The mediating role of resilience and interaction anxiousness in the effects of physical activity on mobile phone addiction among Chinese college students

Abstract

Background:

Recent studies have shown that regular physical activity (PA) can positively influence mobile phone addiction (MPA) behaviors in college students. However, it remains unknown whether this effect is mediated by other factors. Evidence suggests that resilience and interaction anxiousness may be candidate mediators that partly explain the positive effect of PA on MPA. This study aims to explore the impact of PA on MPA through a mediation model, and the role of resilience and interaction anxiousness in this relationship.

Methods:

The participants were 590 college students (272 males; mean age = 19.67) who completed a psychosocial battery, including the international physical activity questionnaire—short form (IPAQ-SF), the connor - davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC), the interaction anxiousness scale (IAS), and the mobile phone addiction index (MPAI). Correlations of variables were computed using Pearson’s test. Mediation models were tested using SPSSS PROCESS macro with the regression bootstrapping method.

Results:

PA were negatively associated with MPA behavior (r=-.21, p < 0.01). Resilience and interaction anxiousness moderated the relationship between PA and MPA. More importantly, PA could also influence MPA through the chain-mediating effects of resilience and interaction anxiousness.

Conclusion:

It is essential to improve resilience and reduce interaction anxiousness to reduce MPA problems through regular engagement in PA among college students.

1 Introduction

Mobile phone addiction, also known as MPA, is a type of addictive behavior that is linked to excessive usage of mobile phones (1, 2). It is characterized by individuals having a strong desire for and dependency on their mobile devices, causing them to partake in activities that involve the overuse of these devices (3, 4). Current research report that adolescents and young adults are an important group of mobile phone users and have a high prevalence of MPA (5, 6). The harmful effects of MPA are particularly prominent among college students, who may experience a variety of symptoms such as headaches, dizziness, body aches, numbness in the extremities, dry eyes, blurred vision, and mental health disorders like depression, social anxiety, stress, and insomnia (7–11). Experts specializing in mental health believe that MPA will become one of the most prevalent forms of technology addiction in the 21st century (12). Therefore, it is crucial to identify the risk and protective factors that contribute to MPA in order to prevent and manage this issue effectively.

Research has indicated that the development of MPA behavior is associated with various adverse consequences, including detrimental mental and physical well-being, academic underachievement, and interpersonal difficulties (13, 14). Specifically, individuals at the college level often encounter significant challenges in their daily lives, such as interpersonal and academic hurdles. Due to their limited self-control capabilities, they experience negative emotions when confronted with these challenges (15–17). In the presence of negative moods, college students tend to resort to engaging in MPA behavior as a means of regulating their emotions and obtaining immediate rewards. The use of mobile phones, being one of the most convenient and accessible electronic devices, provides an instant solution to fulfill multiple needs and serves as an easily accessible method for stress relief, thereby contributing to the emergence of MPA behavior among college students (18, 19).

The recommended amount of physical activity (PA) by the World Health Organization is at least 150 minutes per week for moderate-to-intense PA. Alternatively, engaging in vigorous to intense PA for more than 75 minutes each week is also advised. This is to prevent chronic diseases, as regular PA offers significant benefits for both physical and mental health (20). Several studies have found negative correlations between PA and MPA (21, 22). Recent research has indicated that PA can effectively predict MPA in a negative manner. Additionally, the potential mediating role of self-control between PA and MPA has been taken into consideration (23). These findings underscore the potential advantages of PA, which could serve as an important protective mechanism against MPA.

Resilience, defined by the American Psychological Association (2014), refers to “the ability to adapt well in the face of hardship, trauma, adversity, significant sources of stress, or even tragedy” (24). In simpler terms, resilience allows individuals to return to a previous state of normalcy or health following a trauma, accident, tragedy, or illness, which is vital for both mental and physical well-being (25). It is worth mentioning that engaging in regular physical activity (PA) has been scientifically proven to effectively enhance resilience among college students. This improvement in resilience subsequently boosts their problem-solving skills, self-confidence, and ability to regulate emotions (26, 27). According to the ego-depletion model of self-regulation, individuals who struggle to successfully adapt to social issues may experience reduced self-control when it comes to using their phones (28). Consequently, it can be inferred that college students with low levels of resilience may excessively rely on the internet as a coping mechanism when faced with challenges that they are unable to resolve, particularly social problems (29). Building upon this existing evidence, resilience can be considered an internal mechanism that mediates the relationship between PA and MPA.

Interaction anxiousness, also known as social anxiety, is a psychological condition characterized by an individual’s persistent fear and emotional discomfort in social or performance situations. Individuals experiencing interaction anxiousness often seek to escape or avoid association with other people (30). Embodied cognition theories suggest a close connection between our mental states and the physical situations we find ourselves in (31). Research has consistently shown that regular physical activity (PA) can lead to higher emotional stability and reduced anxiety (32–35). Additionally, the compensatory Internet use theory proposes that individuals who face psychological challenges in the real world may turn to the Internet or smartphones as a means of escape and pain reduction (36). Notably, individuals with higher levels of interaction anxiety tend to seek support from the Internet, leading to excessive use of mobile phones (37). Taking into account this scientific evidence, it is plausible to consider interaction anxiousness as a significant mediating factor in the relationship between PA and mobile phone addiction (MPA) among college students.

According to the dynamic model of psychological resilience, resilience can be considered a protective factor against negative emotions (e.g., interaction anxiousness) (38), which can be improved by regular physical exercise (39, 40). In other words, individuals with a higher level of resilience could more easily restore their mental balance while experiencing psychological distress, accompanied by a reduction in anxiety levels. Although we hypothesized that resilience and interaction anxiousness may both mediate the effect of PA on MPA, sequential mediation models may be based on the relationship between resilience and interaction anxiousness.

Based on the theories and literature, it appears to be a negative association between PA and MPA among college students in daily life. In sporadic research that has explored the underlying mechanisms between PA and MPA, it is suggested that resilience and interaction anxiousness play a mediating role during the process. The present study was guided by the following hypotheses:

• (1) Resilience and interaction anxiousness mediate the relationship between PA and MPA in college students (H1→H5; H4→H3).

• (2) Resilience and interaction anxiousness play a chain-mediating role in the relationship between PA and MPA among college students (H1→H2→H3).

This study followed these assumptions to investigate the relationships between the four key variables using the research hypothesis model shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1

2 Method

2.1 Participants

A convenience sampling approach was used to recruit targeted college students aged between 18 and 25 years in three university in Guangdong province, southern China. Eligible participants were described in the study and were asked whether they were willing to participate. After providing written informed consent, the participants were asked to complete a comprehensive questionnaire to collect demographic information and other subsequent procedures. Questionnaires were collected from March 2022 to May 2022, and the initial sample comprised 647 college students. After the questionnaires were collected, we conducted repeated inspections and screenings to eliminate questionnaires that took less than 2 min to complete, had irregular answers, and were logically contradictory. The final sample of valid responses was obtained from 590 participants (272 males and 318 females; Mage = 19.67, SD = 1.48). The recruitment and data collection procedures were approved by the Ethics Committee of Shenzhen University.

2.2 Measure

2.2.1 Physical activity

The levels of PA among college students were evaluated through the utilization of the validated Chinese version (41) of the international questionnaire on physical activity—abbreviated form (IPAQ-SF) (42). IPAQ-SF determines the PA levels in the past 7 days by gathering and dividing the time spent on vigorous activity, moderate activity, walking, and sitting. The total PA level (represented by metabolic equivalent [MET]) was calculated based on the quantities of vigorous, moderate, and walking activities. In this study, Cronbach’s alpha for the IPAQ-SF was determined to be 0.87.

2.2.2 Resilience

To measure resilience over the last month, we utilized the Chinese edition of the Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC) (35). This scale, consisting of 25 items, incorporates three main aspects: tenacity, strength, and optimism. Participants rated each item on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (hardly ever) to 5 (almost always). A greater score indicates a higher degree of resilience. Our study observed a high level of internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.93).

2.2.3 Interaction anxiousness

In order to evaluate the levels of interaction anxiousness, the Chinese adaptation of the interaction anxiousness scale (IAS) was employed (43). Consisting of 15 items, this version requires participants to rate their responses on a 5-point Likert scale. Respondents rate the items on a scale ranging from 1 (never) to 5 (always). Enhanced scores signify elevated levels of interaction anxiety. The reliability of the IAS, as measured by Cronbach’s alpha, was found to be 0.89 in the current study.

2.2.4 Mobile phone addiction

To evaluate mobile phone addiction, researchers utilized the mobile phone addiction index (MPAI) (44). This index comprises 17 items that gauge four different aspects of smartphone addiction: lack of control over cravings, anxiety levels, disorientation and withdrawal, and diminished productivity. Survey respondents provided answers to these items using a 5-point scale, ranging from 1 (never) to 5 (always). Prior investigations have attested to the MPAI’s reliability and validity among Chinese adolescents and young adults (45). In our current study, the measure displayed strong internal consistency, as indicated by Cronbach’s α coefficient of 0.88.

2.3 Data analysis

Data were analyzed using SPSS 21.0 software and the PROCESS macro (44). Specifically, the total score of each scale was first calculated according to the corresponding formula and rules. Second, Harman’s single-factor test was used to assess common method bias, which indicated a concern if one factor explained more than 50% of the total variance (46, 47). Third, gender differences in all tested variables were tested by independent sample t-test. Pearson’s correlations between each of the two dependent variables (PA, resilience, interaction anxiousness, and MPA) were tested to support the research hypotheses. Finally, according to our hypotheses, we constructed three models to test for validity using SPSS 21.0 (Model 6, the PROCESS macro). The bias-corrected percentile bootstrap method was used to test the mediation models (mediation model of resilience; mediation model of interaction anxiousness) and the chain mediation model of resilience and interaction anxiousness. The mediation model was implemented with 5,000 bootstrap samples and 95% corrected confidence intervals (CIs) (48, 49).

3 Results

3.1 Common method bias

Common method bias was tested using Harman’s single-factor method. We first conducted exploratory factor analyses for all items and each scale. The results indicated that 11 factors had eigenvalues higher than 1.0; the first factor explained only 20.74% of the total variance, which is lower than 50%. Thus, the results indicated that the common method bias was not large enough to distort the results.

3.2 Descriptive statistics

Descriptive statistics showed that the scores of self-reported levels of PA, resilience, interaction anxiousness, and MPA were moderate (Table 1). Moreover, resilience and interaction anxiousness showed significant gender differences; specifically, male students demonstrated higher resilience scores than female students, and female students had higher interaction anxiousness than male students. Pearson’s correlation analysis found that PA had a significantly positive correlation with resilience, and it was negatively correlated with interaction anxiety and MPA. Resilience was positively associated with interaction anxiousness and MPA, and interaction anxiousness had a significantly positive association with MPA. Correlation coefficients are displayed in Table 2.

3.3 Chained mediating analyses

According to the model 6 in the Process program, a chain mediation model was established with PA as an independent variable, resilience and interaction anxiousness as mediating variables, and MPA as a dependent variable. As shown in Figure 2, PA significantly and positively predicted resilience (H1 = 0.23, P < 0.01), resilience significantly negatively predicted interaction anxiousness (H2 = -0.18, P < 0.01), and interaction anxiousness significantly and positively predicted MPA (H3 = 0.22 P <0.01).

Figure 2

Table 3 showed the overall path coefficients of the mediation analysis. Specifically, in the total effect model, the direct predictive effect of PA on MPA in this study revealed that PA was able to predict MPA significantly and negatively (H7 = -0.30, 95%CIs [-0.002, -0.001]). When resilience and interaction anxiousness as mediating variables were added to construct a chain mediation model, PA still played a significant role in predicting MPA (H6 = -0.20, 95%Cls [-0.002, -0.001]). The indirect effect of perceived social support through resilience and interaction anxiousness was also significant (H1→H2→H3 = -0.01, 95% CIs [-0.016, -0.003]), which confirmed the research hypotheses. Each mediation path had a significant effect on MPA (H1→H5, H4→H3= -0.05, -0.04, 95% CIs [-0.075, -0.029], [-0.063, -0.018], respectively), which also confirmed the research hypotheses.

4 Discussion

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of PA on MPA among college students and the mediating role of resilience and interaction anxiousness in this relationship, which further extends previous studies on the mechanism of PA on MPA and helps to gain a better understanding of the potential benefit of PA concerning MPA (47). Three mediating paths were found in the mechanism underlying the relationship between PA and MPA among Chinese college students. Specifically, resilience and interaction anxiousness moderated the relationship between PA and MPA. More importantly, PA could also influence MPA through the chain-mediating effects of resilience and interaction anxiousness. Physical exercise is a positive and effective means of health promotion, and an increase in exercise can improve the brain’s emotional processing ability to relieve anxiety and reduce phone addiction. Thus, based on the above mentioned mechanisms, physical exercise could be an intervention to treat college students with MPA.

First, resilience appears to be an important mediator in the effects of PA on MPA among college students. College students with higher levels of PA had higher levels of resilience, which significantly and positively predicted MPA among them. Our study found that PA has a significant effect on resilience, similar to the findings of previous studies (50, 51), because it can enhance emotion regulation by protecting neurons in regions of the brain, such as the striatum and hippocampus (27). Besides, according to the dynamic model of psychological resilience, when college students face adverse events such as bad interpersonal relationships and academic pressure, individuals with high resilience levels regulate their negative emotions and avoid being frustrated by real problems and indulging in the online world (51). The university stage is a transition period into social life, where many stressors and challenges are experienced in daily life and studies. Participation in PA may be an appropriate way to regulate emotions by enhancing psychological resilience, resulting in reduced MPA.

Second, it appears that interaction anxiousness mediated the association between PA and MPA among college students. Due to the mature entertainment and social functions of cell phones, as well as their universality and accessibility, their use has become the main way for college students to satisfy the need for interaction while reducing the anxiety of realistic interactions. The final result is that college students indulge more in the virtual environment built by cell phones, thus increasing their MPA level (52). The interaction of the person-affect-cognition-execution (I-PACE) model suggests that individuals’ characteristics (e.g., personality, spirit) may influence their cognitive function and behaviors; thus, reducing negative emotions through regular PA is a potential mechanism for reducing MPA (53). As known, exercise stimulates the release of endorphins, a kind of polypeptide beneficial for reducing negative emotions (47). From a physiological point of view, increased exercise can improve the occurrence of anxiety, which reduces the emotional relief of mobile phone use. Furthermore, it is important to acknowledge that consistent engagement in physical activity can facilitate the establishment of new social connections. These newfound relationships may continue to be significant post-exercise, providing emotional support and aids in reducing anxiety (54). Additionally, these social interactions may lead to decreased reliance on mobile devices by participating in other activities (e.g., Watch a movie, reading) (55), ultimately lowering levels of problematic mobile phone usage.

Third, this study found that resilience and interaction anxiousness played a chain-mediating role in the association between PA and MPA among college students, revealing the mechanism by which PA affects MPA through the combined effect of resilience and interaction anxiousness. Our findings suggest close connections between resilience and interaction anxiousness, which echoes a previous study of negative emotions (35). Based on our findings, we speculate that the higher the PA level of college students, the higher the level of resilience, and the more the benefits of flexibly dealing with the negative effects of changes in the external environment, such as reducing social avoidance and distress in social situations, which can reduce the tendency toward cell phone addiction (56).

5 Practical implications and limitations

In summary, the results support the hypotheses of our study, and this study introduced two variables – resilience and interaction anxiousness – which expands on the existing research into the impact of PA on MPA. Following the PA Guidelines for World Health Organization explanation, we suggest the actual amount of PA can higher than the PA Guidelines for World Health Organization recommend because it can bring more mental health benefits. In particular, during the COVID-19 epidemic, periods of confinement can lead to physical dysfunction and mental distress (e.g., MPA), partially attributed to reductions in habitual physical activity. Our findings indicate that college students should actively perform PA to improve resilience and reduce interaction anxiousness, which is conducive to reducing the negative consequences of MPA. Our finding have certain guiding significance for the prevention of MPA behavior among college students. Therefore, college students need to closely monitor their own the level of PA during the COVID-19 epidemic, especially for those who want to regulate their own mobile phone use behaviors.

However, some limitations of this study should be mentioned when interpreting its results. First, the data collected were cross-sectional and could only reveal a correlation—and not a causal relationship—between PA and MPA among college students. Further research and experiments are needed to verify this causality. Second, all subjects in this study were from one district of Guangdong province, China, which limited the representativeness of the sample. Extending the survey to a national sample is necessary for future studies. Third, all data in this study were collected through self-reported scales, and bias may exist because of the social desirability effect and/or memory errors. Finally, from the perspective of data analysis, gender differences were observed in resilience and interaction anxiety. More research is thus needed to uncover the mechanisms underlying the association between PA and MPA.

6 Conclusion

In this study, we found that PA was significantly related to MPA among college students and that this relationship was mediated by a series of associations between resilience and interaction anxiety. It is thus recommended to improve resilience and reduce interaction anxiousness to curb MPA problems through regular engagement in PA among college students.

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