Niki C. Oldenburg
Keith J. Horvath2
Jeremy Van't Hof
Jeffrey R. Misialek- 1Lillehei Heart Institute and Cardiovascular Division, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- 2Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
Cardiovascular disease prevention strategies include aspirin use as a preventive measure. The internet can be used to raise public awareness, promote healthy lifestyles, and improve disease management. This pilot study describes the feasibility of an educational website to recruit and follow adult internet users to examine whether they talked to their physician about aspirin and initiated aspirin use. As part of a statewide intervention promoting an aspirin regimen to prevent heart attacks and strokes in Minnesota, visitors to the website were encouraged to complete an aspirin candidacy tool. Between October, 2015 and February, 2016, men 45–79 and women 55–79 who identified as aspirin candidates were invited to participate in a 6-month study involving four, 5 min online surveys to examine physician discussions about aspirin, aspirin use, and mobile technology use. During the 5-month recruitment period, 234 adults enrolled in the study. Of the 174 who completed the baseline survey and at least one follow-up survey, 74 (43.5%) did not use aspirin at baseline. During follow-up, 12 (16.2%) talked to their doctor about aspirin and 31 (41.8%) initiated aspirin use. Internet, social media, and mobile technology use were high among this population. An educational website may have provided a cue to action for aspirin discussions with physicians and aspirin initiation. More research is needed to evaluate the utility of on-line tools to increase appropriate aspirin use among internet-using populations.
Introduction
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention strategies have utilized the internet to raise public awareness, promote healthy lifestyles, and improve disease management among the population of internet users that includes over 90% percent of U.S. adults (1). Much of the research surrounding internet-based CVD interventions has focused on individually tailored, interactive interventions among participants recruited primarily from work sites or medical clinics. The health outcomes measured have spanned risk reduction goals (smoking cessation, increased physical activity, and dietary control) to disease management goals (medical appointment adherence, medication compliance, and self-care strategies) (2–7). Little is known about the impact internet-based CVD interventions may have on the behaviors of community-based internet users. In addition, it is unclear whether internet users who are middle-aged or older are willing to participate in online research.
As part of a large public health campaign promoting aspirin use to reduce heart attacks and strokes, an educational website and aspirin candidacy tool were created to prompt aspirin discussions with physicians and aspirin initiation when indicated. The aims of this study are to assess among those individuals identified as potential aspirin candidates from the online self-assessment the: (1) feasibility of recruiting and retaining a cohort of middle-aged to older internet users; (2) computer and mobile technology use of these individuals; and (3) proportion of these individuals who seek advice from their physician and who adopt a preventive aspirin regime.
Method
Community-Based Intervention
A multi-year, state-wide, media and health professional campaign was launched in 2012 in Minnesota to promote the 2009 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendations on aspirin use for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (8). The media campaign included radio spots, billboards, print and online advertisements (Facebook, Twitter, Pandora, Google Adwords), and brochures that encouraged individuals to talk to their doctor about a preventive aspirin regimen. Simultaneously, the media campaign directed individuals to visit the “Ask About Aspirin” educational website for more information about aspirin and to find out if they are an aspirin candidate (Figure 1). Adults in the 2009 USPSTF candidacy range (men 45–79 years; women 55–79 years) were encouraged to complete an aspirin candidacy tool that consisted of 9 questions addressing age, sex, CVD history, and contraindications to aspirin use. Those identified as potential aspirin candidates learned that aspirin may be beneficial for them and were advised to speak with their physicians about initiating a preventive aspirin regime.
Figure 1. Example of “Ask About Aspirin” advertisement and website.
Study Design
Between October, 2015 and February, 2016, adults who completed the aspirin candidacy tool, identified as aspirin candidates, and who were men 45–79 years and women 55–79 years old (Figure 2) were invited to participate in a 6-month online study about their aspirin-related behaviors and mobile technology use via a pop-up box on the website (Figure 3). To learn more about the study, interested individuals provided their first name and email address to facilitate a point of contact. Confidentiality was assured at the point of contact and was expanded upon in the on-line consent form. Once informed consent about the study was obtained from participants, they were asked to complete four, 5 min online surveys across a 6-month follow-up period (baseline and 1-, 3-, and 6-months).
Figure 2. Aspirin candidacy, study invitation, and aspirin initiation among visitors to the educational website.
Figure 3. Example of study invitation upon completing the aspirin candidacy tool. This image was updated when the study invitation went “live” on the website to include the exact dollar amounts and the type of gift card (amazon.com rather than Target gift cards were used).
Survey questions addressed sex (male/female), age (age reported in years at time of survey), aspirin discussions with physicians, aspirin use, and mobile technology and social media use. Aspirin discussions were determined by a “Yes/No” response to the baseline question “Have you ever talked with your doctor or other health professional about whether you should use aspirin as a means for preventing a heart attack or stroke?” In the follow-up surveys, this question began with the phrase “Since the last online survey you completed x month(s) ago…” to assess temporality. Aspirin use was determined by a “Yes/No” response to the question “Do you currently take aspirin to prevent a heart attack or stroke?”
Participants received a $5 Amazon.com gift card via email for each survey they completed during the first 3-months, and a $10 Amazon.com gift card for the final survey at month 6. Links to the online surveys were emailed at each time point, followed by 2 reminder emails within a week if surveys had not been completed. Qualtrics (Qualtrics, Provo, UT) was used as the online survey management software. Data analyses included logistic regression (sex and baseline aspirin use), a two sample t-test (age and baseline aspirin use), and Pearson's chi-square tests (media use and baseline aspirin use) and were conducted using Stata version 12 (StataCorp LP, College Station, Texas). The University of Minnesota's Institutional Review Board, responsible for the ethical conduct of human research, approved the study.
Results
During the 5-month enrollment period, there were 32,584 unique visits to the “Ask About Aspirin” website of which 4,388 visitors started the aspirin candidacy tool. Two thousand two hundred and seventy three completed the assessment and were identified as aspirin candidates which prompted a study invitation; 234 (10.2%) enrolled in the study and completed a baseline survey. Of these 234 participants, 149 (63.6%) completed the survey at month 1, 140 (59.8%) at month 3, and 123 (52.5%) at month 6. More women than men participated (58.0 and 41.9%, respectively) and the mean age was 61.9 years (range, 46–79 years).
When restricting analyses to the 233 participants who answered “Yes” or “No” to the aspirin use question, 59 (25.3%) completed only the baseline survey, 29 (12.4%) completed 2 surveys, 52 (22.3%) completed 3 surveys, and 93 (39.9%) completed all 4 surveys. At baseline, men were more likely to be aspirin users than women (OR = 2.73, 95% CI = 1.44, 5.18); age was not significantly different between aspirin users and non-users, 62.5 and 61.0 mean ages, respectively (t = −1.4476, p = 0.15).
One hundred and seventy four participants completed both the baseline survey and at least one follow-up survey, with 100 (57.4%) reporting current aspirin use on the baseline survey. Of the 74 participants who did not use aspirin at baseline, 31 (41.8%) initiated aspirin use to prevent a heart attack or stroke and 12 (16.2%) talked to their doctor about aspirin use during the follow-up period. The majority of these 31 individuals started aspirin in the first month (Figure 2). When examining the 31 aspirin initiators further, 12 (38.7%) talked to their doctor about aspirin use during follow-up, 9 (29.0%) had discussed aspirin use with their doctor prior to baseline, 6 (19.3%) initiated aspirin use on their own, and 4 (12.9%) took aspirin previously, stopped, and then restarted during the study. Of the 100 participants who reported aspirin use at baseline, 96 (96.0%) continued using aspirin during follow-up.
The majority of participants accessed the internet and used social media sites several times a day. A majority also used laptops or tablets and used cell phones to access the internet. Eighty-three percent used cell phones to access the internet and 87% used social media. No difference in technology use existed between the baseline aspirin users and aspirin non-users (Table 1).
Table 1. Computer or mobile technology use among participants by baseline aspirin use.
Discussion
The study showed that it is feasible to recruit and retain a middle-aged to older, internet-using population in an online study. Participation rates for individuals recruited via the internet have ranged between <1% to approximately 15% among teenagers, and young to middle-aged adults (9–14). Study retention rates among internet-based interventions ranged widely, with follow-up rates of 13% to >80% (9, 10, 12, 15, 16). This study's participation rate of 10% and retention rate of 53% suggest that age may not be a barrier, as age-related differences in internet use are decreasing (17).
As may be expected among internet users, a higher percentage of the participants used smart phones and social media than the general adult population. Among U.S. adults, 79% of individuals ages 50–64 and 53% of those 65 years and older own a smartphone compared to 83% in the current study sample. In addition, 69% of 50–64 year olds and 40% of individuals 65 years and older use social media compared to 87% in this study (18, 19). Individuals recruited from the internet may be more frequent users of other mobile technology and social media platforms, and thus may be more responsive to health interventions that leverage varied mobile and social media tools or outlets.
A majority of the participants were already using aspirin to prevent a heart attack or stroke at the start of the study. Given the website's focus on the benefits of preventive aspirin use, such individuals may have been seeking online health information to confirm their current health behaviors. Among participants who did not use aspirin at baseline, aspirin initiation increased most dramatically during the first month of follow-up. This uptake in aspirin use is noteworthy given the minimal interaction the website provided its visitors and the short time span in which aspirin initiation was achieved. Individuals seeking online health information may be motivated to improve their health, and thus more responsive to behavior change and health maintenance messaging.
Approximately two thirds of the participants, who initiated aspirin use during follow-up, had had an aspirin discussion with their physician either prior to or during the study. This may suggest that the website prompted them to either act upon previous aspirin discussions with their physicians or to initiate new ones. Positive associations between aspirin discussions with a physician and aspirin initiation have been shown in other studies (8, 20).
An unique opportunity may exist for public health campaigns to promote community-wide behavior change among internet-users and to monitor its impact. With internet use among older adults becoming nearly universal (1, 17), internet-based campaigns focusing on CVD prevention are likely to see increases in reach and impact among this population.
Limitations
As a pilot study, the findings presented are primarily exploratory and hypothesis-generating. The lack of a control group and small numbers may limit the generalizability of the study findings to other middle-age to older internet users. Self-selection bias may be present since study participants may be more motivated to act upon internet-based health information than non-study participants. Aspirin initiation may be subject to self-report bias; however, this bias is likely minimal (21). It is not known whether aspirin initiators included individuals who should not be taking aspirin. The educational website and aspirin candidacy tool encouraged all individuals to ask their physician or health professional if a preventive aspirin regime was right for them.
Conclusion
This study provides preliminary evidence that it is feasible to recruit and maintain a middle- to older aged population of internet users in an online study. In addition, this study suggests that an educational website and aspirin candidacy tool may provide a promising CVD prevention strategy to increase aspirin physician discussions and aspirin use. The frequent and widespread use of mobile technology and social media platforms in this study suggest that older adult internet users may also be amenable to more varied digital interventions. More rigorous studies, such as randomized controlled trials, are needed to determine the utility of this approach to increasing appropriate aspirin use among older U.S. adults.
Data Availability Statement
The datasets generated for this study are available on request to the corresponding author.
Ethics Statement
The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by University of Minnesota (# 1201M08921). Written informed consent for participation was not required for this study in accordance with the national legislation and the institutional requirements.
Author Contributions
NO, KH, JV, and AH contributed to the study design, implementation, analysis, and manuscript writing. JM contributed to the statistical design and analysis and manuscript writing. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Funding
This pilot study was supported by funds from the Vascular Medicine, Quality Outcomes and Population Health section of the Cardiovascular Division, University of Minnesota Medical School and is a part of a larger study of a statewide media and health professional campaign supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (RO1HL126041).
Conflict of Interest
NO has received funding from a grant provided by the Council on Aspirin for Health and Prevention for a separate research study.
The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
The reviewer HB declared a shared affiliation, with the authors to the handling editor at the time of the review.
Acknowledgments
We wish to thank Russell Herder, a media company in Minneapolis, MN for developing the Ask About Aspirin website, study invitation, and all of the program creative materials.
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Keywords: health education, internet, aspirin, cardiovascular disease, prevention
Citation: Oldenburg NC, Horvath KJ, Van't Hof J, Misialek JR and Hirsch AT (2021) Promoting Aspirin Use for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Among an Adult Internet-Using Population: A Pilot Study. Front. Public Health 9:500296. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.500296
Received: 24 September 2019; Accepted: 11 February 2021;
Published: 16 March 2021.
Edited by:
Åsa Cajander, Uppsala University, SwedenReviewed by:
Henry Blackburn, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, United StatesJonas Moll, Örebro University, Sweden
Copyright © 2021 Oldenburg, Horvath, Van't Hof, Misialek and Hirsch. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Niki C. Oldenburg, olden019@umn.edu
†Deceased