Seyedeh Reihaneh Hosseini1
Ahmad Hajebi2,3
Mohammadreza Shalbafan4*
Farnaz Ghannadi5
Amine Larnaout6
Marwa Nofal7,8,9
Tomasz M. Gondek10,11
Mariana Pinto da Costa12,13- 1Brain and Cognition Clinic, Institute for Cognitive Sciences Studies, Tehran, Iran
- 2Research Center for Addiction & Risky Behaviors (ReCARB), Psychosocial Health Research Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 3Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 4Mental Health Research Center, Psychosocial Health Research Institute (PHRI), Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 5School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 6Department of Psychiatry, Razi Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- 7Helwan Mental Health Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
- 8Mental Health Research Network of Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
- 9Kingsley Green hospital, Hertfordshire partnership University NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- 10Iter Psychology Practices, Wroclaw, Poland
- 11Institute of Clinical Improvement, Warsaw, Poland
- 12Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- 13Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic placed great strain on healthcare professionals, leading to a substantial impact and a redistribution of the workforce. Despite the active involvement of the Eastern Mediterranean Region Office (EMRO) and the World Health Organization in managing mental health crises, there is a knowledge gap concerning the working conditions and training opportunities available for early career psychiatrists (ECPs) during the pandemic period.
Objectives: This study aims to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ECPs and how it affected their well-being, employment, and educational opportunities.
Methods: A mixed methods study has been conducted in Iran, Egypt, and Tunisia, three EMRO member countries. It includes a cross-sectional survey with self-reported questions, and a qualitative study with individual in-depth interviews.
Discussion: The findings of this study will raise awareness to the working conditions of ECPs within the EMRO region and its member societies, both during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. The results will serve as a basis for encouraging supervisors and policymakers to mitigate the pandemic’s impact on psychiatric training, strengthen healthcare systems’ preparedness, and equip early career psychiatrists with the necessary skills to deal with the mental health consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Introduction
Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare employees faced exceptional work demands, resulting in a unique array of physical and psychological stressors. Reports indicate that these stressors elicited complex emotions, including dread, rage, anxiety, sorrow, and sleep difficulties (1, 2). In response to the COVID-19 health crisis, the World Health Organization (WHO) has prioritised the provision of mental health services at all population levels, addressing the psychological, emotional, and social needs of individuals and communities (3).
The Eastern Mediterranean Region Office (EMRO) has extensive expertise in providing psychosocial and mental health crisis support (4). The COVID-19 has stimulated further innovation, pushing for the development of new and effective mental health services (5). Previous research has showed that psychiatrists in various EMRO member countries have used different modalities of telepsychiatry as an alternative way of working, including online conferencing tools, individual and group psychotherapy, telephone hotlines or consultations (6). The abrupt transition to remote mental health service delivery has presented challenges in acquiring new technological skills, adapting to various modes of patient interaction, and navigating the complexities of providing adequate care through virtual platforms (7).
Early career psychiatrists (ECPs) have been notably affected by the pandemic, lacking practical learning opportunities, such as in-person clinical experiences and hands-on training, disrupting their traditional learning pathways. The lack of practical experience can impede the development of essential clinical competencies and skills (8). Reduced healthcare expenditures, decreased patient visits, and disruptions within healthcare systems have contributed to employment and financial insecurity. These financial stresses can impact psychiatrists’ mental health and career prospects, potentially leading to exhaustion and decreased job satisfaction (8).
The shortage of mental health professionals has worsened as several were redeployed to COVID-19 treatment facilities (9). Additionally, the insufficient availability of replacement personnel while individuals were isolated due to COVID-19 diagnosis resulted in an increased workload for the already operational workforce. This, in turn, significantly contributed to heightened levels of burnout among the existing staff. In a study examining the global repercussions of COVID-19 with 2707 participants from 60 different countries, it was revealed that 51% of healthcare workers reported feelings of burnout (10).
However, there is limited understanding of the working conditions of psychiatrists during and after the COVID-19 pandemic in EMRO countries. The unique challenges faced by healthcare systems in these disadvantaged communities, such as limited resources, insufficient mental health assistance, and restricted internet access, may have exacerbated the impact of the pandemic on mental healthcare professionals.
This study aimed to investigate how early career psychiatrists (ECPs) were exposed and impacted to the COVID-19 pandemic, including its effects on their well-being, work circumstances, and education.
Methods
Study design
A mixed-methods study will be conducted to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ECPs in three countries of the EMRO, a sub-community of WHO that comprises a group of developing countries with diverse economies located in Southwest Asia, Western Asia, and North Africa (11). This study will focus on three EMRO member countries: Tunisia, a North African nation with a lower-middle-income (12); Egypt, a country with a medium level of development with its Human Development Index (HDI) ranking of 101 out of 169 nations by the World Bank (13); and Iran, where the promotion of mental health and occupational mental health is often overlooked in psychiatry training programs (14).
To meet the eligibility criteria for participation in our study, individuals must: 1) be psychiatrists, having completed their specialization within the past five years, or psychiatric trainees (certified physicians undergoing psychiatric training at legitimate institutions in each country), 2) be employed in a clinical or academic setting through the pandemic, and 3) be willing to provide informed consent for their involvement in the study. The term early career psychiatrists (ECPs) refers to psychiatric trainees and psychiatrists who completed their training in the past five years.
Phase 1: cross-sectional survey
Study instrument
A self-reported, 24-item, anonymous questionnaire has been developed in English for a worldwide cross-sectional study on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the well-being, work conditions and education of early career psychiatrists (15). This will be translated into the respective languages of the participating nations via forward and backward translation.
The questionnaire covers: i) participants’ sociodemographic characteristics, ii) perspectives on COVID-19, iii) the impact of the pandemic on their professional careers, iv) impact on education, v) workplace environment, vi) well-being, and vi) the utilization of telepsychiatry in their respective countries.
Data collection
An online questionnaire with the corresponding URL will be distributed to potential participants in each country via email and social media. A non-random convenience sampling approach will be used.
Data analysis
Using IBM SPSS software, the collected survey data will be compiled into a single dataset and analyzed. Descriptive statistical analysis will summarize categorical variables using frequency distribution and continuous variables using means or medians. Cross-tabulations and chi-square tests will be used to investigate the links between sociodemographic factors and key outcomes. Multivariate analyses will identify predictors of professional well-being and job adaptation while considering confounding variables.
Phase 2: qualitative study
Study instrument
Semi-structured individual interviews will be conducted, guided by a topic guide. Each interview is anticipated to last approximately one hour (in person or remotely). The topic guide details are provided in Appendix 1.
The interviews will be conducted by expert researchers with backgrounds in psychiatry or psychology, trained in qualitative research methods, and supervised by a senior qualitative researcher to ensure neutrality and minimise bias. The interview materials will be piloted to clarify content and maximize clarity.
Data collection
Purposive sampling (16) will be used to include participants from each country, continuing until reaching saturation, at which point no further novel information or insights arise in the interviews. All interviews will be audio-recorded.
This study will adhere to the best practice guidelines outlined in the Consolidated Checklist for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) to maintain high-quality research standards (17).
Data analysis
The interviews will be transcribed verbatim. Initial codes, representing foundational pieces of information pertaining to the research question, will be generated. Patterns and relationships will be identified among the codes, leading to the classification of codes into categories known as themes. By understanding the core of each theme and how it represents different aspects of the data, we will give names and definitions to the themes. After exploring for possible sub-themes, we will thoroughly analyze the data through the Braun and Clarke thematic analysis (18). The research team will use the NVivo software for analysis.
The research team will review the themes and subthemes multiple times during the analysis process to ensure that there is internal consistency between the ideas conveyed and the codes used to generate each theme. The findings will be shared with participants for additional evaluation and validation.
Ethics and dissemination
The assessment is anonymous, and participants will provide informed consent. We will obtain approval of the study from related review boards. Research Ethics Committees of Iran University of Medical Sciences approved the protocol of this study (IR.IUMS.REC.1401.769) to be in accordance with the ethical principles and national norms and standards for conducting Medical Research in Iran.
The findings will be published in scientific peer-reviewed journals as well as presented in international and local academic meetings.
Discussion
Mental health conditions, such as depression, anxiety, sleep deprivation, and post-traumatic stress disorder, have been observed among physicians, nurses, and other healthcare workers due to the heightened stress levels associated with the COVID-19 pandemic (19). A cross-sectional survey in Europe reported how ECPs experienced significant changes in their working conditions and limited training opportunities during the COVID-19 pandemic (15). The European Psychiatric Association (EPA) conducted a cross-sectional survey of mental health professionals practicing in Europe and reported that the transition to remote psychiatric care resulted in fewer in-person consultations, with repercussions for patients lacking digital resources (20).
A cross-sectional study conducted in China revealed that medical personnel experienced anxiety and melancholy during the pandemic, and reported the potential benefits of psychological support and group therapy (21). In Iran, a cross-sectional study using an online questionnaire investigated the deleterious effects of COVID-19 on the education and mental health of general surgery and obstetrics/gynecology trainees (22). Similarly, in Italy, a survey (23) highlighted the negative impact of the pandemic on obstetrics and gynecology training programs and proposed innovative solutions to mitigate the deficiencies in training caused by COVID-19. An international survey covering 140 countries, with 6492 undergraduate and postgraduate medical learners, reported concerns regarding the quality of online education and the potential loss of educational experience during the pandemic (24). A narrative review investigated the mental health challenges encountered by healthcare workers and described factors such as long working hours, lack of social support, and insufficient protective measures (25).
Our study is targeting a diverse sample of participants and will include memory aids such as major event markers to enhance participant recall. Through the in-depth interviews we will further understand the challenges encountered by medical practitioners throughout the pandemic, and the role of the economical and geopolitical circumstances of each of the EMRO countries during this period.
By examining the impact of COVID-19 on psychiatric trainees and ECPs, this study aims to address the knowledge gap and offer insights into the experiences of this particular population in the EMRO region. Understanding the obstacles faced, the impact on their mental health, the adaptations to work conditions, and the disruptions to their educational and professional development can inform the development of targeted interventions and policies to meet their needs.
In particular, examining the work conditions and educational experiences of ECPs during the pandemic can shed light on potential systemic challenges and improvement opportunities within the mental healthcare systems of EMRO nations. These results can help healthcare administrators, mental health professionals and policymakers, to develop strategies to strengthen mental health services, address resource limitations, and amplify support for this important group of professionals.
Ethics statement
This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Iran University of Medical Sciences. Participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.
Author contributions
SH: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft. AH: Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing. MS: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing. FG: Investigation, Writing – review & editing. AL: Investigation, Writing – review & editing. MN: Investigation, Writing – review & editing. TG: Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing. MP: Conceptualization, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing.
Funding
The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This study was supported by the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Early Career Grant Programme funded by the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine (RSTMH) and the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) awarded to MS and MP.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
The author(s) declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision.
Publisher’s note
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Keywords: COVID-19, early career psychiatrists, psychiatric trainees, work conditions, education, well-being, mental health, EMRO
Citation: Hosseini SR, Hajebi A, Shalbafan M, Ghannadi F, Larnaout A, Nofal M, Gondek TM and Pinto da Costa M (2024) The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the well-being, work conditions, and education of early career psychiatrists in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region: study protocol. Front. Psychiatry 15:1340181. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1340181
Received: 17 November 2023; Accepted: 08 January 2024;
Published: 22 February 2024.
Edited by:
Yuka Kotozaki, Iwate Medical University, JapanReviewed by:
Atefeh Zandifar, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, IranAtefeh Mohammadjafari, Tehran University of Medical Science, Iran
Rahim Badrfam, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
Copyright © 2024 Hosseini, Hajebi, Shalbafan, Ghannadi, Larnaout, Nofal, Gondek and Pinto da Costa. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Mohammadreza Shalbafan, shalbafan.mr@iums.ac.ir