Distributed Edge-Enhanced Imaging With a Fractional Spiral Phase Filter Using Random Light

A gradual edge-enhanced ghost imaging method with pseudo-thermal light is proposed in both the theory and experiment. In the experiment, a phase object and fractional spiral phase filter are placed symmetrically in the imaging plane of the pseudo-thermal light source in the distributed test and reference beams of the lensless ghost imaging system. The procedure of gradual edge-enhanced ghost imaging is carried out by modulating the fractional topological charge from 0 to 1. We observe that the brightness of the object edge increases with the increase of the fractional topological charge. It is also found that the intensity distribution is uniform and isotropic when the topological charge is an integer; otherwise, the intensity distribution is not uniform. Theoretical analysis is also provided. The proposed gradual edge-enhanced ghost imaging scenario releases the position limitation in the Fourier plane for the filter of the traditional phase filtering imaging process. The method is believed to have prospective applications in microscopic imaging and biomedical detection.

1 Introduction

As early as the 1930s, Zernike first proposed the phase contrast imaging method and won the Nobel Prize for employing this technology to observe the structure of living cells in 1953 [1]. Different from the traditional optical microscopy, the phase contrast method can convert the invisible phase distributions into visible optical field intensity [2–4] to highlight the edges of an object with phase changes, which is called edge enhancement [5–7]. Edge-enhanced imaging, a kind of image processing, can extract the contour features of an image, so that the boundary of the target can be displayed more clearly, and the position of the target can be determined. Since then, the phase contrast technology has been further developed to expand its applications from the initial differential interference phase contrast microscopy and interference reflection contrast microscopy to the later spiral phase contrast (SPC) microscopy [8, 9]. In the 1990s, researchers realized the imaging of one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) phase objects by employing the SPC technology [10, 11]. In 2006, the homogeneous enhancement of the amplitude and phase objects was achieved using SPC technology combined with optical microscopy [12]. In 2015, Prof. Lixiang Chen’s research group used a fractional spiral phase filter (SPF) in the Fourier plane of the lens to achieve the isotropic edge enhancement with laser [13, 14].

SPC was applied in quantum imaging in 2009 by Jack et al. [15]. The entangled two-photon was separated using a beam splitter (BS). The pure phase object and the SPF were symmetrically placed in the image plane of the entangled two photons. The phase objects can be recognized through edge enhancement through the two-photon coincident measurement. However, ghost imaging can not only be implemented with an entangled two-photon light source but also be achieved with incoherent thermal light [16–20]. The quantum entangled source behaves like a mirror, whereas the classical thermal source acts like a phase-conjugate mirror in the ghost imaging [21]. It has been demonstrated that intensity fluctuations give rise to the formation of correlations in the OAM components and angular positions of random light in [22]. It was then proved that the spatial signatures and phase information of an object with rotational symmetries can be identified using classical OAM correlations in random light [23]. Furthermore, an experimental scenario of distributed angular double-slit interference based on the OAM correlations of pseudo-thermal light was accomplished in [24]. In 2020, we proved the classical physical essence of the spatial dimension of the non-local edge-enhanced ghost imaging system by making use of orientated SPF [25]. Inspired by the previous research, we proposed the scenario here to observe the phase object edge-enhanced imaging with a fractional-order spiral phase filter based on the OAM components of incoherent random light. The experimental results proved that the enhanced edge intensity of the image increased with the increase of the topological charge from 0 to 1. The reason why the edge brightness increases with the increase of the fractional orbital angular momentum (OAM) is due to the pseudo-thermal light OAM correlation and eigenvalue decomposition of the fractional topological charge of the SPF. The theoretical analysis finds good agreement with the experimental results. The proposed scenario can accomplish the continuously modulated edge-enhanced ghost imaging even with the incoherent light source.

2 Experiment

A schematic diagram of the experimental setup is shown in Figure 1. The input light is a Gaussian beam derived from a 632.8 nm He–Ne laser (THORLABS, HNL225RB). The light beam illuminates a slowly rotating glass (RG) with the rotation angular velocity of 0.013 rad/s to produce a pseudo-thermal light beam. P₁ and P₂ are polarizers to modulate the intensity of the laser beam. N is a telescope (×2 magnification) to collimate and expand the transverse size of the laser beam. Radiation from a chaotic pseudo-thermal source via an Iris is then divided into two optical paths, namely, a test beam and a reference beam, by a 50:50 non-polarizing BS. The pseudo-thermal light source is imaged, by two convex lenses L₁ and L₂, to the transverse planes of the spatial light modulators (SLMs, HOLOEYE, PLUTO-2-VIS-016), a device with full high-definition resolutions of 1920 × 1080 square pixels. The focal length of the convex lens is 25 cm. Then, the SLM₁ and SLM₂, located at a distance of 50 cm from the biconvex lens, are re-imaged to the charge-coupled devices (CCDs, MTV-1881EX) with the resolution of 575 × 767 square pixels placed at the end of each light beam, respectively. Two beams are connected with a data acquisition card embedded in a personal computer, and the intensity correlation calculation can be carried out.

FIGURE 1

FIGURE 1. Schematic diagram of the experimental setup. Phase objects in the upper left corner are the sketch of a compass (A) and a circle (B) which are loaded by SLM_1, and the dynamic phase hologram in the lower left corner is loaded by SLM₂.

The role of the SLMs is loading phase objects and fractional SPF instead of the spiral phase plate, so that the gradual edge enhancement by varying the fractional OAM value from 0 to 1 with a step length of 0.1 can be observed conveniently. The phase object and the phase hologram are symmetrically loaded on SLM₁ and SLM₂ in the distributed beams. The size of the phase object compass is 150 × 150 square pixels. The phase mutation along the pointer and the dial is π. The black part of the phase object presents the phase of 0, and the white part presents the phase of π. The phase hologram placed on the SLM₂ is 10 × 10 square pixels. Correspondingly, the black part of each phase filter presents the phase of 0, whereas the white part presents the phase of 2π. The correlation detection is carried out through scanning measurement. 10 × 10 square pixel points of the data obtained from CCD₂ are taken as a unit to traverse line by line to implement the second-order correlation with the data of CCD₁.

3 Results

The process of simulation calculation is as follows: first, a random thermal light field of Gaussian distribution in both the amplitude and phase is generated by a calculation program, which has the same size as the phase object to be detected. Then, the thermal light field is multiplied with the phase object and the vortex phase filter, respectively, in the reference and test beams to obtain the light field distributions in the detection planes. Finally, the correlation calculation is carried out to achieve the edge-enhanced imaging, as shown in Figure 2.

FIGURE 2

FIGURE 2. Simulation and experimental results of the non-local edge-enhanced imaging with a fractional spiral phase filter. (a–f) in the upper row show the simulation results, and (g–k) in the lower row show the experimental results.

We can find in Figure 2 that the intensity at the position where the phase gradient existed is lower than that where the phase gradient did not exist when the fractional OAM topological charge Q is lower than 0.5. It is because when Q is less than 0.5, the vortex has not formed yet, as shown in the lower right corner of each subgraph of Figure 3. However, when Q is greater than 0.5, a black hole at the center of the vortex appears. Thus, the contrast of the edge and background gradually reversed with the increase of Q. The intensity distribution of the fractional-order vortex light is not uniform along the radial direction, so the edge enhancement is not isotropic as the integer-order condition.

FIGURE 3

FIGURE 3. Experimental results of the circle phase with the integer and fractional vortex filters. (A–F) show the 2D edge-enhanced images and the fitted curves of some special azimuth corresponding to different Q.

Furthermore, we take a simple circular phase object as the detected phase object to analyze the isotropic feature of the SPC ghost imaging. The phase circle is shown in the upper left corner of Figure 1B, whose dimension is 200 × 200 pixels and diameter is 130 pixels. The black part of the circle presents the phase of 0, whereas the white part presents the phase of π. Figures 3A–F show the 2D edge-enhanced intensity distribution and the fitted edge-enhanced intensity curves of some special azimuth corresponding to the Q-value of 0, 1.0, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9. The lower right corner of each subgraph shows the vortex map of each fractional OAM. Figures 3C–F show that edge enhancement is non-isotropic of fractional Q.

4 Theoretical Analysis

The aforementioned experimental results are based on SPC imaging methods which are sensitive to the phase gradients by making use of SPF. SPF is a common device to generate helical wave fronts and vortex beams with an azimuthal structure exp (jlϕ), in which the topological charge l is an integer and 0⩽ϕ < 2π. Light with this phase structure carries OAM of lℏ per photon, and the most commonly used filter in the SPC imaging is the SPF with the integer topological charge of l = 1. All phase edges of a sample object can be enhanced isotropically as a result of the directional symmetry of an integer SPF.

In our case, H_i presents the impulse response functions during the free transmission in the reference beam between RG and D₁ while i = 1 and in the test beam between RG and D₂ while i = 2, respectively,

$H_i\left(r_i,r_0\right)=\exp \left\{jk\left[8f+\frac{1}{2f}\left(r_0^2+r_i^2\right)\right]-j\pi \right\}\delta \left(r_i-r_0\right)\left(i=\mathrm{1,2}\right),(1)$

where k = ω/c is the wave number, f is the focal length of the convex lens, r₀ is the 2D transverse plane position vector of the incident plane, and r_i presents the 2D transverse plane position vector of the output plate of the reference and test beams.

Then, the SPF function of the polar coordinates (r, ϕ) is written as S (r₁) = exp [jQϕ(r₁)], where Q is a fraction varying from 0 to 1 and ϕ(r₁) is an angular function of the filter. The amplitude transmittance of the input object is described by the function of T (r₂) = exp [jϕ′(r₂)]. Consequently, from the cascade relationship, the optical field in the transverse plane of the detectors D₁ and D₂ can be described as follows:

$E_i\left(r_i,r_0\right)=E_0\left(r_0\right)H_i\left(r_i,r_0\right)F_i\hspace{1em}\left(i=\mathrm{1,2}\right),(2)$

where F_i represents the SPF function S (r₁) when the value of i is 1; otherwise, it represents the amplitude transmittance T (r₂) of the object.

The second-order correlation function of the thermal light ghost imaging is given by [26].

$⟨I_1\left(r_1\right)I_2\left(r_2\right)⟩=⟨I_1\left(r_1\right)⟩⟨I_2\left(r_2\right)⟩+{\left|⟨E_1^{*}\left(r_1\right)E_2\left(r_2\right)⟩\right|}^2,(3)$

where the cross-spectral density function is

$⟨E_1\left(r_1\right)E_2\left(r_2\right)⟩=\iint E_1^{*}\left(r_1\right)\cdot E_2\left(r_2\right)d{r}_{1}d{r}_2.(4)$

The classical incoherent light source is characterized by the cross-spectral density function as $I(r_0,r_0^{\prime })=E_0(r_0)\cdot E_0^{*}(r_0^{\prime })=I_0\delta (r_0-r_0^{\prime })$, where r₀ and $r_0^{\prime }$ are the 2D transverse plane position vectors. Inserting Eqs. 1 and 2 into Eq. 4, we find that

$⟨E_1^{*}\left(r_1\right)E_2\left(r_2\right)⟩=I_0^2{\left|S^{*}\left(r_1\right)T\left(r_2\right)\right|}^2.(5)$

It was demonstrated that the integer OAM eigenstates form a complete and infinite basis [27–29]. A fractional vortex can be expressed in terms of the OAM eigenstates as $S(r_1)=\exp (jQ\varphi )=\sum _{l=-\infty }^{\infty }{A}_l\exp (jl\varphi )$, where $|A_l{|}^2={\left|\exp \left[j\pi \left(Q-l\right)\right]\frac{\sin \left[\pi \left(Q-l\right)\right]}{\pi (Q-l)}\right|}^2$ represents the weight of each OAM component [30] and exp (jlϕ) is the eigenstate. Figure 4 shows the spectra of the fractional OAM spread on its integer-order eigenstates.

FIGURE 4

FIGURE 4. OAM spectra of fractional SPF.

In the same way, $T(r_2)=\exp (j{\varphi }^{\prime })=\sum _{m=-\infty }^{\infty }{A}_m\exp (jm\varphi )$, where |A_m|² represents the weight of each OAM component [30].

Hence, substituting the functions of the filter and object in Eq. 5, the second-order correlation function can be given as

$⟨I_1\left(r_1\right)I_2\left(r_2\right)⟩=I_0^2\left\{1+{\left|\sum _{l=-\infty }^{\infty }\sum _{m=-\infty }^{\infty }{A}_m{A}_l\exp \left[j\left(m-l\right)\varphi \right]\right|}^2\right\}.(6)$

Equation 6 provides a clear understanding of the edge-enhanced effect of the fractional SPF. It indicates that the edge-enhanced image can be considered a coherent superposition of all images that are individually picked out by employing integer OAM filters. The OAM spectra of the phase platform of the object only have the composition of m = 0, so that the second-order correlation value represented by Eq. 6 will reach the maximum with l = 0 of the SPF and the minimum with l = 1. When the value of Q varies from 0 to 1, the OAM spectra composition of l = 0 decreases while l = 1 increases, as shown in Figure 4. Thus, the correlation value of the phase platform decreased as the value of Q increased. However, the situation of the edge part of the object is opposite to the phase platform. The second-order correlation value will reach the maximum with l = 1 and the minimum with l = 0, and the correlation value of the edge of the object increases as the value of Q increases.

5 Conclusion

In summary, a fractional phase filtering ghost imaging method with pseudo-thermal light is proposed. The experimental results show that the edge of the phase object can be gradually enhanced by the fractional SPF spatially distributed to the object with incoherent light beam illumination. The non-local gradual edge enhancement is also theoretically analyzed through correlation in the OAM components of the random fluctuations of the incoherent light beam. This effect is very important in a situation when entanglement is not required and when correlations in OAM suffice. The physical explanations of the gradual edge enhancement with the fractional topological charge change are the coherent superposition of the images filtered out by an integer vortex filter. The proposed scenario here provided a new edge enhancement imaging technology releasing the position of the filter in the Fourier plane with incoherent pseudo-thermal light. It is believed that the proposed non-locally fractional SPF imaging scenario may find potential applications in the field of micro-detection of quantum imaging and bioengineering.

Data Availability Statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material; further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.

Author Contributions

LG put forward the initial idea and supervised the project. HW further developed and confirmed the idea through analysis, experiment, and simulation. JM, ZY, and HD provided methodology and resources. HW analyzed the results with the assistance of JM, and ZY drew the figures. LG and HW wrote the manuscript. All authors contributed to manuscript revision and read and approved the submitted version.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 12074350 and No. 62105341), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 2652021046), the National Science Foundation of Shandong Province, China (No. ZR2021QF126), and the National College Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program (No. S202111415184).

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher’s Note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors, and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Hanquan Song for the meaningful advice and discussions.

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