- 1Department of Physics and Astronomy “G. Galilei”, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- 2Padua Quantum Technologies Research Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- 3CNR-IOM Istituto Officina dei Materiali, Trieste, Italy
The capability of multiple orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes generation with high resolution and diversified functionalities in the visible and near-infrared regime is challenging for flat and integrated optical devices. Additionally, having a static tiny optical device capable of generating multiple structured spots in space reduces the complexity of optical paths that typically use dynamic optical components and/or many standard elements, leading to unprecedented miniaturization and compactness of optical systems. In this regard, we propose dual-functional transmission dielectric metalenses based on a set of Pancharatnam-Berry phase meta-atoms with different cross-sections, for the combined manipulation of the dynamic and geometric phases. In particular, we present and describe the numerical algorithms for the computation of dual-functional metaoptics and we apply those techniques to the design of optical elements which are able to generate and focus different OAM modes at distinct points in space. In the specific, the designed elements enable the independent or simultaneous manipulation of right-handed and left-handed circularly polarized waves, by acting on the helicity of the input beam to enable or disable a specific optical operation. The theoretical proof-of-concept results highlight the capability of the designed metalenses to generate multiple high-resolution focused OAM modes at different points in space by exploiting the polarization of the incident beam as a degree of freedom, thus providing new integrated optics for applications in the fields of high-resolution microscopy, optical manipulation, and optical communications, both in the classical and single-photon regimes.
Introduction
Since the seminal paper of Allen and coworkers in 1992 [1], structured light ignited a flourishing research area, paving the way for scientific milestones and disruptive applications in an amazing variety of fields [2], including life science, soft and condensed matter, information and communication technology. In particular, orbital angular momentum (OAM) beams [3], also called optical vortices (OVs), offered a new degree of freedom to encode information in classical communications [4] or increase the Hilbert state space in quantum applications [5, 6], while their peculiar intensity and phase distributions enabled innovative and advanced techniques in microscopy [7], micro-manipulation [8], and light-matter interaction [9]. Concurrently, the necessity to tailor and control this spatial property of light inspired the design and engineering of new techniques with different levels of complexity and integration [10–14]. Among all, spiral phase plates (SPPs) [15] represent one of the first optical elements purposely introduced to impart orbital angular momentum to common non-structured beams. Such optical elements are characterized by 3D spiral staircase profiles [16], reproducing the twisting wavefront to impart to the input beam. Their fabrication with high-resolution lithographic techniques [17] has proved the generation of OAM beams with high purity, while the introduction of radial discontinuities [18] in their design enabled the additional control on the radial number and the excitation of higher-order modes. While providing a stable, efficient, and compact method for OAM generation, a strong limitation of SPPs is given by their reduced functionality, which is basically limited to a specific OAM value. q-plates [19] provided a first evolution of standard SPPs, acting on the geometric phase to implement polarization-dependent OAM generators. Instead of spatially changing the local thickness of an isotropic material to tune the optical path, i.e., the dynamic phase, q-plates rely on shaping the wavefront by acting on the polarization state with a 2D birefringent medium. The imparted phase, having a geometric nature, is equal to twice the local angle formed by the extraordinary axis, with a sign depending on the handedness of the circular polarization in input [20]. That is achieved by structuring the optical element at the subwavelength scale in the form of a spatially-variant half-wave plate, by exploiting the inherent anisotropy of liquid crystals [21, 22], or using properly-oriented digital gratings [23] or dielectric resonators [24], the so-called metaunits, to induce an effective form birefringence. Moreover, moving from 3D sculptured surfaces to 2D digital optics, metasurfaces open to the exploitation of semiconductor manufacturing [25], achieving the actual merging between optics and silicon photonics [26]. The metasurface paradigm opens to polarization as an additional degree of freedom, enabling the design of spin-dependent optical elements for the generation of beams with opposite values of OAM. However, it would be extremely advantageous to decouple spin from phase reshaping in order to effectively extend the optical functionality.
The solution is offered by the design of spin-decoupled dual-functional metasurfaces [27–30], which locally combine the dynamic phase from the refractive index profile with the geometric phase from the induced form birefringence. That is achieved by using anisotropic nanopillars with both different orientations and shapes. While the dynamic phases along the main axes of the nanopillars can be adjusted by tailoring their cross-section, an arbitrary geometric phase can be realized by controlling the local fast-axis orientation. The proper combination of the dynamic phase with the polarization-dependent geometric one enables the encoding of two totally different optical operations for the two circular polarization states.
In this work, we focus on the design of dual-functional metasurfaces for the generation of OAM beams. In particular, we provide a numerical recipe for the design of any dual-functional optical element, showing its application to the design of metaoptics enabling the spin-controlled generation of beams with different values of OAM. Moreover, by encoding different focal terms on the two contributions, we show the possibility to control the positions of the two beams independently. The design extends significantly the functionality of standard SPPs and q-plates, providing advanced optical elements for applications in microscopy, optical micromanipulation, and classical and quantum information, with unprecedented potential levels of compactness and integration into today’s technology.
Materials and Methods
In this work, we propose metaoptics which are able to generate and manipulate optical vortices (OVs) with different OAM values at distinct points in space. Mathematically, OVs are wavefront dislocations, with peculiar topological properties, due to phase singularities in the optical field. Light beams carrying OAM are characterized by a dark central region that arises from the destructive interference phenomena leading to the typical doughnut-shaped intensity distribution [31]. In order to generate an OV, the optical element is required to implement an azimuthal phase profile:
where
The metasurface proposed in this work is a dielectric dual-functional metalens (DFML), made of a 2D array of birefringent metaunits that exploit both the Pancharatnam-Berry (geometric) phase and the dynamic one. Our DFML is constituted of subwavelength metaunits (MUs), the so-called metaatoms (MAs), arranged over a square lattice, represented by amorphous silicon nanopillars on a silica substrate, surrounded by air. Each pillar belongs to a subset of nanostructures with different cross sections and orientations but the same height (Figure 1A), and acts as a half-wave plate in order to maximize the polarization conversion and, therefore, the optical efficiency [32–34] . While the pillar orientation allows controlling the geometric phase, by varying the cross section it is possible to act on the dynamic phase. Combining these two properties, the metalens is able to behave in two different ways depending on whether the input beam is right-handed (RCP) or left-handed circularly polarized (LCP) (Figure 1B).
FIGURE 1. (A) Schematic figure representing the 2D array of metaunits composing a metalens. (B) Working principle of a dual-functional metalens: two different structured beams are generated at distinct points in space, depending on the handedness of the circular polarization in input. (C) 3D view of a metaunit. (D) Top view of a metaunit illustrating its geometric features: length (L), width (W), and periods of the 2D array (in our case Ux = Uy = 400 nm). (E) Cross section of a pillar representing the extraordinary and ordinary axes for our simulations. Being Ee the electric field along the extraordinary axis, Eo the electric field along the ordinary axis, Ex the electric field along the x-axis, Ey the electric field along the y-axis, axis and E0i the input electric field, we consider a TE input polarization when
In fact, while a variation on the dynamic phase has the same effects both on LCP or RCP input beams, on the other hand a change in the geometric phase implies symmetrical (opposite) response on a LCP beam compared to on a RCP one. In this way, controlling simultaneously both the shape of the pillars and their rotations, it is possible to generate totally different behaviors under LCP or RCP illumination in input [35, 36].
For the benefit of the reader, we provide in the following the theory underlying the working principle of anisotropic metaunits. As well known, in dual-functional MLs the incident beam is supposed to be either left-handed circularly polarized
In particular, the Jones matrix
where
being θ the local orientation of the metaatom fast axis. After straightforward calculations, Eq. 2 can be expressed in the form (the spatial dependence has been omitted to simplify the notation):
where
imparting a polarization-independent dynamic phase term equal to
Then, it is possible to define a spin-decoupled optical response with the following definitions:
being
Hence, by accurately selecting a set of nanopillars with different sizes, which satisfy the required phase delays, i.e.,
We exploit these properties to design and test DFMLs which are able to generate and focus different orbital angular momentum beams at distinct fixed points in space, depending on the input circularly-polarized state. To implement these functionalities, the spatial phase patterns
where
After defining the theoretical framework for the wavefront engineering, we performed a custom Finite-Element Method (FEM) simulation in the wavelength domain using COMSOL Multiphysics® to extrapolate the set of metaunits which compose the metalens (Figure 2). The geometry of the metaatoms was modelled as an amorphous silicon pillar (nSi = 3.425) deposited on a glass substrate (
FIGURE 2. Example of FEM simulations of a metaatom (
FIGURE 3. (A) Graph showing the library of different pillars working at 775 nm and their phase delays under both TE polarization (x-delay) and TM polarization (y-delay), mandatory to built-up the metalens using the Eqs 7–9. (B) List of pillars composing the library with their corresponding geometric features.
Results
Using a custom code implementing the Fresnel propagation integral [41] in MatLab® environment, we simulated the optical response of several dual functional metalenses designed according to Eq. 12. In particular, we selected different combinations of the parameters
In the following, we report for each case of interest the phase patterns experienced by the two circular polarization states, and a simulation of their propagation after the optical element. In particular, we show a cross-section of the beam at the focal planes, in order to highlight the expected phase and intensity profiles.
We started implementing a dual-functional metalens able to focus two beams carrying different values of OAM at the same focus along the optical axis, with OAM depending on the input polarization.
Thus, we imposed the following focusing profiles:
being
FIGURE 4. Simulations of DFML implementing Eqs 14, 15. (A–C) ML design phase maps of
Subsequently, we implemented a DFML able to focus two beams carrying different OAM values at different focal lengths along the optical axis, depending on the input helicity. To obtain a metasurface as described above we encoded the following profiles:
being
FIGURE 5. Simulations of DFML implementing Eqs 16, 17. (A–C) ML design phase maps of
After that, we tried to further extend the focusing on different points in space not located along the propagation axis (z-axis). To this aim, we added two tilting parameters in the focusing formula according to Eq. 12. Initially we propose a DFML able to focus two beams carrying different OAM at the same focal length but onto two distinct points on the same focal plane. To exploit these functionalities the implemented formulas were:
being
As shown in Figure 6, the focalized OAM beams are generated at the expected points in space for both the polarizations.
FIGURE 6. Simulations of DFML implementing Eqs 18, 19. (A–C) ML design phase maps of
In order to demonstrate the ability to focalize two beams carrying different OAM onto two distinct points in space at different focal lengths, we tried to focalize a spot at the same coordinates xy but at a higher focal length. In this regard, we simulated a DFML implementing the phase profiles:
being
The resulting simulations (Figure 7) show how using the above formulas it is possible to focus different OAM beams in completely different points in space. Accurately choosing the design parameters of a DFML, it is possible to avoid symmetry problems due to both high deviation from the propagation axis and short focal lengths.
FIGURE 7. Simulations of DFML implementing Eqs 20, 21. (A–C) ML design phase maps of
Discussion and Conclusions
We have here presented the numerical design and simulation of dual-functional metalenses for the spin-controlled generation of OAM beams. The designed optical elements have been engineered to focus different OAM beams at distinct points in space, depending on the handedness of the circularly polarized state in input. That is achieved by properly selecting the resonant metaunits in order to act both on the dynamic and geometric phase imparted to the input beam, so that the polarization-dependent geometric term combines with the polarization-insensitive dynamic one in order to induce a spin-decoupled functionality. Numerical simulations based on FEM analysis have been performed to define an optimized set of silicon resonators, with fixed thickness and different cross-sections, acting as half-wave plates with different phase delays on two orthogonal optical axes. In such a way, while a rotation of the pillar enables the direct control on the geometric phase, the selection of the proper cross-section is dictated by the specific dynamic phase to be imparted. We provided a set of 12 different nanopillars optimized for the wavelength of 775 nm, which can be used as lookup table for the design of any dual-functional metasurface. In particular, we proved the dual-functional behavior for the specific case represented by the spin-controlled generation of OAM beams, showing the on-demand focusing of beams with different values of OAM at distinct points in space. Such optical elements represent the ultimate optical evolution of standard spiral phase plates and q-plates. While the former optical elements are refractive/diffractive optics restricted to the generation of a specific OAM value, the latter ones are their metaoptics evolution, introducing polarization as an additional degree of freedom to control the helicity of the output twisted wavefronts. Dual-functional metalenses allow to further extend the optical functionality to the generation of any pair of different OAM beams. Moreover, additional functionalities can be added, as the focus onto distinct points in space. Again, that is made possible by the dual-functional behavior, since a standard metalens would focus only one circular polarization in input, while defocusing the orthogonal one. Therefore, the dual-functional implementation could be of extreme interest in total angular momentum analysis, boosting the evolution from diffractive [42] to metasurface [43, 44] optical architectures. Moreover, the possibility to design polarization-switchable optical elements can be of high interest in imaging and microscopy, to enable the compact integration of a high-resolution analysis in the setup. Besides the undoubtful gain in functionality, the metasurface paradigm provides an unprecedented increase in compactness and integration, representing the real merging between lens design and silicon photonics. The designed pattern can be fabricated by transferring a lithographic mask to the silicon substrate by means of etching techniques [45], or chemical vapor deposition [46]. Furthermore, the possibility to select even more complicated metaunits, such as coupled resonant nanofins, opens to the possibility to tune the wavelength dispersion and achieve full achromaticity, as demonstrated for imaging metalenses [47, 48], further extending the working range of the designed metaoptics.
Data Availability Statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
Author Contributions
AV performed FEM numerical analyses, metasurfaces design and optical simulations. GR gave suggestions in numerical simulations and contributed to the algorithms for beam propagation and metasurface computation. FR addressed the aim of the project and defined the design target specs of the optics. All authors discussed the results and the optimization configurations, contributed to the writing of the manuscript, and approved the final version.
Funding
The work was supported by the project LifeLab (CORIS, Veneto Region), by the project VORTEX3 (CEPOLISPE, Italian Ministry of Defence), and by the project STRADA (Italian Government, Presidency of the Council of Ministers).
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s Note
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Keywords: dual function, metasurface, orbital angular momentum, metalens, Metaoptics
Citation: Vogliardi A, Romanato F and Ruffato G (2022) Design of Dual-Functional Metaoptics for the Spin-Controlled Generation of Orbital Angular Momentum Beams. Front. Phys. 10:870770. doi: 10.3389/fphy.2022.870770
Received: 07 February 2022; Accepted: 06 June 2022;
Published: 28 June 2022.
Edited by:
Venu Gopal Achanta, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, IndiaReviewed by:
Lei Zhang, Xi’an Jiaotong University, ChinaNirmal Kumar Viswanathan, University of Hyderabad, India
Copyright © 2022 Vogliardi, Romanato and Ruffato. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Filippo Romanato, ZmlsaXBwby5yb21hbmF0b0B1bmlwZC5pdA==