Peipei Jiang
Jinliang Yan2
Shoujin Fan- 1Key Lab of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, Shandong, China
- 2Yangji Forest Farm (Yangtianshan Provincial Nature Reserve Protection Center) of Qingzhou, Weifang, Shandong, China
Introduction: Seasonal droughts will become more severe and frequent under the context of global climate change, this would result in significant variations in the root distribution and water utilization patterns of plants. However, research on the determining factors of deep fine root and water utilization is limited.
Methods: We measured the fine root biomass and water utilization of trees, shrubs and herbs, and soil properties, light transmission, and community structure parameters in subtropical pine plantations with seasonal droughts.
Results and Discussion: We found that the proportion of deep fine roots (below 1 m depth) is only 0.2-5.1%, but that of deep soil water utilization can reach 20.9-38.6% during the dry season. Trees improve deep soil water capture capacity by enhancing their dominance in occupying deep soil volume, and enhance their deep resource foraging by increasing their branching capacity of absorptive roots. Shrubs and herbs showed different strategies for deep water competition: shrubs tend to exhibit a “conservative” strategy and tend to increase individual competitiveness, while herbs exhibited an “opportunistic” strategy and tend to increase variety and quantity to adapt to competitions.
Conclusion: Our results improve our understanding of different deep fine root distribution and water use strategies between overstory trees and understory vegetations, and emphasize the importance of deep fine root in drought resistance as well as the roles of deep soil water utilization in shaping community assembly.
1 Introduction
Under the context of global climate change, the intensity, frequency, and duration of drought are increasing, leading to changes in water utilization of plants as well as decreases in plant productivity and survival (Allen et al., 2010; Adams et al., 2017; Ripullone et al., 2020). To some extent, water uptake and utilization patterns of plants reflect the response of ecosystems to variations in environmental hydraulic status (Gulihanati et al., 2022). A better knowledge of plants’ water use is necessary to enhance our understanding of plants adaptations to changes in the forest hydrologic cycle and our predictions on variations of the community composition and function in forest ecosystems with climate drying (Ding et al., 2018; Ripullone et al., 2020).
The distribution of roots is closely associated with the water access of plants. In forest ecosystems, trees usually distribute more fine roots in deeper layer than understory shrubs and herbs, and shrubs often distributed their fine root deeper than herbs (Achat et al., 2008; Sun et al., 2015). According to the two-layer model of woody and herbs coexistence (Walker and Noy-Meir, 1982), herbs with shallower roots are competitors of shallow soil moisture, and woody plants with deeper roots could monopolize the deep soil moisture. This model has been confirmed by many studies (Le Roux et al., 1995; Moreira et al., 2000; Eggemeyer et al., 2009). Previous studies also shown that deep soil water absorbed by trees with deeper roots can be utilized by shrubs and herbs with shallower roots through hydraulic lift (Yu and D'Odorico, 2015; Barron-Gafford et al., 2021). However, some studies shown that root depth is not directly associated with water uptake depth, since the water uptake of plants depended mainly on active roots (Ehleringer and Dawson, 1992; West et al., 2007). Therefore, it is very essential to determine the relationships between root distribution and water use of plants amongst life forms. In addition, intraspecific or interspecific competition also can affect the distribution of fine root and water utilization. Also, roots of trees that grown with understory vegetations was deeper than those without competition, while roots of herbs that grown with shrubs are mostly distributed in shallow soil (Rolo and Moreno, 2012; Cardinael et al., 2015). Similarly, sea-buckthorn in a mixed forest of trees and shrubs had higher deep soil water reliance than those in pure sea-buckthorn forest during the dry season (Wu et al., 2022). Moreover, Robinia pseudoacacia in the Loess Plateau was found to increase the reliance of shallow and middle soil water but decrease the reliance of deep soil water as thinning intensity increased (Liu et al., 2023). Current researches mainly focus on variations of root and soil water utilization at the upper 1 m depth of the soil profile, however, the distribution patterns of fine root and soil water utilization below the 1 m depth are still unclear.
Generally, plant water utilization is related to the distribution of soil moisture with time and soil depth (Eggemeyer et al., 2009; Chen et al., 2014; Yang et al., 2015). Plants with dimorphic root systems could transfer the main water source from shallow soil to deep soil with soil drying (Quesada et al., 2008; Eggemeyer et al., 2009; Chen et al., 2014). For example, Yang et al. (2015) discovered that three coniferous plants in subtropical region with a marked seasonal dry season transferred their main water source to deep soil layer in the dry season. Also, Vitex negundo in the Loess Plateau was found to primarily utilize top soil water of 0-40 cm layer and gradually transferred to soil water of deeper layers as the season progressed (Wang et al., 2017). Similarly, Zhu et al. (2021) found that R. pseudoacacia and Jiziphus jujuba in the Taihang Mountains mainly used soil water of the top soil layer (0-10 cm) in the wet season and that of the deeper soil layer (30-50 cm) in the dry season. However, plants’ water use strategies can be variable due to the micro local changes in soil conditions, i.e. soil depth, stoniness, water holding capacity (Love et al., 2019; Carrière et al., 2020b). Because the water retention capacity of shallow soil was poor, plants growing on continuous dolostone outcrops and nearby thin soil layers mainly used deep soil moisture in both the wet and dry seasons (Nie et al., 2011). Similarly, woody plants with poor surface conditions (i.e. low water holding capacity) could allow their roots to utilize deep water reserves more intensively than those with better surface conditions (Carrière et al., 2020a).
Other abiotic factors (e.g. soil bulk density, rock fragment content, and light) can also affect the distribution patterns of fine roots and water use of plants. Generally, the development of root was severely restricted with the increase of soil bulk density since high mechanical could impede the elongation and proliferation of root (Pabin et al., 1998; McIvor et al., 2014). However, there are different opinions on whether the existence of rock fragment is beneficial for root growth of plant. Novák and Knava (2012) found that the existence of rock fragments can reduce soil hydraulic conductivity and water retention capacity and therefore affect the soil water availability for plants. In contrast, there are also studies showed that rock fragments can serve as reservoirs of plants and water conservation was found to be better in rocky soils under moderate water stress conditions (Danalatos et al., 1995; Tetegan et al., 2015). Moreover, light also had an important influence on the distribution of fine root, though this effect may be dependent on the availability of soil water and/or nutrients (Valladares and Pearcy, 2002; Schall et al., 2012). Generally, the amount of water that can be tapped and its transportation from roots to leaves is thought to be mainly related to transpiration without consuming metabolic energy (Ksenzhek and Volkov, 1998), which largely depends on the degree of opening and closing of stomata. However, the tension gradient caused by transpiration may be not sufficient to stimulate the transport systems of plants, and then plant would employ root pressure to pump water into xylem vessels at the cost of minimal metabolic energy consumption (Schwinning, 2010; Wu et al., 2021). Therefore, capturing and pumping from deep depth required more energy (through root pressure) than extracting shallow soil water. Therefore, low light transmittance could affect the transpiration and photosynthetic rates of plants and therefore affect the water utilization of plants (especially deep soil water utilization). However, studies on determining factors of deep soil water utilization across life forms still very lack.
In our study area, the understory vegetation species are rich and the soil heterogeneity is high, which can induce strong variations in soil conditions at very close distances (Jiang et al., 2023). In turn, this might affect the distribution of fine root and water utilization for vegetations (Gargiulo et al., 2016; Love et al., 2019; Carrière et al., 2020a). This provides a suitable opportunity to research the distribution patterns of fine root and water utilization as well as their determining factors. Therefore, we measured the fine root distribution and water use of trees, shrubs, and herbs, community structure parameters (stem density of trees, and the dominance, richness and evenness of understory shrubs and herbs), light transmission, and soil properties (soil bulk density, pH, water content, rock fragment content, total carbon and nitrogen concentration) in subtropical pine plantations with seasonal droughts. The main aims of our study were: (i) to compare the deep fine root and water utilization allocation strategies amongst trees, shrubs and herbs; (ii) to determine the allocation of deep fine root and their determinants (including community structure parameters, soil properties, and light transmission) amongst trees, shrubs and herbs; (iii) to examine the deep soil water utilization strategy and their determinants (including fine root biomass, community structure parameters, soil properties, and light transmission) amongst life forms.
2 Materials and methods
2.1 Site description
This research was conducted at the Qianyanzhou Forest Ecosystem Research Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (QYZ for abbreviation; 26°44′39′′N, 115°03′33′′E), which is located in the Jiangxi Province of southeastern China (red circle in Figure 1A). Due to the uneven distribution of rainfall, seasonal droughts occur frequently in this region. The mean annual temperature and precipitation are 18.0°C and 1509.0 mm, respectively. The soil is an iron-rich red soil classified as Typic Dystrudept and Udept Inceptisols by the USDA soil taxonomic system. The vegetation mainly consists of Pinus massoniana and P. elliottii plantations which were planted in 1983, and the vegetation picture was shown in Figure 1C.
Figure 1 Location of study area (in red circle, A), and distribution (B) and vegetation picture (C) of the sampling plots. In (B) M1-M18 represent the 18 plots of P. massoniana plantations and E1-E11 represent the 11 plots of P. elliottii plantations.
2.2 Experimental design and stand structures
A total of 29 plots (30 × 30 m) were established in the pine plantations, including 18 plots of P. massoniana and 11 plots of P. elliottii. The distribution of these plots was shown in Figure 1B. The dominant shrub species across 29 plots were Loropetalum chinensis, Adinandra millettii, Camellia oleifera, Rhus chinensis, Eurya muricata and Rhaphiolepis indica. The dominant herb species across 29 plots were Dryopteris atrata, Woodwardia japonica, Dicranopteris dichotoma, Morinda umbellate, and Lophatherum gracile.
The community structure was investigated in August 2015. Each plot was divided into nine quadrats (10 × 10 m) and then taken photos below the canopy. Light transmission was then determined by Side look and Gap Light Analyzer (Frazer et al., 1999). In each plot, the diameter at breast height (DBH) of each tree was measured. Three shrub subplots of 5 × 5 m were set along the diagonals within each tree plot. Then, the basal diameters, heights, and number of bushes of all shrubs in each subplot were measured. One herb quadrat of 1 × 1 m was set within each shrub subplot, and the heights and coverages of all herbs were then measured in each quadrat.
2.3 Soil properties and fine-root distributions
Soil cores of 10 cm diameter were sampled every 20 cm at the up-, mid-, and down slopes from soil surface to 200 cm depth in each plot. Living fine roots were carefully picked out and gently washed with running water. Living fine roots were then sorted to trees, shrubs, and herbs, according to their contrasting traits in terms of morphological structure, color, and mechanics (e.g. rigid or soft, rough or smooth). More details can be seen in Jiang et al. (2018a). The fine roots were classified using an order-based approach described by Pregitzer et al. (2002). Fine roots of woody species (trees and shrubs) were then divided into absorptive (1-3 order) and transport (4-5 order) categories, while those of herbs were not distinguish between the absorptive and transport categories.
After root extraction, rock fragments (> 2 mm) were picked up from the soil samples, and then air-dried and weighed. The rock fragment content of each soil sample was determined by using a stone density of 2.65 g cm-3 (Diochon et al., 2009). Due to the rocky properties of soil in our study area, the use of standard soil core method could not accurately determine the soil bulk density, and therefore the differences between volumes of soil cores and stones were applied to determine the soil bulk density (Klinka et al., 1981; Diochon et al., 2009). Soil pH was determined in a 1:2.5 mixture of air-dried soil/distilled water mixture by using an electrode pH meter (S40, Mettler Toledo, Switzerland). Total carbon and nitrogen contents of the surface layer (0-20 cm) were measured by an elemental analyser (vario MACRO cube, Germany).
2.4 Soil water utilization of plants
Plant samples for water isotope analysis was collected during mid-morning in both the dry season (August 2016) and the wet season (April 2017). For trees, stems from two to three sample trees of middle diameter were collected in each plot, and phloem tissue was peeled off to avoid potential contamination (Querejeta et al., 2007). For shrubs and herbs, ten shrub species and three fern species were sampled in each plot, with the average coverage of the collected species relative to the total coverage of all shrubs or herbs was 63.6 ± 3.3% and 75.3 ± 5.8% across 29 plots, respectively. The water use of these collected shrubs and herbs was used for representing the overall water use of the shrub and herb layers. For shrubs, green tissues were removed from the branches to avoid contamination (Ehleringer and Dawson, 1992). Meanwhile, the basal diameter of shrub individuals was controlled between 10 and 25 mm to avoid the potential effects of plant age on water absorption. For herbs, the thick and fleshy root crowns were collected, since this part had the most stable water isotopic ratios (Barnard et al., 2006). Soil samples were collected at depth of 0-20, 20-60, 60-100, 100-150, 150-200 cm in each plot. Then, each soil sample was separated into two subsamples: one subsample was used for water extraction, and the other subsample was used for measuring the soil water content. Soil water content was then measured by dividing fresh weight minus dry weight by dry weight.
We extracted water from plant and soil samples through an automatic low-temperature vacuum distilled water extraction system (Li-2100, Beijing, China). The extraction time for plant and soil sample was 3 h and 2.5 h, respectively. We analyzed the water isotope ratio of water samples using a liquid water isotope analyzer (912-0050, LGR, California, USA). The IsoSource model was applied to calculate the relative contribution of soil water at different depths to plant (Phillips et al., 2005). See Jiang et al. (2020b) for details. Because the accuracy in hydrogen isotopes analysis was relatively lower than that of oxygen stable isotopes when using the Isotopic Ratio Infrared Spectroscopy (IRIS) method (Wen et al., 2012), δ18O was shown to be more sensitive than δD in evaluating water uptake of plant and therefore δ18O was used to detect the water uptake depths of plants.
2.5 Data analysis
Due to the 0-100 cm soil depth accounts for over 90% of the total fine root biomass of the entire 0-200 cm soil profile in all life forms and the δ18O value of the upper 100 cm soil was different from the below 100 cm depth (Figures S1, S2), the 100-200 cm depth was defined as the deep soil layer. Then, fine root biomass in the deep soil layer was determined by the sum of fine root biomass below the 100 cm depth of the entire 0-200 cm soil profile. The deep soil water utilization was determined by the sum of soil water proportions in 100-150 and 150-200 cm depth. Since the P. massoniana and P. elliottii plantations had the similar root distribution and water utilization allocation patterns (Yang et al., 2015, Yang et al., 2017; Jiang et al., 2020b), we combined the data from the two pine plantations. For trees, the seasonal plasticity of deep soil water utilization (DWP) was calculated as:
where DDW is the deep soil water utilization during the dry season and WDW is the deep soil water utilization during the wet season (Padilla et al., 2007; Jiang et al., 2020a; Jiang et al., 2020b). For shrubs and herbs, the community-weighted mean DDW in each plot was calculated. First, dividing the number of individuals of each species by the total number of shrub (or herb) species to determine the weight of each species in each subplot, and then calculate the weight of each species in each plot as the mean value of the three subplots. Second, the community-weighted mean DDW of each plot was calculated as the sum of the product of the average weight of each species and its DDW. Then, the community-weighted mean DDW of shrubs and herbs was used to calculate the DWP according to equation (1). The biodiversity index of each plot was determined by “Biodixcel.xlsx” in Microsoft Office Excel 2007 (Kong et al., 2012).
To test the differences of fine root biomass and water source in deep soil layer amongst life forms, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted in SPSS (2010, ver.19.0; SPSS Inc., USA). To test the differences between trees and shrubs (or between seasons), the independent sample T test was applied in SPSS. To analyse the relationships between the fine root biomass and water utilization in the deep soil layer and the abiotic and biotic factors, the RDA-ordination biplot was carried out in the CANOCO software (ver.5.0, Ithaca, NY, USA). Significance was defined at the 0.05 level.
3 Results
3.1 Deep fine root biomass and water utilization amongst life forms
In our study, trees and understory vegetations showed contrast deep fine allocation and water use strategies (Figures 2, 3). We found trees and shrubs distributed more fine roots than herbs in deep soil layer (Figure 2). The fine root biomass of trees was significantly higher than that of shrubs, however, the differences in deep fine root proportion between them was not significant. Trees tended to distribute more absorptive fine roots than shrubs in deep soil, however, the deep transport fine root biomass between trees and shrubs didn’t show significant differences (Figure 3). Trees have a significant deep soil water reliance in both the wet and dry seasons, while shrubs and herbs had a lower deep soil water reliance during the wet season and a higher deep soil water reliance during the dry season (Figures 4, S3). Therefore, trees showed a smaller seasonal plasticity of deep soil water reliance than shrubs and herbs (Figure 4).
Figure 2 Deep fine root biomass (A) and proportion (B) for different life forms. Different letters represent significant differences in deep fine root biomass or proportion across life forms.
Figure 3 Biomass (A) and proportion (B) of the absorptive and transport fine root biomass for trees and shrubs in deep soil layer. Different uppercase and lowercase letters represent significant differences in deep fine root proportion for absorptive and transport fine root between trees and shrubs, respectively.
Figure 4 Deep soil water utilization in the wet and dry season (A) and its seasonal plasticity (B) for different life forms. In (A) different uppercase and lowercase letters represent significant differences in deep soil water utilization during the wet or dry season across life forms, respectively; in (B) different letters represent significant differences in seasonal plasticity of deep soil water use across life forms.
3.2 Determining factors of fine root and water utilization in the deep soil layer amongst life forms
The RDA ordination biplot displayed that the major determining abiotic and biotic factors of deep fine root and water utilization were different (Figures 5, 6). For the deep fine root biomass, the C%, N%, light transmission, and rock fragment content were the major abiotic factors (Figure 5A), which contributed 35.7%, 25.3%, 17.0%, and 11.3% variations in these factors; the dominance and richness of shrubs were the major biotic factors (Figure 5B), which contributed 33.8% and 23.9% variations in these factors, respectively. For details, C% and N% displayed a predominantly positive relationship with total and absorptive fine root biomass of shrubs and herbs, while light transmission showed a predominantly negative relationship with fine root biomass of trees; the dominance of shrubs displayed a positive relationship with fine root biomass of shrubs and herbs, while the richness of shrubs was negatively related to total and absorptive fine root biomass of trees. For the deep soil water utilization in the dry season and its plasticity between seasons, the soil bulk density and water content were the major abiotic factors (Figure 6A), which contributed 32.7% and 26.2% variations in these factors; the dominance and evenness of shrubs, and the richness of herbs were the major biotic factors (Figure 6B), which contributed 16.0%, 13.3% and 12.5% variations in these factors. For details, soil bulk density and water content were negatively correlated with deep soil water utilization in the dry season and its plasticity between seasons amongst life forms; dominance and evenness of shrubs was positively related to deep soil water utilization of trees and its seasonal plasticity, while the richness of herbs was positively associated with the deep soil water utilization of shrubs as well as its seasonal plasticity (Table S1).
Figure 5 RDA-ordination biplot for the fine root biomass of deep soil layer amongst life forms and abiotic factors (A) and biotic factors (B). TreeA/ShrubA, absorptive fine root biomass of trees/shrubs; TreeTran/ShrubTran, transport fine root biomass of trees/shrubs; TreeTotal/ShrubTotal/HerbTotal, total fine root biomass of trees/shrubs/herbs; LT, light transmission; C%, total soil carbon content in subsoil layer; N%, total nitrogen content in subsoil layer; RC, rock fragment content in deep soil layer; BD, soil bulk density in deep soil layer; SWC, soil water content in deep soil layer; pH, soil pH in deep soil layer. The same below.
Figure 6 RDA-ordination biplot for deep soil water utilization and its seasonal plasticity amongst life forms and abiotic factors (A) and biotic factors (B). TreeDry/ShrubDry/HerbDry, deep soil water utilization of trees/shrubs/herbs in the dry season; TreeP/ShrubP/HerbP, seasonal plasticity in deep soil water utilization of trees/shrubs/herbs; TD, tree density; DOS/DOH, dominance of shrubs/herbs; ROS/ROH, richness of shrubs/herbs; EOS/EOH, evenness of shrubs/herbs.
4 Discussion
4.1 Deep fine root biomass and water utilization amongst life forms
We found trees and shrubs distributed more fine roots than herbs in deep soil. Though the proportion of total deep fine root biomass in trees and shrubs was not significant, trees had higher proportion of absorptive fine root biomass than shrubs in deep soil. Generally, absorptive roots can make more efficient use of soil resources due to the thinner diameter and thus occupying a dominant position in total length and surface area of root (Guo et al., 2004). That is, trees can effectively improve deep soil nutrient absorption efficiency by increasing root branching capacity (increase the proportion of absorptive roots) and thus adapt to the limited soil conditions (Liu et al., 2015; Li et al., 2017). This might be a key strategy for overstory trees to avoid competing with understory vegetations for limited surface soil resources. Moreover, the proportion of deep fine root biomass (below 1 m depth) is only 0.2-5.1%, but their proportion of deep soil water utilization can reach 20.9-38.6% in the dry season, which highlight the importance of deep fine root in plant drought resistance.
In our study, we found that trees and understory vegetations had contrast deep water use strategies. For details, trees have a significant deep soil water reliance throughout the year (especially with the addition of water source from 60-100 cm soil layer; Figures 4, S3), and thus had low seasonal plasticity of deep soil water use. In contrast, shrubs and herbs are less dependent on deep soil moisture during the wet season but highly dependent on deep soil moisture during the dry season, and thus had high plasticity of deep soil water reliance. This might be because trees have more fine roots distributed in deep soil layer than understory vegetations, and fine roots in the deep soil would increase the diameter of stele and xylem conduits to and thereby minimizing flow resistance and maximizing water absorption efficiency (Pate et al., 1995; Pate et al., 1998; McElrone et al., 2004). Moreover, trees tend to have higher proportions of absorptive fine roots in deep soil layer than those of shrubs. Considering that the deep soil is less fertile than the shallow soil (Jobbagy and Jackson, 2001; Jobbagy and Jackson, 2004), trees can improve their deep soil nutrient absorption efficiency by increasing their branching capacity of absorptive fine roots in the deep soil. Compared with trees, understory vegetations had greater seasonal plasticity in deep soil water utilization. This may be due to the fact that the volume of trees was larger and therefore they are more resistant to droughts than understory vegetations. Since the water storage capacity in stems of trees was larger and thus could more efficiently buffer the daily fluctuation and decrease of leaf water potential with soil drying (Chapotin et al., 2006; Oliva Carrasco et al., 2015), and their large horizontal area for root foraging can to some extent compensate for the decrease in shallow soil moisture content (Meinzer et al., 1999). Second, the seasonal plasticity of shrubs and herbs was closely correlated with fine root biomass of trees and shrubs (Figure 6), which indicated that the important role of hydraulic lift. Also, the high deep water use plasticity of shrubs and herbs suggests that they are good at utilizing shallower soil moisture that is briefly replenished by dry season precipitation, while trees tend to rely on deeper soil moisture which is more stable over time (Cui et al., 2017).
4.2 Determining factors of fine root and water utilization in deep soil layer amongst life forms
We found that the distribution of deep fine root biomass was closely associated with soil nutrient content. This may be because when the availability of soil resources increases, the carbon allocated to the belowground part would increase, and fine roots can increase the absorption capacity of water and nutrients in soil by changing root morphological characteristics (Curt and Prévosto, 2003). Generally, the fine root biomass of understory vegetations (especially the shallow layer) increased with light transmission (Matjaž and Primož, 2010; Noguchi et al., 2021), and thus the competition between overstorey and understory vegetations would intensify. Therefore, we discovered that the fine root biomass of trees in deep soil layer was negatively related to the light transmission. We also found that the fine root biomass of trees displayed a negative correlation with rock fragment content, which may be explained by that the existence of rock fragments could reduce soil hydraulic conductivity and water retention capacity and therefore decrease the soil water availability for plants (Novák and Knava, 2012). However, previous studies also shown that rock fragments can serve as reservoirs for plants and water conservation was found to be better in rocky soils under moderate water stress conditions (Danalatos et al., 1995; Tetegan et al., 2015). The reason for these contrast results may be that rock fragments had a positive effect on plant growth and water consumption below a certain threshold, and therefore it is necessary to optimize the rock fragment content when evaluating water relations of plants in rocky ecosystems (Mi et al., 2016). In our study, the deep soil water utilization of plants increased with the decrease of deep soil water content. Similarly, the shallow soil water content was found to remain low and the deep soil moisture showed a downward trend in previous studies, which indicated that plants increase the deep soil water utilization to ensure growth in the dry season (Jia and Shao, 2014; Cao et al., 2018; Li et al., 2021). Also, deep soil bulk density was negatively related to the deep soil water utilization of plants, which was mainly due to high mechanical could restrict the elongation and proliferation of root (Szota et al., 2007; McIvor et al., 2014; Miyatani et al., 2016).
Our results showed that the main biotic determining factors of the distribution of deep fine root biomass were the dominance and richness of shrubs (Figure 5B). In our study, the biomass of fine roots of shrubs displayed a positive correlation with shrub dominance. However, the absorptive and total fine root biomass of trees were negatively related to the richness of shrubs, indicating that deep fine root biomass of trees decreased due to intense competition with shrubs. Our results showed that the main biotic factors affecting the distribution of deep soil water utilization were the dominance and evenness of shrubs, and the richness of herbs (Figure 6B). Also, deep soil water utilization of trees could increase the dominance of shrubs, and that of shrubs could increase the richness of herbs in our study (Figure 6, Table S1). Similarly, previous studies showed that trees likely influence local resource availability (e.g. light, soil) and serve as a biotic filter in the understory community assembly (Jiang et al., 2018b; Luo et al., 2019). This might because the plots with higher deep soil water utilization of trees increased the probability of hydraulic uplift, and therefore the companion shrubs could obtain more water resource, thus increasing the dominance of shrubs. Similarly, the plots with higher deep soil water utilization of shrubs could also enhance the probability of the deep soil water being lifted and released into the surface soil, which could provide more water resources for shallow-rooted herb plants. This induced the enrichment of shallow-rooted herbs in the areas of hydraulic uplift to some extent, thus improving the richness of herbs in these regions (Maestre et al., 2003; Šenfeldr et al., 2016). Moreover, the plots with deep soil water utilization of trees (or shrubs) meant that shallow soil water consumption was more severe and the competition of water resource between different life forms was more intense. Therefore, the positive relationships between deep soil water utilization of trees and the dominance of shrubs and between deep soil water utilization of shrubs and the richness of herbs indicated that shrubs and herbs exhibited different “strategy” in response to competition. For details, shrubs exhibited a “conservative strategy” and tend to increase individual competitiveness and could maximize their resource acquisition in habitats with little disturbance. In contrast, herbs exhibited an “opportunistic strategy” and tend to increase variety and quantity to adapt to the competition and could survive in habitats with frequent disturbance. Our results highlighted the roles of deep soil water utilization in shaping community assembly as well as the necessary of linking biodiversity to ecosystem function (Schwartz et al., 2000; Dudgeon, 2010).
In our study, the explanation degree of RDA ordination biplot was only c. 30%, which was relatively low. This may be explained by that the traits we didn’t measure (e.g. photosynthetic related properties, traits related to plant’s water status), could further play important roles in determining the deep fine root and water utilization and thus the community assembly. Compared with shallow root, deep fine roots have larger diameters and higher tissue density and thus require more carbon investment (Prieto et al., 2015; Fort et al., 2017). Therefore, deep roots should be more closely related to physiological functions such as photosynthesis. Also, plant deep soil water utilization should be closely correlated with stomatal conductance and transpiration rate, since capturing and pumping from deeper soil required more energy (through root pressure) than extracting shallow soil water (Ksenzhek and Volkov, 1998; Wu et al., 2021). Similarly, plant water uptake was found to be closely associated with stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and stomatal density (Romero-Aranda et al., 2001; Hepworth et al., 2016). This can also explain the positive correlation between light transmission and deep soil water utilization. Previous studies proposed that root hydraulics (instead of root length) could determine the water consumption of crops (Vadez, 2014; Cai et al., 2022), since root conductance synthesizes the effects of the architecture, length, and anatomy of root (Doussan et al., 2006; Strock et al., 2021). Similarly, our previous studies at the species level in the study area showed a positive correlation between deep water utilization and stem hydraulic conductance (Jiang et al., 2020a). Also, recent studies have showed that water uptake depth was coordinated with leaf economic spectrum in water-limited ecosystems (Pivovaroff et al., 2021; Illuminati et al., 2022). Therefore, future studies on plant water use should also focus on plant physiological properties (e.g photosynthetic related properties, hydraulic related properties) and economic spectrum traits.
5 Conclusion
Our results provide new insights into the different deep fine root distribution and water use strategies between trees and understory vegetations and improve our understandings of plants adaptations to variations in the forest hydrologic cycle and thus the community assembly processes. Although the proportion of deep fine roots (below 1 m depth) is only 0.2-5.1%, their proportion of deep soil utilization can reach 20.9-38.6% in the dry season, which highlight the roles of deep fine root in drought resistance. Compared with understory vegetations, trees had a significant deep soil water reliance throughout the year and distributed a higher proportion of absorptive roots in deep soil layer. This indicated that trees could improve deep soil water capture capacity by enhancing their dominance in occupying deep soil volume, and enhance their deep resource foraging by increasing their branching capacity of absorptive roots. Moreover, shrubs and herbs showed different strategies for deep water competition: shrubs and herbs exhibited different “strategy” in response to competition: shrubs exhibited a “conservative” strategy and tend to increase individual competitiveness, while herbs exhibited an “opportunistic” strategy and tend to increase variety and quantity to adapt to the competition. Due to the low interpretation rate of RDA ordination biplot, we assumed that traits we didn’t measure might further play important roles in determining the deep fine root and water utilization and thus the community assembly. Future studies on deep fine root and water use patterns should also focus on plant physiological properties (e.g photosynthetic related properties, hydraulic related properties) and economic spectrum traits.
Data availability statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.
Author contributions
PJ: Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. JY: Investigation, Writing – review & editing. RL: Investigation, Writing – review & editing. XZ: Methodology, Writing – review & editing. SF: Funding acquisition, Methodology, Writing – review & editing.
Funding
This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundations of China (32201520), the Survey of Herbaceous Plant Germplasm Resources of Shandong Province Grant No. [[2021]01], and the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation, China (ZR2021QC051).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Supplementary material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2023.1275464/full#supplementary-material
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Keywords: community structure, deep fine root, deep soil water utilization, light transmission, seasonal dynamics, soil property
Citation: Jiang P, Yan J, Liu R, Zhang X and Fan S (2023) Patterns of deep fine root and water utilization amongst trees, shrubs and herbs in subtropical pine plantations with seasonal droughts. Front. Plant Sci. 14:1275464. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1275464
Received: 10 August 2023; Accepted: 05 September 2023;
Published: 20 September 2023.
Edited by:
Yunpu Zheng, Hebei University of Engineering, ChinaCopyright © 2023 Jiang, Yan, Liu, Zhang and Fan. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Xuejie Zhang, emhhbmd4dWVqaWVAc2RudS5lZHUuY24=; Shoujin Fan, ZmFuc2pAc2RudS5lZHUuY24=