Luis E. Eguiarte
James Leebens-Mack2*
Karolina Heyduk- 1Laboratorio de Evolución Molecular y Experimental, Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- 2Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- 3School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mãnoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
Editorial on the Research Topic
Recent Advances and Future Perspectives for Agavoideae Research: Agave, Yucca and Related Taxa
The Agavoideae (Asparagaceae) are a group of charismatic plants native to the Americas (if including the genus Hosta, also Asia) that are very diverse in their ecology and comprise 12 genera and ca. 445 species. Species in the Agavoideae display impressive adaptions in order to live in arid and semiarid conditions, have been historically very important for local human populations, and today are gaining increased attention due to their immense biotechnological potential (Davis et al., 2011; Cushman et al., 2015). In this collection we include 15 papers concerning a variety of cutting-edge studies on different aspects of the biology of the Agavoideae, which together illuminate their evolution and uniqueness.
Papers in this collection focus on the two largest genera in the Agavoidae: Yucca and Agave. Hybridization is not uncommon in Yucca, despite a long history of specialized pollination mutualism in this genus (Pellmyr and Leebens-Mack, 1999; McKain et al., 2016). Royer et al. described a hybrid zone in the Y. brevifolia and Y. jaegeriana (Joshua trees) from the Mojave desert that are pollinated by different Tegeticula moth species. The Yucca species present different sizes, with Y. brevifolia taller and with larger flowers than Y. jaegeriana, and morphological differences exist between their pollinators as well. Royer et al. analyzed a narrow (ca. 4 km in width) hybrid zone between these species in the Tikaboo Valley, southern Nevada, using RAD-seq data, microsatellite loci, chloroplast variation, vegetative and floral traits, and pollinator frequency. They found overlapping genomic and pollinator clines, consistent with a narrow hybrid zone generated by strong selection, but with wider phenotypic and a chloroplast clines.
In the Baja California peninsula, Arteaga et al. studied the populations of two closely related Yucca species: Y. valida that lives mostly in the central section of the peninsula and Y. capensis that is only found in the southern tip of the peninsula. They confirmed the hybrid origin of geographically and morphologically intermediate populations using nextRAD derived SNP along Principal Components and Structure analysis and Approximate Bayesian computation simulations. This conclusion was supported by the distribution models constructed using climatic data for the present and the past.
In the Atlantic coast of North America, Heyduk et al. studied the hybrid origin of Y. gloriosa, a putatively hybrid species between Y. aloifolia and Y. filamentosa, which is photosynthetically intermediate (Rentsch and Leebens-Mack, 2012; Heyduk et al., 2016). The authors used whole genome shotgun data to assemble complete chloroplast genomes in the three species. They found that Y. gloriosa chloroplast haplotypes were nested in three separate clades: one related to Y. filamentosa, and two related to Y. aloifolia, supporting a hybrid but complex origin for Y. gloriosa. They also analyzed the transposons in their nuclear sequencing reads: while overall repetitive content varied between the three species, expression patterns showed little increased transcriptional activity of transposons in Y. gloriosa, suggesting that no transposon release occurred in the hybrid.
Jolly et al. described different morphological and physiological adaptations to deal with the dry conditions in Y. brevifolia and Hesperoyucca whipplei, two species from the Mojave desert. The authors suggested that the ability of H. whipplei to adjust both its vein density and stomatal density allows for higher gas exchange, thus permitting this species to grow in drier conditions than Y. brevifolia.
Most of the papers in this collection concentrate in studies of different species in Agave. Jiménez-Barron et al. analyzed the phylogeny, divergence times, and speciation rates in Agave sensu lato, a clade containing more than 250 species. They concluded that the genus is organized in different main clades. One clade is formed by the Striatae group, which is the sister group to the rest of the Agave sensu lato. Another clade is formed by the herbaceous taxa Manfreda, Polianthes, and Prochnyanthes, that diverged from other linages within Agave sensu lato ca. 3.55 Ma. Within Agave, they found two significant diversification shifts: one soon after the origin of Agave sensu lato, at ca. 6.18 Ma, and a second within Agave sensu stricto, ca. 2.68 Ma.
The Agave genus is not only fascinating because of its diversity and adaptions, but also because these plants were central for the development of the American native cultures and civilizations. Ortiz-Cano et al. reviewed their physiological adaptations to dry environments and their traditional uses, in particular for making drinks like mescal, tequila, and pulque, and their potential new applications as alternative crops for biofuel production. The authors focused on the Hohokam, a Pre-Columbian Indigenous People from the Sonoran desert that used “rock mulching” (i.e., rock piles) that helped to cultivate agaves by harvesting during rainfall and retaining soil moisture.
Cabrera-Toledo et al. analyzed the levels of morphological and genetic variation and differentiation patterns in A. maximiliana, used in the production of raicilla, a local kind of mescal in Western-Central Mexico. The authors found strong morphological and genetic differentiation between populations (FST = 0.43), and isolation by distance in the genetic markers. The authors compared plants in different management categories (monoculture, managed forestry systems, and wild populations), but they did not find differences in morphology nor in genetic diversity among these categories. Torres-García et al. studied the demography of A. inaequidens, another species used in the production of raicilla and other types of mescal, across four wild populations in Central Western Mexico. The study indicated that analyzed wild populations are stable, concluding that extraction rates from 10 to 30% of mature individuals for making mescal could be sustainable, but only if 200 to 300 agave plants of the younger sizes are introduced every year into the populations.
Another group of agaves used for the production of pulque–a traditional Mexican alcoholic beverage produced through open fermentation of agave sap—was studied by Trejo et al. They analyzed vegetative traits of landraces of A. salmiana and A. mapisaga in Tlaxcala, a highland state in central east Mexico, and their genetic relationships using a chloroplast region (trnL) and nuclear ITS sequences. Both, data on the morphology and genetic markers of the landraces aligned with the species classification, with the exception of A. salmiana subsp. salmiana “Ayoteco,” which is more related to A. mapisaga var. mapisaga. They concluded that low intensity artificial selection together with gene flow and plasticity could explain the high number of phenotypically similar landraces.
Agave kerchovei has a restricted distribution, mainly in the Tehuacán -Cuicatlán Valley, in the states of Oaxaca and Puebla. Aguirre-Planter et al. studied the chloroplast variation and both current and past ecological niche models, finding high levels of total chloroplast genetic variation and very strong genetic differentiation (i.e., FST = 0.92). They suggest that the Pleistocene glacial cycles played a critical role in changing the distribution and population sizes of the species.
The interaction with other species seems to be very important in the evolutionary ecology of agavoid species, in particular mutualistic pollinator interactions (e.g., the Tegeticula moth in Yucca and the nectar feeding Leptonycteris bats in Agave; Pellmyr and Leebens-Mack, 1999; McKain et al., 2016: Eguiarte et al., 2021). But microbes, including both fungi and bacteria, also seem to play very important roles in the biology of the Agavoideae. In A. lechuguilla, in Cuatro Ciénegas, in the Chihuahuan desert, López-Lozano et al. analyzed the microbial communities in the soil and in its rhizosphere using 16S rRNA gene sequences. Actinobacteria were more abundant in the soil, while Proteobacteria dominated in the rhizosphere. The authors reported differences in bacterial diversity, community composition, potential functions of the bacteria taxa, and interaction networks between the soil and A. lechuguilla rhizosphere.
The plants of the Agavoideae have many other physiological and biochemical adaptations and unique chemical profiles. Lledías et al. isolated, characterized and analyzed the molecular function and evolution of mayahuelin, a protein that is abundant in the central spike of the rosette in A. tequilana var. azul and in other agaves, making up to 20% or even more of the total protein. The protein is a type I Ribosome inactivating protein (RIP). The authors also used this gene to identify accessions closely related to A. tequilana var. azul. Agaves store their carbohydrates in the form of fructan polymers, instead of starch or sucrose. Pérez-López and Simpson describe the fructans in Agave that provide a source of carbohydrates for the transition from vegetative to reproductive stages; for this reason, inflorescences are removed to avoid depletion of fructan reserves in cultivated and managed populations of Agave.
The striking physiological adaptations of Agave for living in dry areas are highlighted in the study of Jones et al. where they conducted field experiments in A. americana to evaluate their ethanol yield potential, analyzing their efficiency in water use, their carbohydrates production, and the products obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis comparing with other plants—grasses–used to produce biofuels. They concluded that A. americana was able to produce important amounts of soluble carbohydrates by using very little water, and thus have an important potential for future biofuel production.
Finally, this collection also includes a methodological paper by González-Gutiérrez et al. that describes how to analyze the F-actinin in plant species with thick tissues, as is the case for Agavoideae plants.
This collection analyses only a few species, adaptations and uses from a very large group of fascinating plants, including agaves called “el árbol de las maravillas” (the tree of wonders) by José de Acosta (de Acosta, 1608), a Jesuits missionary and, among yuccas, Joshua Tree described as “The most repulsive tree in the Vegetable Kingdom” by American explorer Lt. John C. Fremont in 1844 (we disagree). We hope that this collection of studies will help to increase the awareness of the Agavoideae, and inspire future work on the group's striking diversity of form and ecological function.
Author Contributions
LE, JL, and KH proposed the Research Topic, edited manuscripts, and wrote the editorial. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
The reviewer CM declared a shared affiliation, with no collaboration, with one of the authors, LE, to the handling editor at the time of review.
Acknowledgments
We want to acknowledge the efforts and support of all the reviewers, invited editors and authors that helped to make this collection of articles.
References
Cushman, J. C., Davis, S. C., Yang, X., and Borland, A. M. (2015). Development and use of bioenergy feedstocks for semi-arid and arid lands. J. Exp. Bot. 66, 4177–4193. doi: 10.1093/jxb/erv087
Davis, S. C., Dohleman, F. G., and Long, S. P. (2011). The global potential for Agave as a biofuel feedstock. Gcb Bioenergy 3, 68–78. doi: 10.1111/j.1757-1707.2010.01077.x
Eguiarte, L. E., Jiménez Barrón, O. A., Aguirre-Planter, E., Scheinvar, E., Gámez, N., Gasca-Pineda, J., et al. (2021). Evolutionary ecology of Agave: distribution patterns, phylogeny, and coevolution (an homage to Howard S. Gentry). Am. J. Bot. 108, 216–235 doi: 10.1002/ajb2.1609
Heyduk, K., McKain, M. R., Lalani, F., and Leebens-Mack, J. (2016). Evolution of a CAM anatomy predates the origins of crassulacean acid metabolism in the Agavoideae (Asparagaceae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evolut. 105, 102–113. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.08.018
McKain, M. R., McNeal, J. R., Kellar, P. R., Eguiarte, L. E., Pires, J. C., and Leebens-Mack, J. (2016). Timing of rapid diversification and convergent origins of active pollination within Agavoideae (Asparagaceae). Am. J. Bot. 103, 1717–1729. doi: 10.3732/ajb.1600198
Pellmyr, O., and Leebens-Mack, J. (1999). Forty million years of mutualism: evidence for eocene origin of the yucca-yucca moth association. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sic. U.S.A. 96, 9178–9183. doi: 10.1073/pnas.96.16.9178
Keywords: arid and semiarid climates, biofuel, desert, hybridization, mescal, physiological adaptations, pollination mutualism, pulque
Citation: Eguiarte LE, Leebens-Mack J and Heyduk K (2021) Editorial: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives for Agavoideae Research: Agave, Yucca and Related Taxa. Front. Plant Sci. 12:687596. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.687596
Received: 29 March 2021; Accepted: 12 April 2021;
Published: 10 May 2021.
Edited by:
Stefan Wanke, Technische Universität Dresden, GermanyReviewed by:
Carolina Granados Mendoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, MexicoCopyright © 2021 Eguiarte, Leebens-Mack and Heyduk. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Luis E. Eguiarte, fruns@unam.mx; James Leebens-Mack, jleebensmack@uga.edu; Karolina Heyduk, heyduk@hawaii.edu