increase the number of patients requiring intensive care and mechanical ventilation (16).
4.1. Limitation
There are a number of limitations to this study. The dengue data were collected through passive surveillance of people with fever cases attending a health unit and, for the most part, being clinically diagnosed, which overlooks the contribution of asymptomatic dengue fever cases, which can be confused with the similarity of COVID-19 patients' symptoms and signs. In this study, we did not find any data on dengue patients co-infected with COVID-19.
4.2. Strengths
Furthermore, the strengths of this study are useful for policymakers to prioritize areas of action, mainly the dengue incidence during the COVID-19 period in Timor-Leste compared with the previous years before the COVID-19 pandemic. The quality of the dengue surveillance system may vary over time and between locations, as the awareness of dengue among medical professionals and public health workers may have increased as a result of the WHO's initiatives to train and sensitize the aforementioned health workers. It is possible that the national surveillance system operates more effectively in and around the capital than in remote areas. This might have contributed to the low estimated disease burden outside of Dili and Ermera municipalities. In addition, considering this study's result, the next study proposes to assess the association between dengue and climatic variation as part of climate change. It seeks analytical evidence of a relationship between population knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) in dengue prevention and control; human population growth (rapid and unplanned urbanization); movement of people for trade, tourism, or forced by natural disasters; and vulnerability in public health and vector control programs and dengue cases. Dengue prevention efforts must be sustained by health authorities through integrated surveillance.
5. Conclusion
Dengue incidence and fatality rates in Timor-Leste during the COVID-19 period are prevalent in urban areas and associated with COVID-19 cumulative case numbers, population density, and precipitations. Because of the lack of access to health care during the COVID-19 pandemic and the fragility of health care systems, unplanned urbanization, including environmental conditions (rainy season) that can cause flooding and water stagnation in several risk places and potentially facilitate mosquito breeding sites, were significant predictors of dengue incidence in Timor-Leste. In addition, according to severity, dengue fever (DF) is higher.
Nowadays, the Geographic Information System (GIS) is applied to discovering risk areas for epidemic diseases, including dengue infection globally (58, 59), and is one of the most effective tools for dengue surveillance in an area. This calls for public health actions and other sectors to mitigate future dengue risk factors from environmental and geographical conditions. In addition, the Geographic Information System (GIS) is a highly useful tool for Timor-Leste as a young country and as an innovation tool to contribute to dengue surveillance, among other infectious diseases.
Further studies are needed to define if these risk areas are maintained over time, while similar studies can be applied to other neglected tropical diseases such as malaria, tuberculosis, and filariasis, which affect both municipalities in Timor-Leste and other Southeast Asian countries.
Author contributions
CN contributed to the conception and design, had full access to all of the data in the study and took responsibility for the integrity of the data, accuracy of the data analysis, supervision, and obtaining partial funding. ZC wrote the manuscript and acquisition of partial funding. AA provided secondary data on dengue cases and COVID-19 cumulative case numbers. AR revised English grammar and writing format. All authors contributed to the acquisition or interpretation of the data, critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content, and the final approval of the manuscript for publication.
Funding
This study has been supported by the Thailand International Post-Graduate Program (TIPP/TICA), with partial support from the Division of Research and Innovation, Public Health Administration, Office of the General Secretary, Ministry of Public Health, Research Affairs Division, Mahasarakham University, and Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University.
Acknowledgments
The authors greatly appreciate the partial support from the Research Affair Division, the Tropical Health Innovation Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, and support from the Thailand International Postgraduate Program (TIPP) and Thailand International Cooperation Agency (TICA), Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Kingdom of Thailand, Office of Public Health Research and Innovation Administration, Office of Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Public Health, and the M.Sc. in Tropical Health Innovation Program, Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University. Our thanks are also extended to the Department of Health Statistics Information (HSI/EIS) under the Ministry of Health (MoH) of Timor-Leste for their generous assistance in providing the secondary data. We would also like to thank all who have helped with the study.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher's note
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Supplementary material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1057951/full#supplementary-material
Footnotes
1. ^gov. 10 Timor-Leste 2016 demographic qnd health survey (2016).
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Keywords: dengue, COVID-19, mapping, GIS, Timor-Leste
Citation: da Cruz ZV, Araujo AL, Ribas A and Nithikathkul C (2023) Dengue in Timor-Leste during the COVID-19 phenomenon. Front. Public Health 11:1057951. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1057951
Received: 30 September 2022; Accepted: 18 July 2023;
Published: 22 August 2023.
Edited by:
Al Asyary, University of Indonesia, IndonesiaReviewed by:
Ramadhan Tosepu, Halu Oleo University, IndonesiaWahyu Pudji Nugraheni, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Indonesia
Copyright © 2023 da Cruz, Araujo, Ribas and Nithikathkul. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Choosak Nithikathkul, nithikethkul2016@gmail.com