This article is a correction to:
Implementation of Therapeutic Virtual Reality Into Psychiatric Care: Clinicians' and Service Managers' Perspectives
Olivia S. Chung1*
Tracy Robinson2
Alisha M. Johnson1Nathan L. Dowling3
Chee H. Ng3
Murat Yücel1†
Rebecca A. Segrave1†- 1BrainPark, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and Monash Biomedical Imaging Facility, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- 2School of Nursing, Paramedicine and Healthcare Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW, Australia
- 3Professorial Unit, Department of Psychiatry, The Melbourne Clinic, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
A Corrigendum on
Implementation of Therapeutic Virtual Reality Into Psychiatric Care: Clinicians' and Service Managers' Perspectives
by Chung, O. S., Robinson, T., Johnson, A. M., Dowling, N. L., Ng, C. H., Yücel, M., and Segrave, R. A. (2022). Front. Psychiatry 12:791123. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.791123
In the original article, under the “Organizational Factors” and “Professional Factors” sections of the Discussion, the citation numbers from #39 onwards were listed incorrectly. Additionally, two references were missing from the original reference list:
Levac D, Glegg SMN, Sveistrup H, Colquhoun H, Miller PA, Finestone H, DePaul V, Harris JE, Velikonja D. A knowledge translation intervention to enhance clinical application of a virtual reality system in stroke rehabilitation. BMC Health Serv Res. (2016) 16:557. doi: 10.1186/s12913-016-1807-6
Threapleton K, Newberry K, Sutton G, Worthington E, Drummond A. Virtually home: feasibility study and pilot randomised controlled trial of a virtual reality intervention to support patient discharge after stroke. Br J Occup Ther. (2018) 81:196–206. doi: 10.1177/0308022617743459
The reference list has now been corrected (new references 44 and 48 signified by ***).
In the “Discussion” section, under “Professional Factors” “The emergence of automated applications, which may be delivered by a ‘non-specialist workforce' providing predominantly technical support (45) will likely enhance these concerns” has been corrected to:
“The emergence of automated applications, which may be delivered by a “non-specialist workforce” providing predominantly technical support (52) will likely enhance these concerns.”
“Indeed, innovations are more easily adopted when their required procedural knowledge is codified and when access to high-quality training and fidelity-based supervision is available (43, 52)” has been corrected to:
“Indeed, innovations are more easily adopted when their required procedural knowledge is codified and when access to high-quality training and fidelity-based supervision is available (43, 53).”
“Clarifying the role of VR within the clinical workflow, the ongoing need for clinical skill (e.g., assessment, psychoeducation, monitoring) in providing access to VR-based interventions, as well as the potential consumer benefits, may also alleviate identified workforce concerns by reinforcing professional values, including altruistic motivations to help patients (21, 47, 53)” has been corrected to:
“Clarifying the role of VR within the clinical workflow, the ongoing need for clinical skill (e.g., assessment, psychoeducation, monitoring) in providing access to VR-based interventions, as well as the potential consumer benefits, may also alleviate identified workforce concerns by reinforcing professional values, including altruistic motivations to help patients (21, 54, 55).”
In the Discussion section, under “Implications for Future Implementation,” “Limited telehealth use prior to the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrates that technology accessibility does not guarantee successful dissemination if providers remain uninformed about evidence-based practises or perceive potential risks as outweighing benefits (54)” has been corrected to:
“Limited telehealth use prior to the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrates that technology accessibility does not guarantee successful dissemination if providers remain uninformed about evidence-based practices or perceive potential risks as outweighing benefits (56).”
“Consultation opportunities with early adopters of VR-based therapies may promote uptake by improving providers' perceived capacity to manage implementation risks (21, 55)” has been corrected to:
“Consultation opportunities with early adopters of VR-based therapies may promote uptake by improving providers' perceived capacity to manage implementation risks (21, 57).”
“It would also be beneficial to embed VR into clinical training programs as part of developing competencies in digital mental health (54). As the current data were also similar to constructs common in theoretical frameworks [e.g., Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (56), Theoretical Domains Framework (57)], these may be suitable tools to guide comprehensive identification of mechanisms of change targets and development of relevant implementation strategies to enhance uptake of therapeutic VR” has been corrected to:
“It would also be beneficial to embed VR into clinical training programs as part of developing competencies in digital mental health (56). As the current data were also similar to constructs common in theoretical frameworks [e.g., Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (58), Theoretical Domains Framework (59)], these may be suitable tools to guide comprehensive identification of mechanisms of change targets and development of relevant implementation strategies to enhance uptake of therapeutic VR.”
“The extant literature suggests common pharmacological drugs (e.g., antidepressants, antipsychotics) have minimal influence on concurrent VR usage (30, 58–61), however, higher attrition rates and PTSD symptoms relative to controls have been reported from VR interventions in conjunction with alprazolam and dexamethasone (59, 62). This will be particularly relevant with the rise of psychedelic pharmacotherapy for psychiatric indications (63), as the combination could conceivably help or hinder therapeutic outcomes. Additionally, our understanding as to which patients are “good candidates” for VR therapies, the effect of combined treatment, and the optimal number and frequency of sessions is limited” has been corrected to:
“The extant literature suggests common pharmacological drugs (e.g., antidepressants, antipsychotics) have minimal influence on concurrent VR usage (30, 60–63), however, higher attrition rates and PTSD symptoms relative to controls have been reported from VR interventions in conjunction with alprazolam and dexamethasone (61, 64). This will be particularly relevant with the rise of psychedelic pharmacotherapy for psychiatric indications (65), as the combination could conceivably help or hinder therapeutic outcomes. Additionally, our understanding as to which patients are “good candidates” for VR therapies, the effect of combined treatment, and the optimal number and frequency of sessions is limited.”
In the Discussion section, under “Strengths, Limitations, and Future Directions,” ‘Moreover, with emerging evidence for automated applications (e.g., virtual therapy coach), VR is increasingly likely to be delivered by any clinicians irrespective of their training background, whose role would be primarily to provide a technical or supportive role (64)” has been corrected to:
“Moreover, with emerging evidence for automated applications (e.g., virtual therapy coach), VR is increasingly likely to be delivered by any clinicians irrespective of their training background, whose role would be primarily to provide a technical or supportive role (66).”
The authors apologize for these errors and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.
Publisher's Note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
References
21. Aarons GA, Sommerfeld DH, Walrath-Greene CM. Evidence-based practice implementation: the impact of public versus private sector organization type on organizational support, provider attitudes, and adoption of evidence-based practice. Implement Sci. (2009) 4:83. doi: 10.1186/1748-5908-4-83
30. Pot-Kolder R, Geraets CNW, Veling W, van Beilen M, Staring ABP, Gijsman HJ, et al. Virtual-reality-based cognitive behavioural therapy versus waiting list control for paranoid ideation and social avoidance in patients with psychotic disorders: a single-blind randomised controlled trial. Lancet Psychiatry. (2018) 5:217–26. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30053-1
40. Guillén V, Baños RM, Botella C. Users' opinion about a virtual reality system as an adjunct to psychological treatment for stress-related disorders: a quantitative and qualitative mixed-methods study. Front Psychol. (2018) 9:1038. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01038
41. Garcia-Palacios A, Botella C, Hoffman HG, Villa H, Fabregat S. Comparing the acceptance of VR exposure vs. in vivo exposure in a clinical sample. PsycEXTRA Dataset. (2004) 10:722–4. doi: 10.1037/e705532011-015
42. Glisson C, Schoenwald SK. The ARC organizational and community intervention strategy for implementing evidence-based children's mental health treatments. Ment Health Serv Res. (2005) 7:243–59. doi: 10.1007/s11020-005-7456-1
43. Greenhalgh T, Robert G, Macfarlane F, Bate P, Kyriakidou O. Diffusion of innovations in service organizations: systematic review and recommendations. Milbank Q. (2004) 82:581–629. doi: 10.1111/j.0887-378X.2004.00325.x
44. Levac D, Glegg SMN, Sveistrup H, Colquhoun H, Miller PA, Finestone H, et al. A knowledge translation intervention to enhance clinical application of a virtual reality system in stroke rehabilitation. BMC Health Serv Res. (2016) 16:557. doi: 10.1186/s12913-016-1807-6***
45. Glegg SMN, Holsti L, Stanton S, Hanna S, Velikonja D, Ansley B, et al. Evaluating change in virtual reality adoption for brain injury rehabilitation following knowledge translation. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol. (2017) 12:217–26. doi: 10.3109/17483107.2015.1111944
46. Priestland A, Hanig R. Developing first-level leaders. Harv Bus Rev. (2005) 83:112–20. Available online at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15938442
47. Birken S, Clary A, Tabriz AA, Turner K, Meza R, Zizzi A, et al. Middle managers' role in implementing evidence-based practices in healthcare: a systematic review. Implement Sci. (2018) 13:149. doi: 10.1186/s13012-018-0843-5
48. Threapleton K, Newberry K, Sutton G, Worthington E, Drummond A. Virtually home: feasibility study and pilot randomised controlled trial of a virtual reality intervention to support patient discharge after stroke. Br J Occup Ther. (2018) 81:196–206. doi: 10.1177/0308022617743459***
49. Atwa A, Money AG, Spiliotopoulou G, Mcintyre A. Occupational therapists' perceptions about the clinical utility of the 3D interior design software. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol. (2013) 8:348–55. doi: 10.3109/17483107.2012.713437
50. Rizzo A “skip”, Kim GJ. A SWOT analysis of the field of virtual reality rehabilitation and therapy. Presence. (2005) 14:119–46. doi: 10.1162/1054746053967094
51. Hwang J, Christensen CM. Disruptive innovation in health care delivery: a framework for business-model innovation. Health Aff. (2008) 27:1329–35. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.27.5.1329
52. Freeman D, Haselton P, Freeman J, Spanlang B, Kishore S, Albery E, et al. Automated psychological therapy using immersive virtual reality for treatment of fear of heights: a single-blind, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Psychiatry. (2018) 5:625–32. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30226-8
53. Palinkas LA, Um MY, Jeong CH, Chor KHB, Olin S, Horwitz SM, et al. Adoption of innovative and evidence-based practices for children and adolescents in state-supported mental health clinics: a qualitative study. Health Res Policy Syst. (2017) 15:27. doi: 10.1186/s12961-017-0190-z
54. Aarons GA, Palinkas LA. Implementation of evidence-based practice in child welfare: service provider perspectives. Adm Policy Ment Health. (2007) 34:411–9. doi: 10.1007/s10488-007-0121-3
55. Torous J, Bucci S, Bell IH, Kessing LV, Faurholt-Jepsen M, Whelan P, et al. The growing field of digital psychiatry: current evidence and the future of apps, social media, chatbots, and virtual reality. World Psychiatry. (2021) 20:318–35. doi: 10.1002/wps.20883
56. Pote H, Rees A, Holloway-Biddle C, Griffith E. Workforce challenges in digital health implementation: how are clinical psychology training programmes developing digital competences? Digit Health. (2021) 7:2055207620985396. doi: 10.1177/2055207620985396
57. Panzano PC, Roth D. The decision to adopt evidence-based and other innovative mental health practices: risky business? Psychiatr Serv. (2006) 57:1153–61. doi: 10.1176/ps.2006.57.8.1153
58. Damschroder LJ, Aron DC, Keith RE, Kirsh SR, Alexander JA, Lowery JC. Fostering implementation of health services research findings into practice: a consolidated framework for advancing implementation science. Implement Sci. (2009) 4:50. doi: 10.1186/1748-5908-4-50
59. Atkins L, Francis J, Islam R, O'Connor D, Patey A, Ivers N, et al. A guide to using the theoretical domains framework of behaviour change to investigate implementation problems. Implement Sci. (2017) 12:77. doi: 10.1186/s13012-017-0605-9
60. Knaust T, Felnhofer A, Kothgassner OD, Höllmer H, Gorzka R-J, Schulz H. Virtual trauma interventions for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorders: a scoping review. Front Psychol. (2020) 11:562506. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.562506
61. Rothbaum BO, Price M, Jovanovic T, Norrholm SD, Gerardi M, Dunlop B, et al. A randomized, double-blind evaluation of D-cycloserine or alprazolam combined with virtual reality exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in Iraq and Afghanistan War veterans. Am J Psychiatry. (2014) 171:640–8. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13121625
62. Difede J, Cukor J, Wyka K, Olden M, Hoffman H, Lee FS, et al. D-cycloserine augmentation of exposure therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: a pilot randomized clinical trial. Neuropsychopharmacology. (2014) 39:1052–8. doi: 10.1038/npp.2013.317
63. Castro WP, Roca Sánchez MJ, Pitti González CT, Bethencourt JM, de la Fuente Portero JA, Marco RG. Cognitive-behavioral treatment and antidepressants combined with virtual reality exposure for patients with chronic agoraphobia. Int J Clin Health Psychol. (2014) 14:9–17. doi: 10.1016/S1697-2600(14)70032-8
64. Maples-Keller JL, Jovanovic T, Dunlop BW, Rauch S, Yasinski C, Michopoulos V, et al. When translational neuroscience fails in the clinic: dexamethasone prior to virtual reality exposure therapy increases drop-out rates. J Anxiety Disord. (2019) 61:89–97. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.10.006
65. Aday JS, Davoli CC, Bloesch EK. Psychedelics and virtual reality: parallels and applications. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol. (2020) 10:2045125320948356. doi: 10.1177/2045125320948356
Keywords: implementation, virtual reality, barriers, facilitators, qualitative study, mental health, psychiatry
Citation: Chung OS, Robinson T, Johnson AM, Dowling NL, Ng CH, Yücel M and Segrave RA (2022) Corrigendum: Implementation of Therapeutic Virtual Reality Into Psychiatric Care: Clinicians' and Service Managers' Perspectives. Front. Psychiatry 13:893637. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.893637
Received: 10 March 2022; Accepted: 05 April 2022;
Published: 23 June 2022.
Edited and reviewed by: Chung-Ying Lin, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Copyright © 2022 Chung, Robinson, Johnson, Dowling, Ng, Yücel and Segrave. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Olivia S. Chung, olivia.chung@monash.edu
†These authors share senior authorship