Abstract
The COVID-19 outbreak was declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) as global pandemic in March 2020. Considering the necessity to implement rapid response to control the pandemic and the fragility and the state of need of low income countries, it will be mandatory to develop a global approach in order to reduce the spread of infection and the creation of community viral reservoirs. So far, we could hypothesize a worst case scenario in which when the COVID-19 outbreak hits a peak in Africa and in low-income countries, the majority of such countries will be unprepared, with low resources allocated for affording the viral emergency and the consequences will be catastrophic with no lesson learnt. In the best case scenario, the COVID-19 will not affect Africa or South America on a large scale and, if the prevention measures will be implemented, we could register a lower incidence of hygiene linked diseases that still represent leading causes of death.
Correspondence
The COVID-19 outbreak was declared, by the World Health Organization (WHO), a global pandemic in March 2020. The number of confirmed cases is increasing worldwide and after Asian and European regions, a steep increase is now being observed in low-income countries (1). It is being recommended that to reduce the spread of the virus SARS-Cov-2 that leads to the disease COVID-19, a rapid implementation of public health response strategies is required including isolation, quarantine, social distancing, and community containment measures (2). Considering the necessity of implementing a rapid response to control the pandemic, as well as the fragility and state of need of low income countries, it will be mandatory to develop a general approach to reduce the infection spreading and the creation of community viral reservoirs. Importantly, the African Task Force for Coronavirus Preparedness and Response (AFTCOR) has now been established. If successful, it may provide a model for low-and-middle income countries to follow. This task force includes six main lines: risk communication; prevention and control activities in health care centers and hospitals; surveillance, including screening at the borders and customs; labs testing and sub-typing; treatment of positive patients; and supply chain management (3). Prevention measures recommended by WHO include: (I) Regular and thorough hand-washing with an alcohol-based solution; (II) Avoid touching eyes, nose and mouth; (III) Accurate respiratory hygiene: in case of a cough or sneeze it is important to cover mouth and nose with bent elbow or tissue; (IV) in case of fever, cough and difficulty breathing, it is important to consult a physician early; (V) correct information, paying attention to fake news and following health care advice; (VI) maintenance of security distance (one meter or three feet) from people coughing or sneezing (4). The majority of these are basic good standards for hygiene and should routinely be applied worldwide. However, such standards are not common especially in low-income countries. Thus, if the COVID-19 outbreak results in the routine introduction of these measures, cross-over benefit may occur; that is, we could observe reductions in others diseases linked to poor sanitation conditions such as pneumonia, gastroenteritis, diarrhea, dysentery, hepatitis A, cholera, typhoid, polio, and skin infections.
Therefore, according to the knowledge we have so far, we could conjecture a worst- and a best-case scenario. In the worst case scenario, when the COVID-19 outbreak hits a peak in Africa and in low-income countries, the majority of such countries will be unprepared, with low resources allocated for affording the viral emergency and the consequences will be catastrophic with no lesson learnt. This would be the defeat of global health in an International Community that would show its slowness and cumbersome nature. At the beginning, in the best case scenario, it was hypothesized that COVID-19 would have not impacted so deeply sub-Saharan Africa and South America, similarly to the global outbreak of SARS-CoV in February 2003, suggesting that the spread of these viruses is more likely in the cold season and, thus, the southern hemisphere could be affected later or not at all (3). Unfortunately, South America is currently heavily affected showing substantial difference from 2003. In sub-Saharan Africa, on the contrary, although precise data are missing, it seems to have less impact, this may be due to other climate-related differences including outdoor life, the effect of hot and solar light in reducing the survival of COVID-19 on external surfaces and, different innate immunity of different ethnicities (3). In addition to this hopeful low impact, if the prevention measures are implemented, we could register a lower incidence of hygiene-linked diseases that still represent leading causes of death (5).
In conclusion, despite the difficulties and the negative effects that this virus will have worldwide, we are confident that, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, it could have some positive collateral effects owing to the relating public health messages.
Statements
Data availability statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary materials, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author/s.
Author contributions
LS and DP prepared the first draft. NV and VR made the final revision. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
References
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JiYMaZPeppelenboschMPPanQ. Potential association between COVID-19 mortality and health-care resource availability. Lancet Glob Health. (2020) 8:e480. 10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30068-1
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HopmanJAllegranziBMehtarS. Managing COVID-19 in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. JAMA. (2020) 323:1549–50. 10.1001/jama.2020.4169
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WHO. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public. Available online at: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public (accessed October 2020).
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El BcheraouiCMimcheHMiangotarYKrishVSZiegeweidFKrohnKJet al. Burden of disease in francophone Africa, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet Glob Health. (2020) 8:e341–51. 10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30024-3
Summary
Keywords
COVID-19, coronavirus infections, low-and lower-middle-income countries, coronavirus, perspective
Citation
Smith L, Veronese N, Racalbuto V and Pizzol D (2020) COVID-19, an Opportunity for Developing Countries?. Front. Public Health 8:548708. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.548708
Received
03 April 2020
Accepted
07 October 2020
Published
23 November 2020
Volume
8 - 2020
Edited by
Gian Mauro Manzoni, University of eCampus, Italy
Reviewed by
Starforth Lenny Okwoyo, Catholic University of Mozambique, Mozambique; Jeffery Cutter, Ministry of Health, Singapore
Updates
Copyright
© 2020 Smith, Veronese, Racalbuto and Pizzol.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Damiano Pizzol damianopizzol8@gmail.com
This article was submitted to Public Mental Health, a section of the journal Frontiers in Public Health
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