Abstract
Due to the numerous applications of the Nizhnik-Novikov-Veselov system (NNVS) in fluid mechanics, thus, the current investigation is focused on studying the fractional form of this model to reveal the ambiguity around many nonlinear phenomena that arise in different fluid medias. Accordingly, we aim to derive several families of symmetric solitons and traveling wave solutions to the (2 + 1)-dimensional fractional asymmetric NNVS (FANNVS), defined in conformable fractional derivatives’ sense. For this purpose, a groundbreaking analytical technique known as the modified extended direct algebraic method (mEDAM) is utilized to solve and analyze the FANNVS. According to this method, four cases with several families of soliton-like solutions are derived. Our research uncovers various soliton solutions, including solitary waves, periodic waves, shocks, dual shock waves (lump waves), and anti-shock waves. These solutions are graphically discussed to understand their dynamical proprieties against the fractional parameters. This broad range of soliton-like solutions supports the relevance of our findings and demonstrates the effectiveness of our methodology. These findings significantly advance the field by deepening our understanding of solitonic behavior in FANNVS and demonstrating the effectiveness of the medium approach in solving challenging nonlinear systems.
1 Introduction
The Fractional partial differential equations (PDEs) are very significant mathematical tools for modeling and describing complex phenomena joined with the memory effect, and we may hope that even more general results are necessary to be obtained in the future. Therefore, the contribution is to review various works on fractional differential equations or to discuss properties and fundamental solutions from the point of view of essential mathematical tools. Thus, these types of differential equations are discussed in describing several natural phenomena, such as anomalous diffusion, wave propagation in different physical mediums (e.g., plasma physics, optical communications, and fluid), and multi-scale dynamics [1–5], and others [6–11]. Therefore, fractional PDEs (FPDEs) are the optimal and most suitable option for representing various physical phenomena, engineering, and technical challenges, allowing for a more profound comprehension of the intricacy of natural events.
The exact solutions of FPDEs play a significant role in the study of nonlinear science because they give precise and clear mathematical expressions, provide deeper insights, and do away with the approximation mistakes that come with numerical approaches. Therefore, when feasible, explicit solutions are favored over numerical ones. Several effective analytical techniques have been created to solve different types of nonlinear FPDEs (NFPDEs), such as Backlund transformation [12], Darboux transformation [13], inverse scattering transform [14], unified method [15], (G’/G)-expansion method [16, 17], tanh and tanh-coth methods [18–20], modified extended direct algebraic method (mEDAM) [20–22], and numerous others [23–27]. The mEDAM stands out among these methods as a straightforward and helpful approach for locating exact soliton solutions for NFPDEs.
Soliton solutions have recently garnered considerable attention due to their presence in several environments, including nonlinear optics, plasma, shallow-water waves, and Bose-Einstein condensates [28–33]. Solitons are self-sustaining wave solutions that retain their shape and velocity while propagating [34–40]. The main objective of this study is to extensively explore soliton phenomena within the context of the (2 + 1)-dimensional fractional asymmetric Nizhnik-Novikov-Veselov system (FANNVS), which is a fractional generalization of ANNVS [41], using the unique analytical technique mEDAM. The mathematical representation of this model is introduced in the following manner:where & are the components of the (dimensionless) velocity. Equation 1 is the solely known isotropic Lax extension of the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation. The derivative operators , , and are conformable fractional derivative operators. The FANNVS plays an important role for nonlinear phenomena including shallow-water waves, long internal waves, and acoustic waves that occur in incompressible fluids and in physics of plasmas. The physics of plasma is one of the most critical physical disciplines, rich in many nonlinear phenomena that arise and propagate in different plasma systems. Plasma physics is also a crucial specialty widely used in many different applications, whether in industrial, medical, agricultural, engineering, and many others. There are many different evolution/wave equations, such as KdV-type equations [42–45], damped KdV-type equations [40, 46, 47], Kawahara-type equations [48–53], and nonlinear Schrödinger-type equations [42, 54–57], which are derived from different plasma systems and are used to describe nonlinear waves, such as solitary waves, shock waves, rogue waves, cnoidal waves, etc. Therefore, The FANNVS can be essential in analyzing and solving these wave equations in their fractional forms to study the fractional effect on these phenomena.
Many academics have used various methods to investigate the NNVM. For instance, to obtain multi-wave solutions of the time-FANNVS in a modified Riemann–Liouville context, Osman [58] used a generalized unified technique. Researchers have investigated the FANNVS utilizing a variety of methods. Similarly, Sagar and Ray [59] used the Kansa approach and multi-quadrics as their radial basis functions to examine numerical solitons for time-FANNVS. Liu [60] established the generalized fractional subequation approach and used it to find several accurate solutions to the FANNVS. Our main goal in this study, which builds on the literature, is to propose the simple approach known as mEDAM for producing novel soliton solutions for FANNVS, emphasizing kink wave and shock wave. Kink and shock solitons are two different forms of solitons in the FANNVS. When moving from one equilibrium state to another, kink solitons show a smooth transition, but shock solitons show abrupt discontinuities that resemble shock waves. The derived soliton solutions for the FANNVS possess a variety of soliton behaviors, including singular and periodic kinks, shock and anti-shock wave solutions, and dual shock waves (lump waves). We anticipate using this approach to comprehend the complex solitonic behavior inside the FANNVS thoroughly, hence advancing our understanding of nonlinear wave phenomena.
2 Methods and materials
2.1 Conformable fractional derivative
The fractional derivatives presented in Equation 1 are conformable fractional derivatives. This derivative operator of order is described as [61]:The following properties of this derivative are used in transformation of FPDE in Equation 1 into a nonlinear ordinary differential equation (NODE):where & are arbitrary differentiable functions, whereas , , & signify real constants in the current context.
2.2 Methodology of mEDAM
This section outlines EDAM’s operational procedures. Think about the generic FPDE [20, 22] that follows:where .
We follow these procedures for addressing
Equation 6:
1. Firstly, a variable transformation of the form where:
is carried out.
is converted into a NODE of the following form:
where
in
Equation 8has derivatives with respect to
. To get the integration’s constant,
Equation 8may occasionally be integrated once or more.
2. The solution for Equation 8 is thus assumed to be as follows:
where
is the general solution of the following ODE, and
are unknown constants that will be obtained later:
where
are constants.
3. The positive integer appearing in Equation 9 is obtained by taking the homogeneous balance between the highest order derivative and the largest nonlinear component in Equation 8.
4. Then, we insert Equation 9 into Equation 8 or the equation created by integrating Equation 8, and last, we compile all the terms of that are in the same order and produce an expression in . A system of algebraic equations in and additional parameters is produced by equating all the coefficients in an expression to zero using the concept of comparison of coefficients.
5. This set of algebraic equations is resolved using Maple software.
6. Then, using the (general solution of (10) and the calculated unknown coefficients and other parameters, the soliton solutions to Equation 6 are examined. The following families of soliton solutions can be produced by the general solution of (Equation 10);
Family 1: When , we get
Family 2: When , we get
Family 3: When & , we get
Family 4: When & , we get
Family 5: When & , we get
Family 6: When & , we get
Family 7: When , we get
Family 8: When , and , we get
Family 9: When , we get
Family 10: When , we get
Family 11: When , and , we get
Family 12: When , and , we get
Here,
and
are referred to as deformation parameters.
3 Execution of mEDAM
In this section, we proceed to use the mEDAM for addressing FANNVS. Now, to get the soliton solution for system (1), we start through transforming the variables as stated in Equation 7, by transforming Equation 1, the system of NODEs listed below is produced:By integrating system (11) relative to for zero constant, the following result is obtained:The following single NODE results is obtained by putting the second component of system (12) into the first part:The value of can be obtained by balancing the highest order derivative and the nonlinear term which leads to , i.e., . By substituting into Equation 9, we obtain the following series form solution for Equation 13.
We generate an expression in
by putting
Equation 14in
Equation 13and collecting every term with the same powers of
. A system of nonlinear algebraic equations is formed by equating all coefficients to zero. Using Maple to solve the system yields the following four sets of symmetric solutions:
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
Case 4
Considering case 1 and using system (14) and corresponding general solutions of
Equation 10, suggest the following families of soliton solutions for system (1).
Family 1.1: When , we get
Family 1.2: When , we get
and
Family 1.3: When & , we get
and
Family 1.4: When & , we get
and
Family 1.5: When , we get
and
Family 1.6: When & , we get
and
Family 1.7: When , we get
Family 1.8: When , and , we get
with
This section examines several soliton solutions that arise from our investigation of the (2 + 1)-dimensional FANNVS. Our investigation focuses on the unique classification of solitons into kink and shock solitons within this system. By utilizing the innovative mEDAM to obtain these soliton solutions, one can understand the intricate dynamics of the FANNVS system. Graphical depictions clearly show the range of soliton behaviors, such as solitary kinks, periodic kinks, shock waves, dual shock waves (lump waves), and anti-shock waves. The connection between different soliton types, propagation patterns, and interactions is graphically illustrated. This graphical investigation emphasizes the importance of our findings and supports the mEDAM’s effectiveness in resolving challenging nonlinear systems. In the end, these graphical presentations highlight the revolutionary contributions of the mEDAM approach in solving complicated nonlinear phenomena while advancing our understanding of solitonic behavior in the (2 + 1)-dimensional FANNVS.
Given this study’s abundance of derived solutions, we will focus on evaluating a select few to comprehend the mechanics of the resultant waves. Similarly, we may analyze the remaining solutions using the same approach. The soliton solution (Equation 19) is discussed graphically, as shown in Figure 1 at various values for fractional parameters and . The analysis indicates that the fractional parameter causes a positive shift of the wave along the -axis, while the fractional parameter causes a negative shift of the wave along the -axis as illustrated in Figures 1A,B, respectively. Similarly, the soliton solutions (Equation 24), (Equation 29), (Equation 34), (Equation 39), (Equation 44), and (Equation 46) for case 1 are graphed using identical values of the pertinent parameters that have been used in Figure 1. Additionally, it is observed that the fractional parameter causes a displacement of the wave towards the positive side of the -axis while the fractional parameter causes a displacement of the wave towards the negative side of the -axis for both positive and negative solitons, as illustrated in Figures 2–7.
FIGURE 1
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 6
FIGURE 7
Considering case 2 and using system (14) and corresponding general solutions of
Equation 10, suggest the following families of soliton solutions for system (1):
Family 2.1: When , we get
and
Family 2.2: When , we get
and
Family 2.3: When and , we get
and
Family 2.4: When and , we get
and
Family 2.5: When and , we get
and
Family 2.6: When and , we get
and
Family 2.7: When , we get
Family 2.8: When , and , we get
and
Family 2.9: When , and , we get
with
Here, we can discuss some derived solutions for case 2. The soliton solutions (Equation 51), (Equation 56), (Equation 66), (Equation 71), and (Equation 76) are discussed graphically at different values for fractional parameters and as evident in Figures 8–12, respectively. The analysis shows that the fractional parameter results in a rightward wave shift along the -axis. In contrast, the fractional parameter leads to a leftward wave shift along the -axis, as depicted in Figures 8–12.
FIGURE 8
FIGURE 9
FIGURE 10
FIGURE 11
FIGURE 12
Considering case 3 and using system (14) and corresponding general solutions of
Equation 10, suggest the following families of soliton solutions for system (1):
Family 3.1: When & , we get
and
Family 3.2: When & , we get
and
Family 3.3: When and , we get
and
Family 3.4: When and , we get
and
Family 3.5: When and , we get
and
Family 3.6: When and , we get
and
Family 3.7: When , we get
Family 3.8: When , and , we get
and
Family 3.9: When , and , we get
with
Here, we can explore many derived soliton solutions for case 3. The soliton solutions (Equation 86), (Equation 96), (Equation 101), (Equation 105), and (Equation 111) are visually analyzed for various values to the fractional parameter , as depicted in Figures 13–17, respectively. The study indicates that the fractional parameter causes a displacement of the wave towards the right along the -axis. Conversely, the fractional parameter causes a wave shift towards the left along the -axis.
FIGURE 13
FIGURE 14
FIGURE 15
FIGURE 16
FIGURE 17
Considering case 4, and using system (14) and corresponding general solutions of
Equation 10, suggest the following families of soliton solutions for system (1):
Family 4.1: When & , we get
and
Family 4.2: When , we get
and
Family 4.3: When and , we get
and
Family 4.4: When & , we get
and
Family 4.5: When & , we get
and
Family 4.6: When & , we get
and
Family 4.7: When , we get
Family 4.8: When , and ,
with
4 Conclusion
In this work, the ground-breaking modified extended direct algebraic method (mEDAM) has been used to thoroughly analyze the (2 + 1)-dimensional fractional asymmetric Nizhnik-Novikov-Veselov system (FANNVS). Based on the proposed method, four different cases/criteria for the parameters related to solutions of FANNVS have been obtained. Several families of soliton-type solutions and other physical solutions have been derived according to each mentioned case. The graphical analysis of the derived solitons was conducted to comprehend their propagation methods and attributes, focusing on the changes in the soliton profiles against the fractional parameters. Also, graphical representations demonstrated the dynamic character of these solitons. Our study has shown various soliton solutions that may contribute to understanding some of the mysterious phenomena that arise in various fluid mediums. Our research clarifies the behavior of FANNVS solitons and highlights the mEDAM method’s effectiveness in resolving complex nonlinear systems. Our study broadens the applicability of the mEDAM technique to nonlinear systems. It considerably advances our understanding of soliton processes in the (2 + 1)-dimensional FANNVS, opening up new opportunities for scientific and engineering fields and understanding the behavior of many nonlinear waves propagating in fluid mediums.
Statements
Data availability statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.
Author contributions
HY: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal Analysis, Funding acquisition, Writing–original draft. AA: Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Writing–review and editing. MA: Project administration, Software, Supervision, Visualization, Writing–review and editing. RS: Writing–original draft, Writing–review and editing. SE-T: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal Analysis, Visualization, Writing–review and editing.
Funding
The author(s) declare that financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. The authors express their gratitude to Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number (PNURSP2024R378), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. This work was supported by the Deanship of Scientific Research, Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia (KFU242283).
Acknowledgments
The authors express their gratitude to Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number (PNURSP2024R378), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. This work was supported by the Deanship of Scientific Research, Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia (KFU242283).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
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Summary
Keywords
nonlinear fractional partial differential equations, modified extended direct algebraic method, fractional asymmetric Nizhnik-Novikov-Veselov system, conformable fractional derivatives, variable transformation, solitary-type wave, shallow water wave
Citation
Yasmin H, Alrowaily AW, Areshi M, Shah R and El-Tantawy SA (2024) On the analytical soliton-like solutions to (2+1)-dimensional fractional asymmetric Nizhnik-Novikov-Veselov system arising in incompressible fluids. Front. Phys. 12:1443986. doi: 10.3389/fphy.2024.1443986
Received
22 June 2024
Accepted
31 October 2024
Published
27 November 2024
Volume
12 - 2024
Edited by
W. Mohammed, University of Hail, Saudi Arabia
Reviewed by
Alvaro Salas, National University of Colombia, Colombia
Imran Khan, Bacha Khan University Charsadda, Pakistan
Elkhateeb Aly, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia
Updates
Copyright
© 2024 Yasmin, Alrowaily, Areshi, Shah and El-Tantawy.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Humaira Yasmin, hhassain@kfu.edu.sa; Rasool Shah, rasoolshah1988@gmail.com
Disclaimer
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