Shuman Wang
Mimi Zheng1,2,3†- 1Department of Nursing, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Fudan University Cancer Hospital, Shanghai, China
- 2Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Proton Heavy Ion Hospital, Shanghai, China
- 3Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, Shanghai Proton Heavy Ion Hospital, Shanghai, China
Objective: Meaninglessness poses a significant psychological challenge for cancer patients, negatively affecting their quality of life and increasing the risk of suicide. Meaning-Centered Group Therapy (MCGP) is an intervention designed specifically to enhance the meaning of life of cancer patients. Extensive research has documented its effectiveness across various cultures and populations. However, limited research has been conducted on the subjective experiences and perspectives of participants engaged in MCGP. Thus, the purpose of this study was to employ a qualitative design to explore the experiences and viewpoints of Chinese cancer patients who have undergone MCGP.
Methods: Within a two-week timeframe following the conclusion of MCGP, semi-structured interviews were administered to twenty-one participants who had engaged in the therapy. The interview data were transcribed and subjected to thematic analysis.
Results: Four main themes were identified: (a) Self-perceived personal change, (b) Overall experience of group therapy, (c) Barriers to participation of MCGP, and (d) Suggestions for future interventions.
Conclusion: Despite the barriers to participation in the MCGP process, the overall experience for Chinese cancer patients undergoing active treatment is valuable and positive, providing multiple benefits. Future studies could explore the adaptation of MCGP to a broader range of cancer populations and diverse study populations.
1. Introduction
As the world’s most populous country, China bears the highest burden of new cancer cases and fatalities globally (1). The diagnosis and treatment of cancer inflict a range of adverse psychological effects on patients, including diminished meaning of life, psychological distress, despair, and contemplation of suicide, significantly impacting their quality of life (2, 3). The quest for the meaning of life ranks among the foremost existential concerns within the context of the cancer experience (4–7). A high level of meaning of life predicts better coping with cancer, lower negative emotions, and reduced suicide rates (8–10). Regrettably, studies indicate that the level of meaning of life among cancer patients is not promising, regardless of the stage of diagnosis or treatment (11–13).
Meaning-Centered Group Psychotherapy (MCGP) is a scientifically validated intervention that draws upon Frankl’s work and incorporates existentialism (14, 15). The therapy content blends didactics, discussions, and experiential exercises, focusing on the pivotal aspects of freedom, responsibility, choice, creativity, identity, creative values, experiential values, attitudinal values, and temporality. It aims to enhance the meaning of life of patients diagnosed with advanced cancer. While originally developed for this specific population, MCGP have demonstrated wide applicability, across various populations and cultures, offering relevance and benefits irrespective of the cancer stage or prognosis (14–22).
The meaning of life of cancer patients undergoing active treatment is a critical concern deserving of attention, not only in the late or terminal stages (23). While these patients may not face the same intense physical and emotional challenges as those with advanced cancer, the psychological impact and disruption to their lives should not be underestimated. Taking into account the traditional Chinese culture and the unique characteristics of the population during active treatment, our research team adapted the MCGP and conducted a randomized controlled trial to assess its effectiveness in actively treated cancer patients. The study showed positive effects of MCGP on the meaning of life in aggressively treated cancer individuals (18). However, there are limited studies that have conducted in-depth examinations of the experiences of cancer patients undergoing active treatment with MCGP. Qualitative evidence holds the potential to offer valuable insights into how the MCGP impacts patients’ perspectives and recommendations concerning treatment outcomes. To refine the program before a large-scale randomized controlled trial validating the efficacy of MCGP among Chinese cancer patients, we conducted a qualitative study for invaluable insights.
2. Methods
2.1. Study design
This study utilized a descriptive qualitative research design, which is rooted in the philosophical principles of naturalistic inquiry. Thematic analysis was employed to describe the expressed, superficial, and apparent experiences of individuals. The research methods and findings were developed and reported in accordance with the Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative studies (COREQ) (24) (Supplementary File 1).
2.2. Participants
Participants for the interview study were selected from a pool of patients who had been randomly assigned to receive MCGP in the RCT study. Inclusion criteria for the RCT study were age between 18 and 60, awareness of cancer diagnosis, Stage I-III cancer, Mandarin fluency, and voluntary participation. Exclusion criteria included acute disease phase, severe hepatic or renal impairment, cardiopulmonary issues, severe mental disorders, significant cognitive deficits, or use of other medications or psychological interventions. Purposive sampling targeted patients with diverse age, education, cancer site, cancer stage, and MCGP session completion. Data collection continued until data saturation. Among the thirty-four MCGP group patients, twenty-two were invited to participate, and twenty-one (95%) agreed, with one declining due to lack of interest.
2.3. Intervention
A more comprehensive description of the original MCGP has been published in other articles (15). However, we have made several modifications to the original MCGP, which include: (a) adjusting the intervention frequency to twice a week for 4 weeks; (b) replacing “legacy” with “story” and “achievement” with “satisfaction”; (c) eliminating the experiential exercise in the first session; (d) introducing the experiential exercise “What identities do you want to prioritize after your illness?” in the second activity; (e) incorporating the experiential exercises “What do you consider a meaningful or good death?” and the “Legacy Project”; and (f) placing greater emphasis on “love” and “beauty” in the seventh activity.
2.4. Data collection
Patients gave their informed consent prior to the face-to-face interviews conducted in a hospital interview room from June 2022 to September 2022. Interviews were conducted by telephone if the patient had been discharged. Qualitative data was collected using semi-structured interviews conducted within 2 weeks after the completion of MCGP. The research team developed the interview guide based on the study’s purpose and previous work done for MCGP. The initial interview outline was pilot-tested with two subjects and no changes were made to the interview guide, including the pilot interviews in the final analysis (Table 1). The interviews were conducted by a female master’s student in nursing psychology with extensive experience in qualitative research methods. Participants were unfamiliar with the interviewer. Only the researcher and participant were present during each interview, which were recorded and transcribed.
Table 1. Interview guide.
2.5. Data analysis
Data analysis occurred concurrently with its collection. No repeat interviews were conducted. The data were managed using NVivo12 (25, 26). The interview data underwent six phases of thematic analysis following Braun and Clarke’s method (27). These phases involved familiarizing with the transcribed data, coding keywords, organizing themes and subthemes, reviewing and naming themes, compiling results, and performing the final analysis. The findings were sent back to the participants to confirm whether the statements accurately reflected their experiences. The analysis was independently conducted by two members of the research team, each possessing prior expertise in qualitative data analysis. Any discrepancies were resolved through discussion and consensus with a third researcher. Peer review was conducted by team members to review the information and coding, ensuring its integrity and minimizing potential research bias.
2.6. Ethics
The current study was part of a clinical trial, which obtained ethical approval by the Institutional Review Board of Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Hospital (2202-53-04). The study was registered as a clinical trial on Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, number ChiCTR2200060672.
3. Results
3.1. Sample characteristics
Participants were aged between 22 and 59 years, with a mean of 38 years. Females accounted for 52% of the participants, and the majority (90.5%) had completed college education or beyond. 66.7% of the participants were diagnosed with head and neck cancer (Table 2).
Table 2. Participant characteristics (N = 21).
3.2. Qualitative findings
The interviews lasted an average of 27 min (range 21–43 min). Four main themes and 14 subthemes were identified (Table 3). Illustrative quotes of the themes and subthemes were provided (Supplementary File 2).
Table 3. Qualitative themes and subthemes.
3.3. Self-perceived personal change
3.3.1. New insights on things
Participants expressed that MCGP delves into broader aspects of life beyond their disease, resulting in many patients gaining a fresh perspective and a deeper understanding of the meaning of life. Through listening to stories shared by fellow patients regarding the power and advantages of family support, some participants underwent a change in their perception of marriage, while others developed a heightened appreciation for the critical role played by family support. Another participant shared that, following her participation in the MCGP, she acquired fresh strategies for cultivating positivity and embracing negative thoughts. Moreover, the themes of the MCGP served as a profound source of inspiration for participants in various ways, particularly the concept of “Attitudinal Sources of Meaning,” which significantly influenced their perceptions of cancer and led them to recognize the inherent value and significance within the experience of the disease.
3.3.2. Changes in daily lives
Numerous participants underwent a profound transformation in their life perspectives, transitioning from states of confusion and apprehension about the future to newfound confidence, hope, and an enhanced sense of personal responsibility. Moreover, they gained a heightened clarity regarding their life priorities. Some expressed a desire to allocate more time and energy to their families, while others stressed the importance of prioritizing their own needs over meeting external expectations. In the bustling lives of many participants, they often felt constrained by limited time for true immersion in life. However, upon delving into “Experiential Sources of Meaning,” patients discovered an enhanced ability to perceive and construct meaning in their everyday experiences.
3.3.3. Clear life goals
Participants gain a clearer perspective on their future goals through their involvement in the MCGP. One participant mentioned that the theme “Historical Sources of Meaning” helped him recognize the importance of legacy and imparting wisdom, providing him with a clearer sense of how he wants to allocate his time and energy in the future. Furthermore, there are patients who, upon realizing their central role in their own lives, muster the courage to pursue long-held desires they had previously set aside.
3.4. Overall experience of group therapy
3.4.1. Supportive group environment
Participants underscored the crucial role of the supportive environment cultivated by MCGP, which empowered them to connect with fellow participants and glean valuable insights from diverse viewpoints. They noted that communicating with others who shared similar experiences was often more comfortable than with family members. This safe space provided an outlet for their emotions and an opportunity to address matters related to their illness.
3.4.2. Social support
During interviews, participants highlighted the profound impact of receiving social support from both therapists and peers, noting that this support system can extend beyond their discharge from the hospital.
3.4.3. Opinion of intervention elements
Participants noted that engaging in this type of group activity was a novel experience for them. Surprisingly, they exhibited robust motivation and satisfaction with this format. While most patients found the duration and frequency of the intervention to be suitable and were content with it, a few suggested that the intervention could be slightly shortened. Moreover, many participants expressed positive sentiments regarding the core concepts of the MCGP, firmly believing that these principles held substantial value and warranted further contemplation and discussion.
3.5. Barriers to participation of MCGP
3.5.1. Evoking emotions
Discussing illness within a group is nearly inevitable, and this often leads to feelings of sadness and negativity. Consequently, certain participants choose to withdraw from such groups as they find it challenging to cope with these emotionally evocative situations.
3.5.2. Physical limitations
Patients stated that the side effects of the illness and its treatment can make it even harder for them to participate in MCGP. These side effects include problems like reduced taste, oral sores, nausea, vomiting, and others.
3.5.3. Lack of time
Certain participants emphasized the conflicts they faced in balancing their involvement in the MCGP with effectively managing their time, primarily due to work or therapy. These conflicts occasionally rendered them unable to participate in the MCGP.
3.5.4. Insufficient acknowledgment of psychosocial care
Some patients prioritize treating their physical illness when they come to the hospital and overlook the significance of mental health.
3.6. Suggestions for future interventions
3.6.1. Additional information on conditions
Participants expressed a desire for additional information on subjects like common side effects after cancer treatment, as well as increased opportunities to communicate with fellow patients about their conditions.
3.6.2. Rich format and arrangement
Participants provided insightful suggestions to enhance the format of experiential exercises and the content of the MCGP, including incorporating positive thinking meditation and presenting the experiential exercises in a gamified format.
3.6.3. Positive atmosphere
Special attention should be given to the fact that some patients have had both positive and negative experiences with the intervention, and these negative experiences may impact their ongoing participation in the MCGP.
3.6.4. Homogeneity of the group
Patients recruited for the study frequently displayed variances in age, disease type, and cancer stage. Some participants mentioned that these variations can lead to a lack of understanding and empathy during discussions about specific topics.
4. Discussion
This study aimed to gather insights on the experiences of Chinese cancer patients receiving active treatment while participating in a four-week MCGP, using a qualitative approach.
When confronted with a cancer diagnosis, individuals often grapple with questions about the purpose and meaning of their existence (7, 28). Cultural influences contribute to the tendency for Chinese cancer patients to refrain from openly discussing matters pertaining to their condition with both family members and healthcare professionals (29, 30). The MCGP offers a supportive space wherein patients can openly explore their life experiences, emotions, relationships, and the profound impact the disease has had on them. Simultaneously, exploring the core concepts of the MCGP seemed to furnish patients with a structured approach for tackling these profound existential inquiries, bestowing upon them invaluable insights into the inherent worth of life itself. This process fosters a deeper level of introspection among patients, resulting in a fresh perspective, a clarified life purpose, and a sense of meaning by prioritizing what truly matters to them. These findings are further corroborated by the results of qualitative studies involving the application of MCGP to Portuguese cancer patients and Spanish patients dealing with advanced cancer (22, 31). Most patients not only appreciated the overall value of the MCGP but also found significant benefit in the individual themes (32, 33). Different themes held varying degrees of value and meaning for different patients. Moreover, our results illustrate that some patients successfully applied the insights gained from the MCGP to their daily lives post-intervention. This could potentially explain why certain trials have reported enduring effects of the MCGP (14, 15, 17, 19). However, further research is required to validate this suppose.
Patients frequently highlight their appreciation for gaining fresh perspectives through interactions with therapists or peers, a phenomenon that finds resonance in the MCGP research applied to both cancer survivors and Spanish patients with advanced cancer (22, 34). This aptly underscores the distinctive strengths inherent in the group intervention format. Nearly all patients in our group provided positive feedback on this intervention format, aligning with earlier findings that suggest Chinese immigrant cancer patients favor the group format when engaging in MCP (35). Additionally, patients found the exploration of the core concepts of the MCGP to be meaningful, aligning with the feedback received from cancer survivors and Latino advanced cancer patients regarding the concept of MCP (34, 36). This implies that addressing existential issues is imperative, irrespective of a cancer patient’s stage of treatment—whether it be during active treatment, in the advanced stage, or post-treatment—and regardless of their cultural background. Before participating in the intervention, patients may not have previously considered such profound existential questions. The MCGP served as a vital catalyst, enabling deep self-reflection, enhancing their capacity to find meaning in their lives and experiences, and offering patients multiple avenues to gain a sense of meaning.
Some patients discontinued their involvement due to the heavy atmosphere in the group, leading to feelings of distress. This observation aligns with the findings of the application of MCP for palliative care patients, highlighting the persistent challenge of delving into the existential topic, both during active treatment and at the end of life (33). The expression of emotions in the group had two sides: some patients saw it as an opportunity to express and release emotions, while others chose not to participate due to the somber atmosphere. A few patients initially struggled in the first two sessions but experienced relief and relaxation from the third session onwards. This underscores the significance of acknowledging and addressing negative emotions during the early stages of our group discussions. Furthermore, in contrast to the application of MCGP in patients with advanced cancer, where missed visits were primarily due to severe illness (37), patients undergoing active cancer treatment faced challenges related to both physical discomfort from treatment and time constraints due to work commitments. This emphasizes the need for flexibility in the format of the MCGP. Future studies can overcome these obstacles by using suitable formats that align with patient preferences and needs, including online platforms. The online implementation of the MCP has shown positive outcomes both among parents who have experienced the loss of a child to cancer and cancer caregivers (38, 39). In addition, patients often underestimate the importance of psychosocial care compared to disease treatment. Therefore, it is crucial to raise patients’ awareness about the critical role of psychosocial well-being in overall health.
Based on participants’ feedback, we can improve the follow-up study by including disease-related health information to alleviate patients’ anxiety and uncertainty about their condition (40, 41). Visual aids and games can be effective tools to enrich the experiential exercises and enhance participants’ self-expression. Additionally, future studies could refine the age range and assess the specific type and stage of patients’ diseases, considering the significant influence of age on one’s perception of life’s meaning. Creating more homogeneous groups based on these factors would likely foster a stronger sense of empathy and connection among participants.
4.1. Limitations
In line with the prevalent composition of cancer patients at our hospital, over half of the participants in this study were head and neck cancer patients. It is imperative to exercise caution when extrapolating our findings to other diagnoses or more diverse patient populations. Also, the average age of our participants was 38 years, which is younger than in other MCP studies (15, 19). This means that our findings may not directly apply to other age groups within the cancer population. Additionally, we were unable to include the perspectives of participants who did not attend the MCGP in our interviews. As a result, we could not explore their reasons for not participating in the MCGP or understand the barriers and motivations that influenced their decision-making process.
4.2. Clinical implications
This study sheds light on the experiences of Chinese cancer patients undergoing active treatment who participated in MCGP. While most MCGP studies have focused on Western cultures, our study specifically examines the Chinese context. We have identified key factors influencing patient adherence and program participation, providing insights for the development of tailored psychosocial interventions for Chinese cancer patients. It is noteworthy that meaning-centered therapy is recommended as a psychotherapeutic approach in Chinese cancer psychotherapy guidelines for patients with progressive cancer. Based on our findings, we propose integrating this intervention program into the existing supportive care during the active treatment phase to enhance patients’ psychological well-being.
5. Conclusion
This study offers valuable insights into the effectiveness of MCGP for cancer patients undergoing active treatment, along with highlighting the challenges encountered and providing recommendations for improving engagement. Future research endeavors could focus on adapting the MCGP to better align with cultural and study population characteristics, while also assessing its effectiveness across various age groups, cancer types, and stages of cancer.
Data availability statement
The data analyzed in this study is subject to the following licenses/restrictions: The data are not publicly available due to privacy or ethical restrictions. Available upon request. Requests to access these datasets should be directed to SW, 22111170004@m.fudan.edu.cn.
Ethics statement
The studies involving humans were approved by Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center. The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. The participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. Written informed consent was obtained from the individual(s), and minor(s)' legal guardian/next of kin, for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article.
Author contributions
SW: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – original draft. MZ: Formal analysis, Methodology, Project administration, Software, Writing – original draft. YZ: Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – review & editing. LZ: Project administration, Resources, Writing – review & editing. XL: Methodology, Project administration, Writing – review & editing. HW: Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing, Funding acquisition.
Funding
The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This study was supported by a grant from the Shanghai Municipal Health Commission, China (Grant No. 20224Y0066).
Acknowledgments
We thank the participants who took part in this study for their time.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Supplementary material
The Supplementary material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1264257/full#supplementary-material
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Keywords: cancer, meaning-centered group psychotherapy, meaning of life, thematic analysis, qualitative research
Citation: Wang S, Zheng M, Zhu Y, Zhang L, Li X and Wan H (2023) Exploring the experience of meaning-centered group psychotherapy among Chinese cancer patients during active treatment: a descriptive qualitative study. Front. Psychiatry. 14:1264257. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1264257
Edited by:
Liye Zou, Shenzhen University, ChinaReviewed by:
Qiuping Li, Jiangnan University, ChinaAngela Naccarato, State University of Campinas, Brazil
Copyright © 2023 Wang, Zheng, Zhu, Zhang, Li and Wan. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Hongwei Wan, hong_whw@aliyun.com
†These authors have contributed equally to this work