Career Choice and Attractiveness of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry as a Medical Specialty: A National French Questionnaire Survey

Context: The shortage of child and adolescent psychiatrists in France affects access to early interventions and mental health services and impacts therapeutic practices and prescribing trends. This study aimed to describe factors associated with choosing child and adolescent psychiatry (CAP) as a career specialty and with assessing the level of attractiveness of this discipline and its predictors.

Methods: We generated a self-report questionnaire using a modified two-step Delphi approach. The survey was conducted from January 13 to February 16, 2020, and targeted French child and adolescent psychiatrists or psychiatrists, mainly working with children and/or adolescents. We used a logistic regression model to assess the factors associated with the perception of CAP as attractive. A thematic qualitative analysis of the free comments section of the questionnaire was performed.

Results: Of 863 doctors contacted by email, the response rate was 77.4% (668 respondents). Two-thirds of respondents were female and had an official specialization in CAP. One-third were aged between 31 and 40 years. The main reasons for choosing to specialize in CAP were interest in working with children (64.2%), interest in psychotherapy (52.8%), and influence of an internship in CAP during medical studies (46.0%), although only one-third of respondents actually did an internship. Over half of respondents (57.3%) identified personal factors as implicated in their choice of CAP, mainly personal psychotherapy (22.2%) and personal trauma (14.4%). Although only 58.4% of respondents perceived CAP as attractive, 97.8% had no regret about their choice, and 83.5% would make the same career choice today. A positive perception by respondents' surroundings for choosing CAP at the time of the choice was associated with a perception of CAP as currently attractive by respondents (odds ratio: 1.82; 95% confidence interval: 1.27–2.60; p = 0.001).

Conclusion: CAP is in crisis and faces many challenges in France, with an urgent need to redress its demographics. Many child and adolescent psychiatrists do not regret their choice and would choose the same specialty today. To increase its attractiveness, better visibility during medical school, enhanced academic recognition, and increased remuneration seem promising.

Introduction

Child and adolescent psychiatry (CAP) is a relatively young medical specialty, which currently faces many challenges, as there is a tremendous increase in demand for child and adolescent mental health services but a major lack of CAP workforce to meet these demands (1–4). Epidemiological data now clearly show that CAP must be a public health priority in most countries in the world (5, 6). In France, psychiatry and CAP remain among the most stigmatized medical disciplines, and <6% of French medical students choose psychiatry as a specialty (7). The shortage of child and adolescent psychiatrists in France (8), which affects access to early interventions and mental health services and therapeutic practices and prescribing trends (9), has recently been highlighted (8, 10). It seems that postgraduate training in psychiatry and CAP has not grown at the same rate as other medical specialties, and these disciplines are still among the last to be chosen after the national competitive exam that concludes medical studies in France. The downward trend in CAP recruitment is not unique to France and has been recognized in many countries, including the United Kingdom (11), the United States (12), and Canada (13).

Reasons influencing the career choice of medical students in Western countries are complex (14, 15), ranging from socioeconomic factors (age, sex, marital status, and parents' socioeconomic status) to lifestyle considerations (working hours and level of income), and factors more directly related to the discipline (level of perceived-prestige, type of practice, and integrated clinical and research training during residency), or to the medical studies (internship during medical school and presence of a local mentor or role model) (16–19).

Child and adolescent psychiatrists need the competencies to deal with complex disorders that have their origins in the biological, psychological, systemic, contextual, and cultural domains (20). This level of complexity, as well as the lack of familiarity of medical students with this type of bio-psycho-social approach, may explain this apparent lack of attractiveness of CAP. However, it is essential to recognize that CAP is a medical discipline with a couple of specificities and many similarities with other medical fields. Within this perspective, it is important to explore specific factors associated with choosing CAP as a medical career.

Thus, the purpose of this study was 2-fold: to describe factors associated with choosing CAP as a medical specialty and with assessing the level of attractiveness of this discipline and its predictors among child and adolescent psychiatrists. The intent is to address the shortage of specialists in this field by suggesting solutions and guidance to improve CAP's visibility during medical school and its global attractiveness.

Methods

Questionnaire Development

We generated a self-report questionnaire using a modified two-step Delphi approach. The Delphi technique is a formal consensus method used in medical and health service research to obtain and integrate the views and opinions of experts in a particular field (21, 22). Using a multistage process, AR and GB first drew-up a list of 40 items related to factors influencing the choice of CAP as a medical specialty and to its attractiveness, based on a literature search (13, 23), and their own personal and professional experience. AR, GB, and JPR then ranked the item list by importance on a 10-point Likert scale, and these 40 items were then reduced and assembled in a 25-item questionnaire in the first round of the study. This first version of the questionnaire was then submitted to 26 members of the Scientific Committee of the French Society of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions [Société Française de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent et Disciplines Associées (SFPEADA)] who analyzed the questionnaire in-depth and proposed their corrections. A third round followed, during which experts were asked to revise their earlier answers in light of the corrections and feedbacks of other members of the Scientific Committee. A consensus emerged on this third version, and the final questionnaire included two sociodemographic items (age group and sex), three items regarding CAP education, three items focusing on the type of professional practice, nine items detailing the context and the reasons of choosing CAP as a medical specialty, and seven items exploring the respondent's current vision of CAP, especially in terms of attractiveness. The last section of the questionnaire consisted of free comments with no length limitation. An English version of the questionnaire is available from the corresponding author.

Recipients and Estimation of the Number of Child and Adolescent Psychiatrists in France

To target all French child and adolescent psychiatrists or psychiatrists without official certification in CAP but mainly working with children and/or adolescents (frequent in France), we fastidiously used the following steps:

• To obtain mailing lists from national societies, such as the SFPEADA, and from the network of French professors in CAP;

• To identify French authors in the field of child and adolescent mental health by a systematic screening of the most important French journals in the field of CAP or psychoanalysis;

• To identify child and adolescent psychiatrists listed as experts in the highest court of justice in France (the Court of Cassation);

• Then, to identify through a systematic internet screening doctors working in each public departmental institution of CAP and to deduce their email addresses through a trial and error process (from the last name, first name, and internet domain of the institutions).

At the end of this search, we obtained 1,006 names of doctors working in a variety of clinic settings and 863 (85.8%) valid email addresses.

We then contacted the French Medical College to get precise and current data about the exact number of officially registered (i.e., officially certified) child and adolescent psychiatrists in France. According to these data, there are 425 certified and active child and adolescent psychiatrists and 189 certified ones who are officially retired but still active through private practice. Overall, 1,017 psychiatrists mainly worked with children and adolescents in France, among whom 440 are “active” retirees.

Questionnaire Distribution

The survey was conducted from 13 January to 16 February 2020. To optimize the response rate, we used a repeat mailing approach according to a Cochrane-based approach (24). We re-mailed the questionnaire every 2 weeks to all doctors (two reminders in total). In accordance with French legal regulations, ethical approval was not required for this anonymous, questionnaire-based study.

Statistical Analyses

Survey response data were analyzed using simple descriptive statistics. We then performed a logistic regression model to assess factors associated with the perception of CAP as attractive. Variables included were sex, age, the impact of personal factors on the choice of CAP, certification in CAP, main categories of patients seen in routine practice, reasons for choosing psychiatry as a medical specialty, perception of the choice of CAP as a specialty by respondents' surroundings, first job in CAP after graduation, and internship during medical school (in psychiatry, CAP or pediatrics). The significance level was set at 0.05. All statistical analyses were performed using RStudio software version 1.1.453 (The R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria).

Thematic Analysis

The qualitative analysis of the free comments section of the questionnaire was performed using the thematic analysis methodology, a qualitative descriptive approach for identifying, analyzing, and reporting patterns (themes) within data (25, 26). We followed several steps (27): first, we familiarized ourselves with data by transcribing, reading, and rereading them and noting down initial ideas; then, we generated initial codes by coding interesting features of the data systematically across the entire data set and collated codes into potential themes. The themes were then reviewed, meaning we checked if the themes worked in relation to the coded extracts and the entire data set, generating a thematic map; finally, we defined and named themes by refining the specifics of each theme and generating clear definitions and names for each theme. Presented in the results are a selection of vivid and compelling extract samples translated into English to illustrate the results of this analysis process.

Results

Number and Characteristics of Respondents

Of 863 doctors contacted by email, 668 responded, giving a 77.4% response rate. Among them, 442 indicated that they are qualified in CAP, of which 421 are still active, and 21 are retired. In theory, this means that our study covered 99.1% of certified and non-retired CAP in France (421 of 425).

Two-thirds of respondents were female (n = 459; 68.7%). Around one-third of respondents (n = 217; 32.5%) were aged between 31 and 40 years. Many respondents obtained their medical degree in psychiatry (n = 596; 89.2%), but 52 (7.8%) first graduated in family medicine and then changed to a CAP practice. Only 442 (66.2%) of these medical doctors mainly working in the field of child and adolescent mental health had an official specialization in CAP. A large portion of respondents (n = 275; 41.2%) worked in public non-academic institutions (i.e., regional hospitals), and 151 (22.6%) worked in a university hospital (i.e., an institution that combines the services of a hospital with the education of medical students and with medical research). However, 147 (22.0%) had a mixed practice, combining working in an academic or non-academic hospital, medico-social institutions, or private institutions. Thirty respondents (4.5%) were retired. Most respondents worked with preschoolers and schoolers (n = 195; 29.2%) and adolescents (n = 189; 28.3%). Detailed results are presented in Tables 1, 2.

TABLE 1

Table 1. Sociodemographic and curriculum-related characteristics of respondents (n = 668).

TABLE 2

Table 2. Practice-related characteristics of respondents (n = 668).

Factors for Choosing Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

Interest in psychiatry during medical school was the main reason for choosing this specialty as a career (n = 327; 49.0%), followed by vocation or long-held aspiration (n = 283; 42.4%). More than two-thirds of respondents (n = 478; 71.6%) did an internship in psychiatry during their medical studies, but only 223 (33.4%) did an internship in CAP. The main reasons for choosing to specialize in CAP were interest for work with children (64.2%), interest in psychotherapy (52.8%), and the influence of an internship in CAP during medical school (46.0%), whereas conditions of life and practice were the least advanced reasons to choose the specialty (7.2%). A narrow majority declared a positive perception by their surrounding for choosing CAP as a medical specialty (n = 367; 54.9%). Among the negative comments by respondents' surroundings regarding CAP, preconceived ideas on patients with mental illness were the most frequent (36.7%). A majority of respondents (n = 383; 57.3%) identified personal factors as implicated in their choice of CAP, of which personal psychotherapy (n = 148; 22.2%) and personal trauma (n = 96; 14.4%) were the most frequent (Table 3).

TABLE 3

Table 3. Factors associated with the choice of child and adolescent psychiatry (n = 668).

Attractiveness of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Specialty

Although a relatively narrow majority of respondents (n = 390; 58.4%) perceived CAP as an attractive medical specialty, an overwhelming majority had no regret about their choice (n = 653; 97.8%), would recommend it to medical students (n = 599; 89.7%), and would choose it again today (n = 558; 83.5%). The main reasons of attractiveness were diversity of clinical practice (n = 382; 57.2%), multidisciplinary approach (n = 373; 55.8%), and strong connections with other medical specialties (n = 269; 40.3%). CAP's lack of attractiveness was mainly attributed to a lack of resources (n = 356; 53.3), lack of recognition of the discipline (n = 234; 35.0%), and the difficulty of clinical and social situations encountered in routine practice (n = 232; 34.7%). Lastly, the main factors that could increase its attractiveness were better visibility during medical school (n = 533; 27.9%), better pay of child and adolescent psychiatrists (n = 410; 21.5%), and better academic recognition (n = 383; 20.1%) (Table 4).

TABLE 4

Table 4. Perceived attractiveness of child and adolescent psychiatry (n = 668).

In multivariate analysis, the only factor associated with a perception of CAP as currently attractive was a positive perception by respondents' surroundings (compared with a neutral perception) for choosing CAP as a medical specialty at the time of the choice [odds ratio (OR): 1.82; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.27–2.60; p = 0.001] (Table 5).

TABLE 5

Table 5. Multivariate model assessing the relationship between the perception of child and adolescent psychiatry as attractive and the detailed effects of different covariates.

Personal Comments of the Respondents

Of 668 doctors who participated in this study, 243 (36.4%) wrote a free comment at the end of the questionnaire. The proportion of respondents who wrote a free comment increased with age, from 26% in the 25–30 years old group to 53% in the more than 65 years old group. Comments could be classified into three main categories: propositions to increase the attractiveness of CAP, negative comments on the current situation, and positive comments on the intrinsic attractiveness of CAP (Table 6). No clear relation appeared between the age of the respondents and the nature of comments.

TABLE 6

Table 6. Themes extracted from the thematic analysis and extracts from personal comments of the respondents (n = 243).

Discussion

Key Findings

To our knowledge, this study is the first to attempt to entirely cover certified and non-retired CAP in France. Around two-thirds of respondents were female and had an official specialization in CAP, and one-third were aged between 31 and 40 years. The main reasons for choosing to specialize in CAP were interest in working with children, interest in psychotherapy, and influence of an internship in CAP during medical studies (although only one-third of respondents actually did an internship). Most respondents identified personal factors as implicated in their choice of CAP, mainly personal psychotherapy and personal trauma. Although a relatively narrow majority of respondents perceived CAP as attractive, an overwhelming majority had no regrets about their choice and would choose it again today. Interestingly, a positive perception by respondents' surroundings for choosing CAP as a medical specialty at the time of the choice was associated with a perception of CAP as currently attractive. The main factors that could increase its attractiveness were better visibility during medical school, better pay, and better academic recognition.

Discussion of Research Findings

Cohen et al. (2) pointed out that French CAP is in crisis, with the number of child and adolescent psychiatrists halving during the last decade and a rise in territorial inequalities, whereas the need for CAP activity increased drastically during the same period as well as global social demand. This situation led to a prolonged time to access treatment, which can sometimes exceed 1.5 years. The strict numerus clausus, which was applied until recently in France, consists of a competitive exam at the end of the first year of medical studies, limiting the number of medical students; furthermore, another exam in the later years of medical studies is required for choosing medical specialties. We can speculate that this has had a major influence on the number of medical students completing their studies and eventually choosing the specialty. This recruitment crisis is not specific to CAP and also concerns adult psychiatry in France as in many countries (28–31). This lack of CAP specialists logically explains the fact that a third of respondents did not have official certification in CAP. Although tasks shifting to non-specialist providers has been proposed to reduce the treatment gap for children and adolescents, and adults with mental disorders (32), increasing the involvement of non-specialist providers may also be a problem with regard to the complexity of the CAP specialty, which combines unification theory, developmental approaches, precise and subtle clinical practice, and psychopathology, ranging from phenomenology to psychoanalysis, but also neurosciences and social sciences. As stated by Falissard in a recent editorial (3): “Well-designed flowcharts can indeed be useful to help nurses or general practitioners to deal with young patients in countries where child and adolescent psychiatrists are lacking. Putting symptoms into the context of a family, a culture and a patient's specific development requires much more than that, and this is the day-to-day activity of a well-trained physician.” Of course, continuing medical education courses are useful, but they are mainly designed to maintain competence and teach new and developing areas of the medical specialty, once chosen.

This situation is not limited to France. Overall, approximately half of all mental disorders emerge before 14 years of age and three-quarters by 25 years (5, 33). Moreover, 25% of disability-adjusted life years for mental and substance use disorders occur in youth (34). Despite increasing recognition of the importance of mental health prevention and promotion in children and adolescents, there is still a dramatic gap between needs and resource availability (35). Worldwide, the very low number of child and adolescent psychiatrists is particularly worrying, and it is even more marked in low-income countries. Although in high-income countries, this number is 1.19 per 100.000 youth, in low-and middle-income countries, it is <0.1 per 100.000 population (36). Furthermore, there is evidence for the increasing prevalence of some child and adolescent mental disorders, in particular, depression (37), substance use disorders (38), and autism spectrum disorders (39), without proportionate expansion in the youth mental health workforce and services. This situation certainly contributes to a kind of vicious circle. The fact that societies are not investing enough in the psychiatric care of children and adolescents leads to long waiting lists and overwhelmed services, which in turn comes with difficulty to recruit young doctors, who are not interested or even afraid of implicating themselves into services that lack basic funding. In this context, conclusions from a working group including experts from the International Association for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions (IACAPAP), the World Association for Infant Mental Health, the Section on Child and Adolescent Psychiatry of the World Psychiatric Association, the International Society for Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, the UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Health, and representatives of the World Health Organization Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse were published in a recent editorial (4). They outlined four consensus priorities for CAP over the next decade: increase the workforce necessary for providing care for children, adolescents, and families facing mental disorders; reorientate child and adolescent mental health services to be more responsive to broader public health needs; increase research and research training while also integrating new research findings promptly and efficiently into clinical practice and research training; and increase efforts in advocacy.

One of the most interesting results of this study lies in an apparent paradox. Indeed, although a relatively narrow majority of respondents perceived CAP as attractive, an overwhelming majority had no regrets about their choice, would choose it again today, and would even recommend this choice to medical students. Moreover, the most reported reasons of CAP's choice (affinity toward children, interest for psychotherapy, early internship, and personal factors) and attractiveness (diversity of clinical practice and multidisciplinary approach) clearly illustrate the fact that this specialty seems to be chosen and exercised with passion, the conditions of life and practice being the least advanced reasons to choose CAP. An interest in psychotherapy, both as a professional practice and a personal experience, contrasts with the lack of official training provided during residency and the high level of heterogeneity in personal training offering, which depends heavily on the region and the university hospitals throughout France. This is especially problematic with regard to the diversity of psychotherapy approaches used in CAP, from cognitive–behavioral therapy to psychanalysis, and the time required to acquire skills and experience (20). Interestingly, an online survey (40) conducted in psychiatric trainees from 22 countries found that the risk of severe burnout was higher in psychiatric trainees who had not opted for psychiatry as a first career choice. In view of this, the association between a positive perception by respondents' surroundings for choosing CAP as a medical specialty at the time of the choice and a perception of CAP as currently attractive may be a clear sign of the overall need for recognition of French child and adolescent psychiatrists, either at a global level (better visibility during medical studies and better academic recognition) or a personal level (better pay).

The fact that early exposure seems to be one of the most important aspects of recruitment is in line with results from previous studies focusing on psychiatry (41, 42) and other medical fields (19, 43). It is indeed important to ensure that CAP is sufficiently represented in undergraduate medical education, both in teaching hours and internships. Advocacy of its key role in the overall health-care system will be a determinant to ensure respect for CAP and other medical specialties. The importance of role models, supervisors, professors, and senior residents has been highlighted in psychiatry (44, 45), as in other specialties (46). Although recent efforts to support better academic recognition of CAP have been made (8), CAP still lags behind other medical specialties with a little more than 40 university professors and associate professors (by way of comparison, there are around 100 in adult psychiatry and around 200 in pediatrics). In addition, there is a French deficit of research in psychiatry, with only 2% of the public funding for medical research allocated to psychiatry research compared with 7% in the United Kingdom and 16% in the United States (47).

CAP's foundation in France only dates back to 1937, when Professor Georges Heuyer organized the first World Congress of Child Psychiatry in Paris, which offered an official recognition of the academic dimension of this new discipline. Although CAP has found its roots in a combination of medicine (adult psychiatry and pediatrics), psychology, and exchanges with various professionals involved with child and adolescent care and education, it is still a subspecialty of adult psychiatry, which means that French child and adolescent psychiatrists first have to specialize in psychiatry before having the possibility to specialize in CAP. In this regard, another key point will certainly be its progressive individualization from adult psychiatry, as is the case in Germany, Austria, or Switzerland, for instance. This will reinforce its visibility and perception as an autonomous medical specialty and not only a subspecialty or an option.

Recent European and international initiatives have been developed aimed to improve CAP's attractiveness, training facilities, and professional opportunities for trainees and early career child and adolescent psychiatrists. In line with the results from two studies (48, 49) conducted in European CAP trainees, which have highlighted the need for an agreed national curriculum in all European countries, the European Union of Medical Specialists Section for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry has proposed a framework that could serve as a template for further development (50). Online training support, such as the IACAPAP textbook (freely accessible here: https://iacapap.org/iacapap-textbook-of-child-and-adolescent-mental-health/), the IACAPAP Massive Open Online Course “Essentials of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry across the World” (freely accessible here: https://iacapap.org/essentials-of-child-and-adolescent-psychiatry-across-the-world/), or the European Psychiatric Association online course “Introduction to CBT” (accessible here: https://www.europsy.net/epa-online-course-on-cbt/), also offers valuable resources (51). Lastly, the European Society for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (ESCAP) Research Academy, a network of young international researchers, which promotes research excellence and collaborative work among young clinician–scientists in the field of CAP (52), could also contribute to give a strong impact on the future of research in CAP (53, 54).

Strengths and Limitations of the Study

The main strength of this study is a large number of participants and the high return rate (77.4%), which increases the validity of this cross-sectional study. Moreover, the fact that, in theory, this study covered 99.1% of certified and non-retired CAP in France means these data offer accurate sociodemographic information about French child and adolescent psychiatrists. Another strength lies in the multistage validation process of the questionnaire, which includes the participation of the 26 members of the Scientific Committee of the French Society of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions.

However, this study also has some limitations. First, our results are influenced by both national and local health system peculiarities and cannot be directly transposed to other countries, which might be especially true in France, where adult psychiatry and moreover CAP organization and practices present some strong specificities (55, 56). Second, the tendency of social expectancy is a systematic bias of questionnaire surveys. It may be due to social desirability bias, which is explained by individuals responding in a way that they think is socially acceptable, for instance, causing them to over-report their satisfaction levels (57), or to courtesy, related to social desirability and implying that respondents have a tendency to give answers that they believe the interviewer wants to hear, rather than what they really feel (58). We tried to reduce these biases using an anonymous approach. Finally, our results obviously reflect the perceived and, therefore, possibly biased factors of choice of respondents and could differ from more objective sociodemographic data.

Conclusion

The high response rate to this questionnaire study may be an indicator of the will and the need of French child and adolescent psychiatrists to be heard, both in their engagement and their love of their profession and in their feeling of exhaustion and conviction that a strong political and academic support must be provided to an endangered but fascinating medical specialty.

Data Availability Statement

The dataset and the R script supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, Alexis Revet, upon reasonable request.

Ethics Statement

Ethics committee approval was not required for this anonymous web-based questionnaire study.

Author Contributions

AR, GB, and J-PR designed the first version of the questionnaire, which was then corrected and improved by NC, DM, and BF. AR and GB designed the study and wrote the protocol. AR oversaw all aspects of the research, conducted the analyses and produced the first draft of the manuscript. GB drafted portions and substantively edited all drafts of the manuscript. AR, GB, and J-PR analyzed the data. AR, GB, J-PR, NC, DM, and BF contributed to the interpretation of the data. J-PR, NC, DM, and BF critically revised the manuscript for important intellectual content. AR takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. All authors contributed to and have approved the final manuscript.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the members of the Scientific Committee of the SFPEADA, which gave them their precious feedback on the first version of the questionnaire. They also would like to thank all the respondents to this study who took the time to complete the questionnaire and thus helped us to advocate and defend the importance of child and adolescent psychiatry as a medical specialty in France.

References

1. Sargeant JK, Adey T, McGregor F, Pearce P, Quinn D, Milev R, et al. Psychiatric human resources planning in Canada. Position paper. Canadian psychiatric association. Can J Psychiatry. (2010) 55:1–20.

PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar

2. Cohen D, Baubet T, Duverger P, Nezelof S, Raynaud JP, Rolland AC, et al. Quel futur pour la psychiatrie de l'enfant et de l'adolescent ? Neuropsychiatr Enfance Adolesc. (2018) 66:191–3. doi: 10.1016/j.neurenf.2018.05.003

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

3. Falissard B. Thinking the future of child and adolescent psychiatry: what are we talking about? Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. (2018) 27:1519–21. doi: 10.1007/s00787-018-1252-7

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

4. Skokauskas N, Fung D, Flaherty LT, von Klitzing K, Puras D, Servili C, et al. Shaping the future of child and adolescent psychiatry. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. (2019) 13:19. doi: 10.1186/s13034-019-0279-y

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

5. Kessler RC, Amminger GP, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Alonso J, Lee S, Ustün TB. Age of onset of mental disorders: a review of recent literature. Curr Opin Psychiatry. (2007) 20:359–64. doi: 10.1097/YCO.0b013e32816ebc8c

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

6. Gore FM, Bloem PJN, Patton GC, Ferguson J, Joseph V, Coffey C, et al. Global burden of disease in young people aged 10-24 years: a systematic analysis. Lancet Lond Engl. (2011) 377:2093–102. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60512-6

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

7. Andlauer O, Van Effenterre A, Haffen E, Sechter D, Farooq K, Lydall G, et al. Encouraging French medical students to choose a career in psychiatry: how and why? Int Rev Psychiatry Abingdon Engl. (2013) 25:460–5. doi: 10.3109/09540261.2013.821404

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

8. Milon A, Amiel M. Rapport d'information du Sénat Fait au Nom de la Mission d'information sur la Situation de la Psychiatrie Des Mineurs en France. (2017). Available online at: https://www.senat.fr/notice-rapport/2016/r16-494-notice.html (accessed March 4, 2020).

Google Scholar

9. Revet A, Montastruc F, Raynaud JP, Baricault B, Montastruc JL, Lapeyre-Mestre M. Trends and patterns of antidepressant use in French children and adolescents from 2009 to 2016: a population-based study in the French health insurance database. J Clin Psychopharmacol. (2018) 38:327–35. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0000000000000891

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

10. Lopez A, Turan-Pelletier G. Organisation et fonctionnement du dispositif de soins psychiatriques, 60 ans après la circulaire du 15 mars 1960. Rapport IGAS (2017). Available online at: http://www.igas.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/2017-064R-Tome_I_rapport.pdf (accessed March 4, 2020).

Google Scholar

11. Brockington I, Mumford D. Recruitment into psychiatry. Br J Psychiatry J Ment Sci. (2002) 180:307–12. doi: 10.1192/bjp.180.4.307

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

12. Vernon DJ, Salsberg E, Erikson C, Kirch DG. Planning the future mental health workforce: with progress on coverage, what role will psychiatrists play? Acad Psychiatry. (2009) 33:187–92. doi: 10.1176/appi.ap.33.3.187

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

13. Volpe T, Boydell KM, Pignatiello A. Choosing child and adolescent psychiatry: factors influencing medical students. J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. (2013) 22:260–7.

PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar

14. Wright B, Scott I, Woloschuk W, Brenneis F, Bradley J. Career choice of new medical students at three Canadian universities: family medicine versus specialty medicine. CMAJ. (2004) 170:1920–4. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.1031111

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

15. Puertas EB, Arósquipa C, Gutiérrez D. Factors that influence a career choice in primary care among medical students from high-, middle-, and low-income countries: a systematic review. Rev Panam Salud Publica Pan Am J Public Health. (2013) 34:351–8.

PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar

16. Goldacre MJ, Laxton L, Harrison EM, Richards JMJ, Lambert TW, Parks RW. Early career choices and successful career progression in surgery in the UK: prospective cohort studies. BMC Surg. (2010) 10:32. doi: 10.1186/1471-2482-10-32

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

17. Lefevre JH, Roupret M, Kerneis S, Karila L. Career choices of medical students: a national survey of 1780 students. Med Educ. (2010) 44:603–12. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2923.2010.03707.x

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

18. Kiolbassa K, Miksch A, Hermann K, Loh A, Szecsenyi J, Joos S, et al. Becoming a general practitioner–which factors have most impact on career choice of medical students? BMC Fam Pract. (2011) 12:25. doi: 10.1186/1471-2296-12-25

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

19. Kawamoto R, Ninomiya D, Kasai Y, Kusunoki T, Ohtsuka N, Kumagi T, et al. Factors associated with the choice of general medicine as a career among Japanese medical students. Med Educ Online. (2016) 21:29448. doi: 10.3402/meo.v21.29448

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

20. Deschamps P, Hebebrand J, Jacobs B, Robertson P, Anagnostopoulos DC, Banaschewski T, et al. Training for child and adolescent psychiatry in the twenty-first century. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. (2020) 29:3–9. doi: 10.1007/s00787-019-01467-6

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

21. Jones J, Hunter D. Consensus methods for medical and health services research. BMJ. (1995) 311:376–80. doi: 10.1136/bmj.311.7001.376

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

22. Powell C. The Delphi technique: myths and realities. J Adv Nurs. (2003) 41:376–82. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2648.2003.02537.x

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

23. Süß M, Benson S, Herbstreit S, Dudda M, Knobe M, Hebebrand J, et al. [Where did all the men in child and adolescent psychiatry and psychotherapy go? The influence of gender on the choice of specialization]. Z Kinder Jugendpsychiatr Psychother. (2019) 48:194–203. doi: 10.1024/1422-4917/a000692

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

24. Edwards PJ, Roberts I, Clarke MJ, Diguiseppi C, Wentz R, Kwan I, et al. Methods to increase response to postal and electronic questionnaires. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (2009) 3:MR000008. doi: 10.1002/14651858.MR000008.pub4

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

25. Vaismoradi M, Turunen H, Bondas T. Content analysis and thematic analysis: implications for conducting a qualitative descriptive study. Nurs Health Sci. (2013) 15:398–405. doi: 10.1111/nhs.12048

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

26. Castleberry A, Nolen A. Thematic analysis of qualitative research data: is it as easy as it sounds? Curr Pharm Teach Learn. (2018) 10:807–15. doi: 10.1016/j.cptl.2018.03.019

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

27. Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol. (2006) 3:77–101. doi: 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

28. Saxena S, Thornicroft G, Knapp M, Whiteford H. Resources for mental health: scarcity, inequity, and inefficiency. Lancet Lond Engl. (2007) 370:878–89. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61239-2

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

29. Oyebode F, Humphreys M. The future of psychiatry. Br J Psychiatry J Ment Sci. (2011) 199:439–40. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.111.092338

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

30. Katschnig H. Are psychiatrists an endangered species? Observations on internal and external challenges to the profession. World Psychiatry Off J World Psychiatr Assoc WPA. (2010) 9:21–8. doi: 10.1002/j.2051-5545.2010.tb00257.x

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

31. Barkil-Oteo A. Psychiatry's identity crisis. Lancet Lond Engl. (2012) 379:2428. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61067-8

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

32. Patel V, Maj M, Flisher AJ, De Silva MJ, Koschorke M, Prince M, et al. Reducing the treatment gap for mental disorders: a WPA survey. World Psychiatry Off J World Psychiatr Assoc WPA. (2010) 9:169–76. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2051-5545.2010.tb00305.x

PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar

33. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. (2005) 62:593–602. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

34. Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, Jamison DT, Murray CJ. Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors. Washington, DC: World Bank (2006). doi: 10.1596/978-0-8213-6262-4

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

35. Kieling C, Baker-Henningham H, Belfer M, Conti G, Ertem I, Omigbodun O, et al. Child and adolescent mental health worldwide: evidence for action. Lancet Lond Engl. (2011) 378:1515–25. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60827-1

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

36. WHO. Mental Health ATLAS. WHO (2017). Available online at: http://www.who.int/mental_health/evidence/atlas/mental_health_atlas_2017/en/ (accessed January 6, 2021).

Google Scholar

37. Mojtabai R, Olfson M, Han B. National trends in the prevalence and treatment of depression in adolescents and young adults. Pediatrics. (2016) 138:e20161878. doi: 10.1542/peds.2016-1878

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

38. Merikangas KR, McClair VL. Epidemiology of substance use disorders. Hum Genet. (2012) 131:779–89. doi: 10.1007/s00439-012-1168-0

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

39. Matson JL, Kozlowski AM. The increasing prevalence of autism spectrum disorders. Res Autism Spectr Disord. (2011) 5:418–25. doi: 10.1016/j.rasd.2010.06.004

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

40. Jovanović N, Podlesek A, Volpe U, Barrett E, Ferrari S, Rojnic Kuzman M, et al. Burnout syndrome among psychiatric trainees in 22 countries: risk increased by long working hours, lack of supervision, and psychiatry not being first career choice. Eur Psychiatry J Assoc Eur Psychiatr. (2016) 32:34–41. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.10.007

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

41. Galeazzi GM, Secchi C, Curci P. Current factors affecting the choice of psychiatry as a specialty: an Italian study. Acad Psychiatry. (2003) 27:74–81. doi: 10.1176/appi.ap.27.2.74

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

42. Denman M, Oyebode F, Greening J. Reasons for choosing to specialise in psychiatry: differences between core psychiatry trainees and consultant psychiatrists. BJPsych Bull. (2016) 40:19–23. doi: 10.1192/pb.bp.114.048678

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

43. Harris MG, Gavel PH, Young JR. Factors influencing the choice of specialty of Australian medical graduates. Med J Aust. (2005) 183:295–300. doi: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2005.tb07058.x

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

44. Manassis K, Katz M, Lofchy J, Wiesenthal S. Choosing a career in psychiatry: influential factors within a medical school program. Acad Psychiatry. (2006) 30:325–9. doi: 10.1176/appi.ap.30.4.325

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

45. Tamaskar P, McGinnis RA. Declining student interest in psychiatry. JAMA. (2002) 287:1859. doi: 10.1001/jama.287.14.1859-JMS0410-5-1

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

46. Jordan J, Brown JB, Russell G. Choosing family medicine. What influences medical students? Can Fam Physician Med Fam Can. (2003) 49:1131–7.

PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar

47. Chevreul K, McDaid D, Farmer CM, Prigent A, Park AL, Leboyer M, et al. Public and nonprofit funding for research on mental disorders in France, the United Kingdom, and the United States. J Clin Psychiatry. (2012) 73:e906–12. doi: 10.4088/JCP.11r07418

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

48. Simmons M, Barrett E, Wilkinson P, Pacherova L. Trainee experiences of child and adolescent psychiatry (CAP) training in Europe: 2010-2011 survey of the European federation of psychiatric trainees (EFPT) CAP working group. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. (2012) 21:433–42. doi: 10.1007/s00787-012-0275-8

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

49. Barrett E, Jacobs B, Klasen H, Herguner S, Agnafors S, Banjac V, et al. The child and adolescent psychiatry: study of training in Europe (CAP-STATE). Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. (2020) 29:11–27. doi: 10.1007/s00787-019-01416-3

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

50. Rouffet JB. Training Requirements for the Specialty of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Available online at: https://www.uems.eu/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/44434/UEMS-2014.18-European-Training-Requirements-Child-adolescent-Psychiatry.pdf (accessed December 28, 2020).

Google Scholar

51. Gargot T, Arnaoutoglou NA, Costa T, Sidorova O, Liu-Thwaites N, Moorey S, et al. Can we really teach cognitive behavioral therapy with a massive open online course? Eur Psychiatry J Assoc Eur Psychiatr. (2020) 63:e38. doi: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2020.29

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

52. Revet A, Hebebrand J, Bhide S, Caseiro J, Conti E, Deutz M, et al. Dual training as clinician-scientist in child and adolescent psychiatry: are we there yet? Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. (2018) 27:263–5. doi: 10.1007/s00787-017-1104-x

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

53. Revet A, Hebebrand J, Klauser P. The 2017 ESCAP research academy workshop: bright perspectives for child and adolescent psychiatry. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. (2017) 26:1279–80. doi: 10.1007/s00787-017-1036-5

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

54. Klauser P, Hebebrand J, Kehoe LA, Huscsava M, Revet A. The 2019 ESCAP research academy workshop: how novel technologies are impacting child and adolescent psychiatry. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. (2020) 29:565–7. doi: 10.1007/s00787-019-01378-6

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

55. Verdoux H, Tignol J. Focus on psychiatry in France. Br J Psychiatry J Ment Sci. (2003) 183:466–71. doi: 10.1192/bjp.183.5.466

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

56. Ravens-Sieberer U, Erhart M, Gosch A, Wille N, European KIDSCREEN Group. Mental health of children and adolescents in 12 European countries-results from the European KIDSCREEN study. Clin Psychol Psychother. (2008) 15:154–63. doi: 10.1002/cpp.574

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

57. Sjöström O, Holst D. Validity of a questionnaire survey: response patterns in different subgroups and the effect of social desirability. Acta Odontol Scand. (2002) 60:136–40. doi: 10.1080/000163502753740133

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

58. Glick P. How reliable are surveys of client satisfaction with healthcare services? Evidence from matched facility and household data in Madagascar. Soc Sci Med. (2009) 68:368–79. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.09.053

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar