Active Control of the THz Wave Polarization State by an Electronically Controlled Graphene Composite Metasurface

Active control of terahertz (THz) wave polarization state is of great significance for sensitive detection, imaging and communication. Here, a tunable THz quarter wave plate is designed by electronically controlling a composite metasurface consisting of the gold cross antennas and a monolayer graphene. The graphene composite metasurface acts as a quarter-wave plate when the chemical potential of graphene is 0 eV, by which the polarization state of the incident THz wave is converted from linear polarization to circular polarization. After the chemical potential of graphene is increased gradually, and to 0.5 eV, the transmitted polarization state of the THz wave is changed from right circular polarization to right elliptical polarization, and to linear polarization. Furthermore, the polarization state of the THz wave is able to be changed from left circular polarization to left elliptical polarization, and to linear polarization if the device is clockwise rotated by 90°. Therefore, the polarization state of THz wave could be actively controlled by the proposed tunable THz quarter wave plate. Our work will offer a new avenue for tunable THz polarization modulation devices.

Introduction

Recently, tunable metasurfaces have attracted enormous research interests as a means to control the polarization state of THz wave. In the conventional optical devices, polarization control of electromagnetic wave is mainly achieved using birefringent materials. However, these materials are not suitable in the THz band because of the inherent disadvantages including bulky size, and narrow band of operating frequency. The most important issue is that the THz wave interacts weakly with these materials in nature.

Metasurface is a sub-wavelength artificial structure with extraordinary properties that nature materials do not have [1]. The electromagnetic wave properties including amplitude, phase, frequency and polarization can be controlled completely based on the structure of a metasurface, because any permittivity and permeability can be achieved after the modulation of metasurface devices. Therefore, more and more people have been committed to design metasurface structures, and proposed various functional devices including the anomalous reflection or refraction devices [2, 3], the holographic devices [4–6], the metasurface lenses [7–9], and the polarization-control devices [10–17], which mainly include the half-wave plate [10, 11], the quarter-wave plate [12–16], and the retarders [17]. These devices have the advantages of ultrathin thickness, high degree of design freedom and compactness, which will promote the miniaturization of the system. For example, Wang et al. designed an ultrathin THz quarter-wave plate using Babinet-inverted metasurface [14]. However, all the devices mentioned above are static, which hinders their convenience in the realistic application. Activating the functionalities of these devices will no doubt expand the application and improve the functional value, which is necessary to integrate tunable materials including the semiconductor [18, 19], the phase change material [20, 21], and graphene [22, 23], and externally control the functionalities by light [24], temperature [25], and an applied gate voltage [26]. More recently, a few THz polarization devices have been proposed [27–29]. Zhao et al. proposed a tunable transmission THz waveplate based on the electrically driving metasurface [28]. Luo et al. designed a dynamically reversible and strong circular dichroism based on Babinet-invertible chiral metasurface [29]. However, polarization devices whose function is tunable in the THz band is still vary lacking.

In this paper, we design a tunable THz quarte-wave plate (TQWP) by integrating a monolayer graphene with a metasurface consisting of the anisotropic gold cross arrays for actively and completely controlling the THz polarization state. The resonance characteristics of the cross will be modulated when the Fermi energy of the graphene is changed by an external voltage [30, 31]. A polarization state conversion from right circular polarization undergoes right elliptical polarization, and to linear polarization of 45° is achieved by changing the chemical potential of graphene from 0 to 0.5 eV, in which the device is irradiated normally by a linear polarized THz plane wave with a polarization angle of 45° to the x-axis. We further achieved the THz polarization conversion from left circular polarization state undergoes left elliptical polarization state, and to linear polarized of 135° only making the device clockwise rotate by 90°.

Design of Structure

The tunable TQWP is designed as shown in Figure 1A. The device is irradiated normally by a linear polarized THz plane wave. After modulated by this device, the THz polarization state is transformed to a circular state at first. Then, the polarization state of THz is changed from circular polarization goes through elliptical polarization and eventually returns to linear polarization with a changed gate voltage that increases the Fermi energy of the graphene. The tunable TQWP is consisting of three parts, including the monolayer graphene, the metasurface, and the silicon. The metasurface is composed of the anisotropic gold cross arrays, as shown in Figure 1B, and the unit cell of the metasurface is depicted in Figure 1C. The period of the unit cell is 100 μm. The arm lengths of the cross are $Lx=66\text{ µm}$ and $Ly=86\text{ µm}$, respectively. The arm width is $w=9\text{ µm}$. The Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method of simulation software (FDTD Solutions, Lumerical Inc.) is used as the simulation tool to calculate the electromagnetic field of the THz wave. In the simulations, the graphene layer is modeled as a two-dimensional (2D) graphene sheet, whose Fermi energy is tuned by changing the graphene chemical potential. The silicon with a refractive index of 3.4 is used as a substrate of the device.

FIGURE 1

FIGURE 1. (A) Diagram of the working principle of the tunable TQWP; (B) Schematic of the metasurface consisting of the gold anisotropy cross arrays; (C) Schematic of one unit cell among the gold gross arrays.

Results and Discussion

Numerical simulations are then carried out to confirm the functions of the designed graphene composite metasurface. Graphene is a great popular functional material in tunable metasurface because the electronic characteristics are controlled by external stimuli. In the THz region, graphene is well described by the Drude-like surface conductivity as [32].

${\sigma }_{graphene}\left(\omega ,{\mu }_c,\text{Γ},T\right)=-j\frac{e^2{k}_{B}T}{\pi {\hslash }^2\left(\omega -j2\text{Γ}\right)}\left(\frac{{\mu }_c}{k_{B}T}+2In\left(e^{-{\mu }_c/k_{B}T}+1\right)\right)(1)$

where $e$, $k_B$ and $\hslash$ are universal constants representing the electron charge, Boltzmann’s and Plank’s constant, $\omega$ is the working radian frequency, T is the room temperature, $\text{Γ}$ ($\text{Γ}=\hslash /2\tau$, where $\tau$ is the electron-photon relaxation time) is the scattering rate, and ${\mu }_c$ is the chemical potential of the graphene. Therefore, the conductivity of graphene can be controlled by changing the chemical potential in the simulation, and the resonance characters affected by conductivity of the composite metasurface are controlled. In our simulation, the transmission characters were obtained for different graphene chemical potential changed from 0.1 to 0.5 eV by a step of 0.1 eV.

Red lines in Figures 2A,B show the simulated transmission amplitude components $\left|E_y\right|$ (solid line) and $\left|E_x\right|$ (dashed line) and the difference between phase components ${\varnothing }_y$ and ${\varnothing }_x$ along the two arms of the cross in the metasurface before the chemical potential of the graphene is changed (E_F = 0 eV), respectively. It is found that there are two resonant dips in the transmission amplitude components alone the two arms of the cross, respectively. If we set our sights at frequency of the 0.73 THz, we can observe that both the transmission amplitudes of the two arms are 0.67, and the phase delay is 90°, which demonstrates that a function of a quarter wave plate is obtained. When the chemical potential of the graphene is increased to 0.5 eV, the transmission amplitude components and the difference between phase components are illustrated by the blue lines in Figures 2A,B, respectively. Both resonant dips of the transmission amplitude corresponding to the two arms are red-shifted. The transmission amplitudes of the two arms are about 0.60 except for some negligible differences between the two components at the frequency of 0.73 THz, but the phase delay is reduced to 0°, which means that the polarization of the transmission THz wave is back to the linear polarization state.

FIGURE 2

FIGURE 2. (A) Variations of the transmission amplitude components $\left|E_y\right|$ (solid line) and $\left|E_x\right|$ (dashed line) when the chemical potential of graphene was increased from 0 to 0.5 eV, respectively; (B) Phase differences between ${\varnothing }_y$ and ${\varnothing }_x$ when the chemical potential of graphene was increased from 0 to 0.5 eV, respectively.

In order to show the variation process of the transmitted THz polarization state along with the change of the graphene chemical potential, we calculated the difference between the transmission amplitude components, $\left|E_y\right|-\left|E_x\right|$, and the difference between the phase components, ${\varnothing }_y-{\varnothing }_x$, of the cross, respectively, at the frequency of 0.73 THz, when the graphene chemical potential is changed from 0 to 0.5 eV by a step of 0.1 eV. As shown by the red lines in Figures 3A,B, the difference between the two transmission amplitude components is almost zero, and the phase difference between the two transmission components is gradually changed from $-\pi /2$ to $0 \pi$ at the incident polarization with the polarize angle of 45°, which indicates that the polarization state of THz wave changes from the right circular polarization to the right elliptical polarization, and back to the linear polarization with the polarize angle of 45°. As shown by the blue lines in the Figures 3A,B, the difference between two transmission amplitude components is almost zero, and the phase difference between the two transmission components is gradually changed from $\pi /2$ to $\pi$ only by rotating the sample of 90° clockwise, taking the z-axis as the center axis. In this situation, the polarization of the THz wave changes from the left circular polarization to the left elliptical polarization, and to the linear polarization with the polarize angle of 135°.

FIGURE 3

FIGURE 3. (A) The amplitude difference ($\left|E_y\right|-\left|E_x\right|$) between the transmission components $E_y$ and $E_x$ for THz at frequency of 0.73 THz with incident polarize angle of 45° (square dotted line) and 135° (triangle dotted line) when the chemical potential of graphene was increased form 0–0.5 eV, respectively. (B) The phase difference (${\varnothing }_y-{\varnothing }_x$) between the transmission components $E_y$ and $E_x$ for THz at frequency of 0.73 THz with incident polarize angle of 45° (square dotted line) and 135° (triangle dotted line) when the chemical potential of graphene was increased form 0–0.5 eV, respectively.

The polarization information of the transmitted wave can be represented by the Stokes parameters [$S_0,S_1,S_2,S_3$], in which $S_0=|E_x{|}^2+|E_y{|}^2$, $S_1=|E_x{|}^2-|E_y{|}^2$, $S_2=\left|E_x\right|\ast \left|E_y\right|\ast \text{sin}\left(\Delta \varnothing \right)$, and $S_2=\left|E_x\right|\ast \left|E_y\right|\ast \text{cos}\left(\Delta \varnothing \right)$ [28]. From the simulated amplitude and phase of the both $E_x$ and $E_y$ components, we calculated the Stokes parameters of the designed metasurface for different graphene chemical potentials, as shown in Figure 4 (Left column). The Poincare sphere is a way that can intuitively represents the polarization state of light, in which the north point represents the left circular polarization state, the south point represents the right circular polarization state, the equator line represents linear polarization state, the northern hemisphere represents the left elliptical polarization state, and the southern hemisphere represents the right elliptical polarization state, respectively. Therefore, the Stokes parameters calculated above is then represented by the Poincare sphere in Figure 4 (Right column). It is easily to find that the polarization state of THz incident with polarize angle of 45° is modulated from the right circular polarization to the right elliptical polarization, and to the linear polarization when the chemical potential is changed from 0 to 0.5 eV. Furthermore, the polarization state of THz incident with polarize angle of 135° is modulated from the left circular polarization to the left elliptical polarization, and to the linear polarization. Therefore, the polarization of the THz wave can be controlled flexibly and completely by the tunable TQWP designed in this letter.

FIGURE 4

FIGURE 4. (Left column) The Stokes Parameters of the devices for the different graphene chemical potential with the THz incidence polarize angle 45°and 135°, respectively. (Right column) The Poincare Sphere is used to presents the polarization state of the device for different chemical potential of graphene.

To further understand the physics underlying inside of the proposed tunable metasurface, in Figures 5A,B, we stimulated the energy distribution on the gold cross for different graphene chemical potentials of 0 and 0.5 eV, respectively. As shown in Figure 5A, the THz energy is uniformly distributing on the two arms of the whole cross, respectively, the energy distribution on the arm along with the x-axis is stronger than that on the arm along with the y-axis, with energy intensity of 7 × 10^–1 when chemical potential of graphene is 0 eV. However, the THz energy is mainly distributing the end of arms of the cross, when the chemical potential of graphene is increased to 0.5 eV, as shown in Figure 5B. Furthermore, the energy intensity is reduced to 5.7 × 10^–2 which is much smaller than that energy intensity of 7 × 10^–1. The above results indicating that interaction between the THz wave and the gold antenna will be gradually suppressed when the chemical potential of graphene is increasing, which results in reduction of the difference between phase components. Therefore, the polarization state of THz is actively controlled by the designed metasurface alone with the variation of the graphene chemical potential.

FIGURE 5

FIGURE 5. (A,B) The THz energy distribution on the gold cross for graphene chemical potentials of 0 and 0.5 eV, respectively.

Conclusion

In summary, we have demonstrated a tunable TQWP which is realized by integrating the monolayer graphene with a metallic metasurface. This composite device acts as a TQWP at the frequency of 0.73 THz before the chemical potential of graphene is changed, by which the polarization state of THz with incident polarize angle of 45° to x-axis is converted from linear polarization to circular polarization. When the chemical potential of the graphene is increased from 0 to 0.5 eV, the polarization state of the THz wave is converted from the right circular polarization to the right elliptical polarization, and to the linear polarization state of 45°. And we further achieved the polarization conversion from the left circular polarization state to the left elliptical polarization, and to the linear polarization state of 135° by rotating the devise clockwise, taking the z-axis as the center axis. A total polarization state conversion is achieved by our composite metasurface. We hope our work can further enriches the THz polarization devices, and provide a new route for designing the tunable polarization devices.

Data Availability Statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

Author Contributions

GW, BH and YZ concived the ideas, BH and YZ improved the ideas, GW conducted the design, mumerical simulations. GW prepared the manuscript. BH and MK supervised the project. All the authors discussed and analyzed the results.

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China (62050410347, 61875010).

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher’s Note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

References

1. Khorasaninejad M, Capasso F. Metalenses: Versatile Multifunctional Photonic Components. Science (2017) 358(6367):eaam8100. doi:10.1126/science.aam8100

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

2. Li Z, Palacios E, Butun S, Aydin K. Visible-Frequency Metasurfaces for Broadband Anomalous Reflection and High-Efficiency Spectrum Splitting. Nano Lett (2015) 15(3):1615–21. doi:10.1021/nl5041572

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

3. Li Y, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Chen H, Fan Y. Wideband, Co-polarization Anomalous Reflection Metasurface Based on Low-Q Resonators. Appl Phys A (2016) 122(9):851. doi:10.1007/s00339-016-0374-3

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

4. Pfeiffer C, Grbic A. Controlling Vector Bessel Beams with Metasurfaces[J]. Phys Rev Appl (2014) 2(4):044012. doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.2.044012

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

5. He J, Wang X, Hu D, Ye J, Feng S, Kan Q, et al. Generation and Evolution of the Terahertz Vortex Beam. Opt Express (2013) 21(17):20230–9. doi:10.1364/oe.21.020230

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

6. Guo J-Y, Wang X-K, He J-W, Zhao H, Feng S-F, Han P, et al. Generation of Radial Polarized Lorentz Beam with Single Layer Metasurface. Adv Opt Mater (2018) 6(1):1700925. doi:10.1002/adom.201700925

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

7. Jiang X-Y, Ye J-S, He J-W, Wang X-K, Hu D, Feng S-F, et al. An Ultrathin Terahertz Lens with Axial Long Focal Depth Based on Metasurfaces. Opt Express (2013) 21(24):30030–8. doi:10.1364/oe.21.030030

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

8. Wang B, Wu X, Zhang Y. Multiple-Wavelength Focusing and Demultiplexing Plasmonic Lens Based on Asymmetric Nanoslit Arrays. Plasmonics (2013) 8(4):1535–41. doi:10.1007/s11468-013-9569-z

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

9. Ho JS, Qiu B, Tanabe Y, Yeh AJ, Fan S, Poon ASY. Planar Immersion Lens with Metasurfaces. Phys Rev B (2015) 91(12):125145. doi:10.1103/physrevb.91.125145

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

10. Roberts A, Lin L. Plasmonic Quarter-Wave Plate. Opt Lett (2012) 37(11):1820–2. doi:10.1364/ol.37.001820

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

11. Pors A, Nielsen MG, Bozhevolnyi SI. Broadband Plasmonic Half-Wave Plates in Reflection. Opt Lett (2013) 38(4):513–5. doi:10.1364/ol.38.000513

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

12. Zhao Y, Alù A. Tailoring the Dispersion of Plasmonic Nanorods to Realize Broadband Optical Meta-Waveplates. Nano Lett (2013) 13(3):1086–91. doi:10.1021/nl304392b

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

13. Jiang ZH, Lin L, Ma D, Yun S, Werner DH, Liu Z, et al. Broadband and Wide Field-Of-View Plasmonic Metasurface-Enabled Waveplates. Sci Rep (2014) 4:7511. doi:10.1038/srep07511

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

14. Wang D, Gu Y, Gong Y, Qiu C-W, Hong M. An Ultrathin Terahertz Quarter-Wave Plate Using Planar Babinet-Inverted Metasurface. Opt Express (2015) 23(9):11114–22. doi:10.1364/oe.23.011114

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

15. Li Z, Liu W, Cheng H, Chen S, Tian J. Realizing Broadband and Invertible Linear-To-Circular Polarization Converter with Ultrathin Single-Layer Metasurface. Sci Rep (2015) 5:18106. doi:10.1038/srep18106

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

16. Jiang Y, Wang L, Wang J, Akwuruoha CN, Cao W. Ultra-Wideband High-Efficiency Reflective Linear-To-Circular Polarization Converter Based on Metasurface at Terahertz Frequencies. Opt Express (2017) 25(22):27616–23. doi:10.1364/oe.25.027616

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

17. Pors A, Nielsen MG, Valle GD, Willatzen M, Albrektsen O, Bozhevolnyi SI. Plasmonic Metamaterial Wave Retarders in Reflection by Orthogonally Oriented Detuned Electrical Dipoles. Opt Lett (2011) 36(9):1626–8. doi:10.1364/ol.36.001626

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

18. Sarma R, Campione S, Goldflam M, Shank J, Noh J, Le LT, et al. A Metasurface Optical Modulator Using Voltage-Controlled Population of Quantum Well States. Appl Phys Lett (2018) 113(20):201101. doi:10.1063/1.5055013

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

19. Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Liang S, Zhang B, Wang L, Zhou T, et al. Large Phase Modulation of THz Wave via an Enhanced Resonant Active HEMT Metasurface. J Nanophotonics (2018) 8(1):153–70. doi:10.1515/nanoph-2018-0116

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

20. He J, Xie Z, Sun W, Wang X, Ji Y, Wang S, et al. Terahertz Tunable Metasurface Lens Based on Vanadium Dioxide Phase Transition. Plasmonics (2016) 11(5):1285–90. doi:10.1007/s11468-015-0173-2

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

21. Liu X, Wang Q, Zhang X, Li H, Xu Q, Xu Y, et al. Thermally Dependent Dynamic Meta‐Holography Using a Vanadium Dioxide Integrated Metasurface. Adv Opt Mater (2019) 7(12):1900175. doi:10.1002/adom.201900175

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

22. Fang Z, Wang Y, Schlather AE, Liu Z, Ajayan PM, de Abajo FJ, et al. Active Tunable Absorption Enhancement with Graphene Nanodisk Arrays. Nano Lett (2014) 14(1):299–304. doi:10.1021/nl404042h

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

23. Dai S, Ma Q, Liu MK, Andersen T, Fei Z, Goldflam MD, et al. Graphene on Hexagonal boron Nitride as a Tunable Hyperbolic Metamaterial. Nat Nanotech (2015) 10:682–6. doi:10.1038/nnano.2015.131

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

24. Guo J, Wang T, Zhao H, Wang X, Feng S, Han P, et al. Reconfigurable Terahertz Metasurface Pure Phase Holograms. Adv Opt Mater (2019) 7(10):1801696. doi:10.1002/adom.201801696

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

25. Wang T, He J, Guo J, Wang X, Feng S, Kuhl F, et al. Thermally Switchable Terahertz Wavefront Metasurface Modulators Based on the Insulator-To-Metal Transition of Vanadium Dioxide. Opt Express (2019) 27(15):20347. doi:10.1364/oe.27.020347

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

26. Huang Y-W, Lee HWH, Sokhoyan R, Pala RA, Thyagarajan K, Han S, et al. Gate-Tunable Conducting Oxide Metasurfaces. Nano Lett (2016) 16(9):5319–25. doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b00555

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

27. Wang D, Zhang L, Gu Y, Mehmood MQ, Gong Y, Srivastava A, et al. Switchable Ultrathin Quarter-Wave Plate in Terahertz Using Active Phase-Change Metasurface. Sci Rep (2015) 5:15020. doi:10.1038/srep15020

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

28. Zhao X, Schalch J, Zhang J, Seren HR, Duan G, Averitt RD, et al. Electromechanically Tunable Metasurface Transmission Waveplate at Terahertz Frequencies. Optica (2018) 5(3):303–10. doi:10.1364/optica.5.000303

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

29. Luo X, Hu F, Li G. Dynamically Reversible and strong Circular Dichroism Based on Babinet-Invertible Chiral Metasurfaces. Opt Lett (2021) 46(6):1309–12. doi:10.1364/ol.421016

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

30. Liu W, Hu B, Huang Z, Guan H, Li H, Wang X, et al. Graphene-enabled Electrically Controlled Terahertz Meta-Lens. Photon Res (2018) 6(7):703–8. doi:10.1364/prj.6.000703

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

31. Huang J, Guan H, Hu B, Wang G, Liu W, Wang Z, et al. Enhanced Terahertz Focusing for a Graphene-Enabled Active Metalens. Opt Express (2020) 28(23):35179–91. doi:10.1364/oe.409746

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

32. Zhang Y, Feng Y, Zhu B, Zhao J, Jiang T. Graphene Based Tunable Metamaterial Absorber and Polarization Modulation in Terahertz Frequency. Opt Express (2014) 22(19):22743–52. doi:10.1364/oe.22.022743

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar