Rita De Berardinis1
Paolo Guiddi2
Sara Ugolini1,3Francesco Chu1Giacomo Pietrobon1Gabriella Pravettoni2,4
Fabrizio Mastrilli5Susanna Chiocca6Mohssen Ansarin1
Marta Tagliabue1,7*- 1Division of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, IEO, European Institute of Oncology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy
- 2Applied Research Unit for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy
- 3Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- 4Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- 5Medical Administration, Chief Medical Officer, IEO, European Institute of Oncology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy
- 6Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy
- 7Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
To date, April 19, 2021, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused about 140,886,773 confirmed cases and more than 3,000,000 deaths worldwide since the beginning of the pandemic. Oncology patients are usually frail due to the fear of prognosis, recurrence, and outcomes of treatments. Thus, coping with cancer is a complicated process that is necessary to overcome oncological challenge, even more in case of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) disease. This is a brief case report on a middle-aged man affected by advanced oral tongue cancer and COVID-19, describing his experience of cancer diagnosis, surgical treatment, and rehabilitation during the hospital quarantine for COVID-19. Besides the traumatic experience due to the functional alteration in breathing, eating, and speaking caused by major surgery and the concurrent facial disfigurement, our patient had to face a COVID-19 diagnosis, which implied hospital and social isolation. The aim of this perspective work is to focus on the role of the psychological support in the management of hospital distress related to COVID-19 psychophysical loneliness or alienation. In our experience, such support should anticipate patients' oncological surgery or treatment and should be implemented through telemedicine in case of isolation or after hospital discharge.
Introduction
To date, April 19, 2021, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused 140,886,773 confirmed cases and 3,000,000 deaths worldwide, since the beginning of the pandemic (1). In the current international health emergency caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the whole healthcare system has been facing an unprecedented crisis: both medical and psychological aspects are continuously evolving.
During the current pandemic, in some hospitals oncological treatments have continued despite the lack of places in intensive care units and surgical theaters due to the high number of severe COVID-19 cases (2–8).
Oral tongue carcinoma is a rare tumor but the most common cancer of the oral cavity, and surgery remains the gold standard of treatment (9). Among head and neck cancers, tongue neoplasm is surely the most psychologically traumatic cancer (10) due to the distressing alteration of essential functions. These include eating, swallowing, breathing, speech, loss of taste and smell, impaired sensitivity, xerostomia, residual pain, swelling, and facial disfigurement (11, 12). Moreover, disease and treatment cause heavy disabilities and patients often have to face extensive rehabilitative programs, consisting of speech therapy, swallowing, and dental/maxillofacial restoration, as well as physical and occupational therapies (13).
The diagnosis of oral cancer is one of the most psychologically traumatic events to experience (14). Among other disturbing (or afflicting) aspects, social isolation, and altered perception of the future perspectives are of utmost importance.
Although recently, most attention has been on the current pandemic, the incidence of all other diseases has not decreased, and COVID-19 has in part exacerbated medical and psychological conditions which were already in a precarious balance.
Article Types
This study is a perspective, case report presentation. The study was reviewed by the European Institute of Oncology (IEO) Ethic Committee (IEO code 2432), and an informed consent for confidentiality, privacy, and data protection was obtained by the patient.
Medical Case Presentation
On March 9, 2020, the day after Italy was placed in a national strict “lockdown” due to exponential increase of COVID-19 cases, a 50-year-old male patient was admitted to the Division of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery Division at the European Institute of Oncology in Milan for advanced oral tongue cancer treatment (15). He had no history of smoking and alcohol habits and no psychiatric records. According to the international guidelines for his disease stage, he underwent major surgery: right glossectomy type IIIA plus en-block ipsilateral neck dissection, temporary tracheotomy, and reconstruction of the oral defect with a radial forearm free flap. Surgery lasted for 12 h (16). On the second postoperative day, a naso-oropharyngeal swab and a bedside chest X-ray were performed for persistent fever and episodes of mild hypoxemia, revealing SARS-CoV-2 pulmonary infection. Thus, the patient was placed in droplet isolation and the hospitalization time was doubled. During his quarantine, the patient also requested psycho-oncological support. The patient's social isolation continued for 6 weeks after hospital discharge, due to persistent viral positivity of nasopharyngeal swabs, further worsening his psychological frailty.
Psychological Consequences of COVID-19 After Head and Neck Major Surgery
The usual postoperative course for patients undergoing major surgery for tongue cancer is very complicated: speaking is not allowed, head mobilization is generally impaired, and face edema and scars represent difficult steps to overcome. Oral feeding is usually avoided until the 7th postoperative day, if no complication occurs, and swallowing and speech rehabilitation are very challenging.
For these reasons, even during the “non-pandemic era” patients affected by oral cancer could easily enter into a depressive status. In oral cancer patients, depressive symptoms are closely associated with treatment adherence, self-care behaviors, re-socialization, and aspects of resilience (13). Depression and fear of cancer recurrence and future life conditions are psychological aspects which commonly characterize the postoperative phase (14, 17, 18).
Consequently, patients have to face their conditions through coping strategies. Coping is “a cognitive and behavioral effort to manage specific external and/or internal demands that are appraised as taxing or exceeding the resources of the person” (19, 20).
Clearly, COVID-19 can only worsen the physical and psychological challenges which usually arise in an oral cancer patient.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, our Hospital applied several measures (8). Above all, patients' family members and friends were not allowed to visit because of the risk of virus infection during postsurgery rehabilitation (8). Unfortunately, several studies confirm that isolation affects patients' adherence to self-care and rehabilitation schedules, decreasing their motivation (21–25). This clinical and social scenario exposes patients to a higher risk of psychological burden, as recently published (23, 26).
Discussion
All discussed health-related conditions affected the normal coping strategies of our patient and increased his vulnerability (27).
During the postoperative rehabilitation, the patient was troubled by the fear of his oncologic disease and concurrent COVID-19. He openly discussed his concerns and anxiety of cancer recurrence, his future, and his problems of going back home, alone and isolated. He repeatedly mentioned the uncertainty of his cancer prognosis and the fear of dealing with the surgical outcomes, mainly the impaired ability to eat and speak. Furthermore, his consideration of the future was worsened by the consciousness of being infected by SARS-CoV-2, deteriorating his mood with consequent psychological consequences, thus prompting a mandatory psycho-oncological support. During the first psycho-oncological session, we assessed his need of support, since recent evidences show that well-being requires a comprehensive health-related quality of life assessment (28).
As the patient expressed anxiety and fears on the consequences of COVID-19 test positivity, we decided to offer two psychological sessions per week. The aim was to provide support for the hospitalization distress, exacerbated by loneliness and the viral infection.
He reported his anxiety due to confinement, loss of usual routine, and reduced social and physical contact with others. This condition caused boredom, frustration, and sense of isolation from the rest of the world. His feelings were exacerbated by his inability to speak well, which also limited the use of devices for remote communication, such as video calls on phone or tablet, used for worldwide connection with friends and family in the pandemic time (29).
The patient's awareness of his vulnerability was the starting point for the psychological support. The psychologist together with the patient planned a daily schedule of activities, in order to decrease boredom, loss of routine, and helplessness. With time, the patient showed increased locus of control and self-regulation by organizing activities and managing well his time (self-care, video call with football team, friends). Unfortunately, 3 weeks after surgery he tested positive for COVID-19 again.
The patient was discharged on the 23rd postoperative day and was asked to maintain self-isolation as required by national health dispositions.
Upon discharge after such complex procedures such as head and neck surgery, patients are usually happy and eager to return home. On the contrary, in this case, the idea of discharge increased the patient's concerns. He emphasized the fear of infecting his family members and to be alone and was worried that this infection could affect his postoperative course (29).
Because of his condition, the psychological support proceeded even after discharge, with interviews scheduled regularly twice a week. The counseling sessions were arranged by video calls. As described, the home quarantine strongly affected the patient's psychological distress, more than the cancer itself (30). This profound anxiety and depression disturbed the patient during his convalescence, until the long-expected negative swab, when the patient was finally allowed to embrace his family.
These events led us to reflect on the importance of a psychological support for all surgical patients during the pandemic era.
At the referral Hospital, as reported by international guidelines, psychological support is routinely provided to patients affected by head and neck cancer, especially to patients who have undergone complex and demolitive surgical treatment (31), such as the one herein presented.
Previously, in the non-COVID era, during hospital stay, psychological support generally consisted in two or three meetings, when requested by the patient. These meetings are focused on the impact of demolitive surgery on the patient's future and quality of life. In case of a COVID-positive patient, all issues related to the impact of the oncological disease on life are amplified because of COVID-19 diagnosis. Indeed, these patients are faced with two diagnosis: cancer and the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Moreover, we are planning to compare the psychological status of patients with oral tongue cancer who developed COVID-19 to others without COVID-19 in a future study.
The major limitation of this prospective work is that it is a simple case report, with results that cannot be neither generalized nor easily applicable in a wider patient cohort.
However, we underline that case reports on oncological matters also have a role in medical education, inspiring profound scientific research questions for clinicians and scientists. This is especially relevant in this scenario, where tongue tumors are a rare oncological pathology and, as such, even a single case can be very instructive for clinicians. Furthermore, this case report highlights the importance of psychological support and should be tailored to the new needs of each patient in this current pandemic era.
Most likely, the psychological support should be anticipated in order to prepare oncological patients in managing their life postsurgery and treatment, by focusing not only on their cancer disease but also on a possible SARS-CoV-2-related condition. From now on, the preoperative patient's interview should be implemented by explaining how the new health conditions might affect their treatments and recovery on the top of the oncological disease.
The use of telemedicine may be a valid support to keep in contact with our fragile patients both during COVID-induced isolation and after discharge. A remote-controlled technologic device is an essential tool today to be able to focus on patients' mental health and well-being in this COVID-19 time. In fact, this first case occurring at the onset of the Italian pandemic era prompted in our hospital the structuring of psychological tele-visits to provide methodical health support for all COVID-positive cancer patients.
In conclusion, the psycho-oncological support could play a crucial role in many aspects of head and neck cancer patients' care. It may need to be adapted and enhanced in this pandemic period. These reflections lead to interesting suggestions toward the elaboration of future preventing strategies in times of stress and crisis for the healthcare system.
Data Availability Statement
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.
Ethics Statement
Ethical review and approval was not required for the study on human participants in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. Written informed consent was obtained from the individual(s) for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article.
Author Contributions
MT conceptualized and designed the study. RD and PG drafted the initial manuscript and carried out and reviewed the literature review. FC and GPi revised the manuscript. SC, MA, GPr, and FM critically reviewed the manuscript for important intellectual content. All authors approved the final manuscript as submitted and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of this work.
Funding
This work was partially supported by the Italian Ministry of Health with Ricerca Corrente and 5 × 1,000 funds.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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Keywords: oral tongue cancer, psychological distress, Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, loneliness, coping, telemedicine
Citation: De Berardinis R, Guiddi P, Ugolini S, Chu F, Pietrobon G, Pravettoni G, Mastrilli F, Chiocca S, Ansarin M and Tagliabue M (2021) Coping With Oral Tongue Cancer and COVID-19 Infection. Front. Psychiatry 12:562502. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.562502
Received: 15 May 2020; Accepted: 11 May 2021;
Published: 16 June 2021.
Edited by:
Gianluca Castelnuovo, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, ItalyReviewed by:
Shankargouda Patil, Jazan University, Saudi ArabiaAbdelbaset Mohamed Elasbali, Al Jouf University, Saudi Arabia
Luca Falzone, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale (IRCCS), Italy
Copyright © 2021 De Berardinis, Guiddi, Ugolini, Chu, Pietrobon, Pravettoni, Mastrilli, Chiocca, Ansarin and Tagliabue. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Marta Tagliabue, marta.tagliabue@ieo.it orcid.org/0000-0002-7879-4846