Farshid Alaeddini
Hamed Tavolinejad
Hamid Esmailzadeh2- 1Tehran Heart Center, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 2Health Information Management Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Defining the health system, as a multidimensional and complex structure, is challenging, and the existing definitions often fail to incorporate the various levels and functions involved in a single system definition. An ideal framework should be easy to evaluate, allow for comparison, and be divisible into smaller sub-systems for easier interpretation. This paper concisely explores a novel framework to perceive health systems. As in any system, it is important to accurately define the health system's input, process, and output, as the cornerstone of evaluating any system is to assess outputs with regard to inputs besides analyzing outcomes, impact, objectives, and values. Since the raison d'être of the health system is to improve health in society, it is proposed that the input can be considered as the population subject to the system's process, and the output as the population with improved health status. This paper also proposes defining support systems, whose input and output are needs and parts of the process in the main system, respectively. Example support systems include the health evidence production or education and development of human resources systems. Instead of considering all functions as part of the main system, this concept allows implementation and assessment of policies in various levels of health systems to be simplified, as each support system can be separately evaluated with clear functions.
Introduction
Health systems around the world play a vital role in shaping the health outcomes of individuals and societies (1). Their impact even extends beyond this point, as health is established as an important determinant of sustainable economic growth, security, equity, and effective governance (2, 3). Health systems are complex and multi-dimensional structures operating as dynamic social systems, for which various definitions have been proposed (1, 4–8). However, the existing definitions of health systems are nebulous and often reductionist (2). Furthermore, current definitions are disparate and do not enable comparison between countries (9, 10).
Perhaps the most extensive description of a health system so far has been provided by the WHO. According to WHO a health system includes “all the activities whose primary purpose is to promote, restore, and maintain health,” which encompasses all organizational and individual efforts that impact health, beyond “the pyramid of publicly owned facilities that deliver personal health services” (1). This definition tries to capture the wide-ranging structure and function of the health system—an aspect that other existing definitions fail to consider. Nevertheless, our focus has mainly been on what constitutes the health system, its functions, desired outcomes, and its values (11, 12); therefore, our challenge is to clarify the definitions of multiple levels and domains involved in health systems. In this regard, a comprehensive and integrated framework can help better understand, evaluate, and resolve the current issues in health systems.
In this communication, we present a new framework for defining the health system from a broader perspective.
The proposed framework
The standard systems approach incorporates an “input” that undergoes a “process” to achieve a specific “output,” which then enables the system to meet its “outcomes” of interest and exert a desired “impact.”
According to the definition of WHO presented above, the mission of health systems is to improve health in the target population (1, 13). In its simplified form, therefore, the population is the system's input, and the process involves activities aimed to deliver a population with improved health as output (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Overview of health system structure.
Input
Quantification and assessment of inputs is a crucial aspect of a system's evaluation, but defining inputs is elusive. In existing definitions, human resources, healthcare infrastructure, or even funding are often considered inputs (4, 13, 14). But the true input, which is the target of the process and is meant to be modified by the system, is the population and its level of health. The population is often considered as an external beneficiary and a recipient of services (2); however, a systems approach to health should prioritize the population. In this suggested framework, the population takes center stage, as we emphasize that the institutions and individuals who provide health services are not the whole systems, but they are part of the process of performing important functions of the system. The population itself can then be stratified based on health status for better characterization of the input, and each stratum can be perceived as a sub-input.
Process
The collection of efforts, strategies, and structures that are implemented in coordination to improve the health status of the population can be regarded as a process, which includes different functions of the health system, and each function itself can be interpreted and examined in core domains of policy making and planning, resource generation, service provision, monitoring, and regulation (Figure 2).
Figure 2. A simplified framework showing how system actors are tasked with different functions of the system process (rows) in each core domain (columns). Each cell represents a subsystem that is assigned to the specific actor(s) responsible.
System actors
Actors in the system are part of the process and are defined as any individual or organization that provides or receives health services. Government is a prominent actor involved in policymaking and planning, monitoring, and regulating the system. In certain circumstances, the government can be involved in resource generation and service provision to enhance outcomes; however, it is often not clear when and how this should be done, and how to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of this strategy. With the existing ambiguity in health system definition and the inability to compare system parameters between countries, the degree of government involvement in the health system is mostly determined by subjective preferences or national ideologies. Notably, we emphasize all branches of the government and not only the health department or ministry, as the state contributes as an actor through all policies that concern health.
The private sector, insurance companies, charities, and people themselves are other actors in the system. The private sector is distinctively active where there is profit, and it is up to governments to regulate the market to produce incentives for private sector participation. Insurance acts as an important factor to determine health-related costs and facilitates receiving timely interventions. Insurance companies can either belong to the private sector or be government-controlled. Charities are unique in that they do not seek financial gain, yet they can intervene wherever they deem necessary to increase the system's efficiency. People play a role in the system through self-care, good health knowledge, and most importantly the role of receiving care.
Figure 2 demonstrates a simplified approach to how actors engage in different functions of the system process in each core domain. In this framework, each cell in Figure 2 can represent a subsystem that is assigned to the specific actor(s) responsible for that domain, and then the efficiency of each cell can be evaluated with appropriate indicators.
Output
Quantification and evaluation of the system's output are even more challenging than defining the input (14, 15). Since the raison d'être of the health system is better health in the society (1), the output can be described as the population with improved health outcomes. Indeed, the output can also be stratified into different levels of health status like the input and should be assessed with appropriate output indicators in terms of its attributes. For instance, the output can be the reduction in the number of incident diseases or the number of people who receive education or get vaccinated.
Outcome and impact
Health outcomes have been extensively examined with a systems approach (7, 15). Outcomes refer to the objectives of activities performed in the health system process, e.g., an outcome of hypertension screening is to reduce the incident cardiovascular events associated with high blood pressure. Ultimately, the desired outcome of the system is the reduction of morbidity and mortality. On the other hand, system impact is concerned with the health status of the target population. The most important impact is of course improved life expectancy and health expectancy, which refers to disability-free and active life in good perceived health (16).
System environment
Health system is not isolated and is affected by its territorial ecosystem and other social structures. The bilateral relationships of the health system with other social systems such as education, economy, and sources of power determine almost all aspects of health in the society.
Support systems
Several systems that are commonly regarded as components of a health system can be better defined as support systems. This new definition is helpful in characterizing each component and avoids common problems in analyzing the system and assigning objectives. A support system is defined according to three properties:
A) Its existence takes meaning with the main system. If the main system did not exist, there would be no reason for the support system.
B) Its input is a need of the main system.
C) Its output is used in the process of the main system (Figure 1).
Crucially, this framework serves to simplify the evaluation of these support systems, not undermine their value as accessories. For clarification, two important support systems are discussed herein.
Health evidence production system (HEPS) consists of a health research system (HRS) and a health information system (HIS). HEPS input is the collection of questions and hypotheses created in Figure 2 cells, and its output is the evidence that will then be used in the health system process.
Education, development, and support of human resources should be regarded as a support system and not part of the health system itself. In this regard, the main system's need for trained professionals is the input, and the outputs are professional health care providers who are part of the process in the health system. Notably, this support system should also be assigned the goal of improving the work life of health care workers (17). Notwithstanding this need, the objectives of this support system are sometimes overlooked, and its output is not tailored to the requirements of the health system.
System values
Values should not be mistaken with objectives, aims, goals, or outcomes. A system cannot function without its values, and its output is not meaningful without meeting system values first. Safety, equity, accountability, international collaboration, quality, and safety are better defined as values of the system. Values act as the inner compass of the system and are there to assure it remains on the right path. Every system has its own set of values, which are decisive in defining goals and directions. While values are instrumental to the success of the system and should be evaluated and monitored, they are distinct from goals.
Conclusion
In this communication, we propose a new concept of a health system based on the classic attributes of a system. First, we attempt to simplify the description of inputs and outputs of the health system. Establishing the correct definition of inputs and outputs—a feature that has often been neglected—is crucial in health systems, since analyzing and comparing outputs with regards to inputs, or vice versa is the core of efficiency measurement in any system (14, 18). As mentioned, the input and output can be stratified based on health status but can be further characterized by demographics, insurance coverage, perceptions of health, health literacy, and so forth. The properties of the input are among the factors that determine the activities in the process and should be considered when comparing health systems between countries.
Second, we propose using the concept of support systems to separately evaluate various levels and functions of the health system. This approach breaks down parts of the system, which are hard to fit under a single definition, into smaller support systems that are assigned different functions and are easier to evaluate.
Third, we suggest a differentiation between system values, aims, and outcomes. Importantly, each element should be assessed with its specific indicators to avoid confusion in the system.
Based on these concepts, future efforts are needed to improve this health system framework. The next steps may focus on the analysis of sub-systems and support systems and attempt to determine the role of each actor in the system with respect to its capabilities.
Data availability statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
Author contributions
FA and HE contributed to conception and design. FA and HT wrote the draft manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Abbreviations
WHO, World Health Organization; HEPS, health evidence production system; HRS, health research system; HIS, health information system.
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Keywords: health system, systems thinking, health system actors, support system, health system - organization and administration
Citation: Alaeddini F, Tavolinejad H and Esmailzadeh H (2022) Redefining the health system: A proposed updated framework of a systems approach to health. Front. Public Health 10:956487. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.956487
Received: 30 May 2022; Accepted: 25 July 2022;
Published: 15 August 2022.
Edited by:
Maria Del Rocio Saenz, University of Costa Rica, Costa RicaReviewed by:
Farin Kamangar, Morgan State University, United StatesCopyright © 2022 Alaeddini, Tavolinejad and Esmailzadeh. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Farshid Alaeddini, falaedini@yahoo.com