Binbin Chen
Nicolas Gauquelin2
Robert J. Green
Guus Rijnders
Gertjan Koster- 1MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
- 2Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- 3Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- 4Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
The structural and magnetic properties of LaMnO3/LaFeO3 (LMO/LFO) heterostructures are characterized using a combination of scanning transmission electron microscopy, electron energy-loss spectroscopy, bulk magnetometry, and resonant x-ray reflectivity. Unlike the relatively abrupt interface when LMO is deposited on top of LFO, the interface with reversed growth order shows significant cation intermixing of Mn3+ and Fe3+, spreading ∼8 unit cells across the interface. The asymmetric interfacial chemical profiles result in distinct magnetic properties. The bilayer with abrupt interface shows a single magnetic hysteresis loop with strongly enhanced coercivity, as compared to the LMO plain film. However, the bilayer with intermixed interface shows a step-like hysteresis loop, associated with the separate switching of the “clean” and intermixed LMO sublayers. Our study illustrates the key role of interfacial chemical profile in determining the functional properties of oxide heterostructures.
Introduction
Controlling the magnetic interactions across heterointerfaces play a central role in spintronics [1]. Due to the entangled spin, orbital, charge, and lattice degrees of freedom in transition metal oxides, the magnetic interactions at oxide interfaces are complicated by the presence of epitaxial strain, oxygen octahedral coupling, charge transfer, orbital hybridization, electron confinement, etc [2–5]. A well-known phenomenon related to the interfacial magnetic coupling is exchange bias (EB), which usually occurs in field-cooled ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic systems [6]. EB is characterized by a horizontal shift of the magnetic hysteresis loop along with an enhanced coercive field (HC), and is usually interpreted by the pinning effect from uncompensated surface spins of the antiferromagnetic material. For a fully compensated antiferromagnetic surface, such as the (001) plane of a G-type antiferromagnet, a spin-flop coupling is energetically favorable [7]. The antiferromagnetic spin axis aligns perpendicular to the ferromagnetic spins to minimize the interfacial spin frustration, as revealed at La0.7Sr0.3MnO3/La(Sr)FeO3 interfaces [8–10]. Normally such spin-flop coupling is unable to induce EB, but only increases HC, while extrinsic disorders (interface roughness, for example) can create random fields acting on the ferromagnetic spins and cause EB [11,12]. Also, an intrinsic mechanism involving Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction has been proposed to explain the EB at ferromagnetic/G-type antiferromagnetic interface [10,13]. In particular, it has been reported that the orbital hybridization and superexchange interaction between Mn and Fe at the interface of La2/3Sr1/3MnO3/BiFeO3 gave rise to a spin-canted state of Fe3+ and a concomitant EB effect [14–16]. However, first-principles calculations ascribe the magnetism of Fe3+ to the interfacial Mn/Fe chemical intermixing [17], which is supported by the absence of EB at the chemically abrupt interface [16]. These results point to the crucial role of interfacial chemical profile in dictating the magnetic coupling across oxide interfaces.
Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) has been widely used to construct oxide interfaces. Although tremendous achievements have been made in this field over the past few decades, the abruptness across oxide interfaces remains a controversial issue [18]. The high temperature required for the epitaxial growth as well as the high-energy species generated in the laser plume naturally facilitate the inter-diffusion between two adjoined layers [19,20]. The resulted composition variation can profoundly influence the interface properties by introducing disorders, distorting the local structure and/or altering the valence states [16,21–24]. In this work, the effects of interfacial cation interdiffusion on the magnetic properties of LaMnO3/LaFeO3 (LMO/LFO) heterostructures have been studied using a combination of atomically resolved scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS), bulk magnetometry and resonant x-ray reflectivity (RXR). In particular, the degree of Mn/Fe intermixing is found to depend on the growth sequence, i.e., the LMO-on-LFO interface is relatively sharp, while the LFO-on-LMO interface shows pronounced Mn/Fe intermixing over ∼8 unit cells (uc) of the interfacial region. Such structural asymmetry is further manifested by the distinct magnetic properties of the two bilayers.
Materials and Methods
The LMO/LFO bilayers were fabricated on TiO2-terminated SrTiO3 (001) substrates using PLD, in situ monitored by reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED). In order to achieve TiO2-terminated and terraced surface, the SrTiO3 substrates were first etched with buffered hydrofluoric acid, followed by annealing in flowing oxygen at 1050°C for 2 h. During the PLD deposition, the substrate temperature and oxygen pressure were maintained at 700°C and 0.01 mbar, respectively. The laser fluence and repetition rate were set at 1.8 J/cm2 and 2 Hz, respectively. The surface morphology was verified using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The atomic resolution monochromated STEM-EELS was acquired on a Thermofisher Scientific Titan electron microscope, equipped with Cs-correction for the probe and an Enfinium spectrometer, operated at 300 kV. The bulk magnetic properties were measured using vibrating sample magnetometry on a Quantum Design physical property measurement system. The RXR experiments were performed using an in-vacuum 4-circle diffractometer at the Resonant Elastic and Inelastic X-ray Scattering (REIXS) beamline of the Canadian Light Source (CLS) in Saskatoon, Canada [25]. The measurements were carried out at 20 K with a specular reflection geometry.
Results and Discussion
Bulk LMO is an A-type antiferromagnet with antiparallel aligned ferromagnetic planes [26]. When grown on SrTiO3, it adopts a ferromagnetic state due to the electronic reconstruction and/or oxygen non-stoichiometry [27–30]. Bulk LFO is a typical G-type antiferromagnet with a Néel temperature (TN) up to 740 K [31]. The antiferromagnetism can be retained in its thin-film form down to a thickness of 3 uc [32]. Here, LMOm/LFOn bilayers have been grown on TiO2-terminated SrTiO3 (001) substrates using PLD, with subscripts m and n indicating the corresponding layer thickness in uc. Figure 1A shows the surface morphologies of two bilayers with reversed stacking sequence, LMO10-on-LFO12 and LFO12-on-LMO10 as sketched in the insets. Both samples show atomically flat surfaces with step terraces of one uc in height, in accordance with the layer-by-layer growth mode observed in RHEED (Supplementary Figure S1).
FIGURE 1. (A) AFM images of LMO10-on-LFO12 and LFO12-on-LMO10 bilayers with reversed stacking sequence. The inset of bottom panel shows the height profile along the white line. (B) Temperature dependent magnetization curves of the LMO10, LFO12 single films, and LMO10-on-LFO12, LFO12-on-LMO10 bilayers, measured with a cooling field of 1000 Oe. (C) shows the corresponding magnetic hysteresis loops at 10 K. The magnetic moments were caluculated using only the volume of LMO. (D) Magnetic hysteresis loops of LMO10-on-LFO12 measured after zero field cooling (ZFC) and 1-T field cooling (FC) to 10 K.
The magnetic properties of the two samples are compared in Figures 1B,C, together with those of 10-uc LMO and 12-uc LFO plain films for reference. The LFO film is antiferromagnetic showing no magnetic signal, while the LMO film is ferromagnetic with a Curie temperature (TC) of ∼140 K and saturation magnetization (MS) of ∼2.1 μB/Mn at 10 K. When LMO is deposited on top of an LFO buffer layer, TC remains unchanged, but MS drops to 1.6 μB/Mn. The reduced magnetization can be understood by magnetic frustrations at the ferromagnetic/G-antiferromagnetic interface with competing exchange interactions, as suggested in La0.6Sr0.4MnO3/La0.6Sr0.4FeO3 superlattices [33]. It is interesting to note that the TC is unaltered by the magnetic frustrations here, which is probably due to the relatively thick LMO layer as well as the heterogenous magnetic states of LMO [34]. Moreover, Gibert et al. reported a canted antiferromagnetic state in LMO grown on a LaNiO3 buffer layer, which has been ascribed to the modifications of Mn-O-Mn bond angles induced by LaNiO3 [24]. Such an effect may also play a role in the suppressed magnetization of the LMO-on-LFO bilayer, given the strong octahedral rotations in the orthorhombic LFO. As can be seen in Figure 1C, the LMO-on-LFO bilayer shows HC ∼ 890 Oe, much larger than the LMO single film with HC ∼ 340 Oe. Meanwhile, no EB was observed after cooling to 10 K in a field of 1T (Figure 1D). These observations agree with a spin-flop coupling proposed for ferromagnetic/G-antiferromagnetic systems [12]. For the LFO-on-LMO bilayer, the temperature dependent magnetization curve shows drastically reduced TC and MS, as compared to the LMO film. More strikingly, a step-like hysteresis loop was observed (Figure 1C), indicating two separate magnetic switching events during the field sweeping. Similar behavior has also been observed with different layer thickness of LMO (Supplementary Figure S2) This is in stark contrast with the LMO-on-LFO bilayer. As we will show below, the distinct behaviors are associated with the asymmetric Mn/Fe intermixing at the interface, which depends on the stacking sequence.
Figures 2A,C show the STEM-EELS elemental maps of the LFO12-on-LMO7 and LMO10-on-LFO12 bilayers, respectively. The corresponding layer-resolved EELS intensities of La, Sr, Ti, Mn, and Fe are plotted in the upper panels of Figures 2B,D. For the LFO12-on-LMO7 interface, a strong cation intermixing of Mn and Fe ions is observed, spanning ∼8 uc across the interface. This is similar to what was observed in the LFO-on-LMO bilayer grown by molecular beam epitaxy [35]. In contrast, the LMO10-on-LFO12 interface is relatively sharp, with Mn/Fe intermixing confined within ∼2 uc at the interface. Such an asymmetric chemical profile has also been reported in the heterostructures of LaVO3/STO and LMO/LaNiO3, where the diffuse interfaces are interpreted by preferential ionic surface segregations driven by the difference in the ion radii [24,36]. However, this scenario should not be at play for the LMO/LFO interface considering the identical ionic radii of Mn3+ and Fe3+ [37]. Further theoretical studies are needed to address the puzzling interdiffusion behavior at the LMO/LFO interface by taking into accounts the interface energy and surface energies of LMO and LFO. By fitting the EELS spectra of Mn (Fe) L2,3 edge to references of Mn2+ and Mn3+ (Fe2+ and Fe3+), the layer-resolved valence states of Mn and Fe were obtained and plotted in the bottom panels of Figures 2B,D. Apparently, no charge transfer between Mn3+ and Fe3+ occurs in both heterostructures, in line with the previous report [35]. The presence of Mn2+ at the LMO/STO interface (Figure 2B) is due to electron accumulation driven by the polar discontinuity [28,29,38]. In contrast, no electronic reconstructions are observed at the LFO/STO interface because of the stable 3d5 electronic configuration of Fe3+ [39]. Instead, Nakamura et al. showed that the polar charges were screened by an emergent spontaneous polarization at the LFO/STO heterointerface [40]. Overall, our STEM measurements demonstrate the LMO-on-LFO interface being chemically sharper than the LFO-on-LMO interface, and preclude any charge transfer between LMO and LFO.
FIGURE 2. (A,C) STEM-EELS elemental maps of Ti L2,3, Sr L2,3, La M4,5, Mn L2,3, Fe L2,3, along with the simutaneously acquired annular dark field (ADF) images measured for the LFO12-on-LMO7 and LMO10-on-LFO12 bilayers, respectively. The corresponding layer-resolved EELS intensities and valence states (Mn and Fe) are shown in (B) and (D), respectively.
RXR measurements were performed on a LFO12-on-LMO10 bilayer to gain insights into the step-like magnetic switching behavior. X-ray reflectivity at off-resonant energies were first measured to extract the chemical depth profile. By tuning the x-ray energy to the Mn and Fe resonances, the depth profiles of Mn and Fe magnetization can be extracted independently. In general the on-resonance x-ray reflectivity for a particular element provides an enhanced sensitivity to the depth profile of the density of that element. On resonance, the enhanced refractive index generally leads to stronger contrast in the constructive/destructive interference in x-ray reflectivity. Figure 3A shows the x-ray reflectivity at off-resonant energies (455, 633, 698, and 841 eV). The atomic concentrations of Ti, Mn, and Fe are extracted from the simulations and shown in Figure 3C. The Mn and Fe intermix over ∼7 uc around the interface, in good agreement with the STEM results. In order to resolve the magnetic switching process, RXR measurements were performed at both saturation (0.6 T) and remanence (Rem) states using circularly left (RL) and right (RR) polarized light. The asymmetry curves (RL-RR)/(RL+RR) measured at the L3 edges of Mn (641 eV) and Fe (710 eV) are depicted in Figure 3B, and the derived magnetic depth profiles are shown in Figure 3D. By applying a field of 0.6 T, we observed a pronounced Fe magnetization in the intermixed region, which peaked around Z ∼ 40 Å. According to Goodenough-Kanamori-Anderson rules, the superexchange interaction between Mn3+ (t2g3,eg1) and Fe3+ (t2g3,eg2) are strongly ferromagnetic [41–43]. Thus, the Fe moments can be induced by interacting with the surrounding Mn3+ ions [17]. The Fe magnetization is limited by the small volume fraction of Fe ions for Z < 40 Å, while the increasing Fe-O-Fe antiferromagnetic interactions suppress the magnetization for Z > 40 Å. Surprisingly, the Fe moments vanished as the magnetic field was removed. This might correspond to a magnetic cluster (or superparamagnetic) state in the intermixed LaMn1-xFexO3 [44], whose magnetization becomes randomly aligned at zero fields. Notably, the magnetization of Mn is also depressed to a great extent after removing the magnetic field, even in the region without significant Mn/Fe intermixing. This means that some domains are already reversed at zero fields in LMO. Based on our RXR results, the magnetic switching sequences are sketched in Figure 3E. The step-like hysteresis loop observed for the LFO12-on-LMO10 bilayer corresponds to the separating switching of the intermixed LaMn1-xFexO3 and the “clean” LMO sublayers.
FIGURE 3. (A) X-ray reflectivity curves of the LFO12-on-LMO10 bilayer at 20 K using varied phonon energies. (B) Magnetic asymmetry of the saturation (0.6 T) and remenance (Rem) states measured at the L3 edges of Mn (641 eV) and Fe (710 eV). (C,D) Chemical and magnetization profiles derived from the off-resonant and resonant RXR measurements. (E) Schematics of the magnetization swiching process.
To further ascertain the above scenario, we used LaAlO3 as a shielding layer to prohibit the interfacial intermixing between LMO and LFO. As shown in Figure 4, the F-A-M trilayer exhibits a very similar behavior to the LMO single film, with slightly higher TC and MS. In contrast, a considerably larger MS was observed for the M-A-F trilayer at low temperature, implying the significant role of capping layer in enhancing the magnetization of LMO [45]. Furthermore, the three samples show slim loops at 10 K with the same HC ∼ 400 Oe, ruling out any exchange couplings at the interface. The single loop of the M-A-F trilayer strongly suggests that the step-like switching behavior is associated with the LFO/LMO interface.
FIGURE 4. Temperature dependent magnetization curves of the 10-uc LMO single film, LFO12/LAO4/LMO10 (F-A-M) and LMO10/LAO4/LFO12 (M-A-F) trilayers measured under a cooling field of 1000 Oe. Inset shows the corresponding magnetic hysteresis loops recorded at 10 K. The structures of F-A-M and M-A-F are schematically drawn on the right.
Conclusion
To summarize, we demonstrate an asymmetric interdiffusion at the interface between LMO and LFO, which depends on the growth sequence. The LMO-on-LFO bilayer with relatively sharp interface shows a single magnetic hysteresis loop with enhanced HC as compared to the referenced LMO film. However, for the LFO-on-LMO case, the interfacial layer with strong Mn/Fe intermixing constitutes an extra magnetic phase. This phase switches separately from the LMO layer, yielding a step-like magnetic hysteresis loop. We further show that the strong interdiffusion at LFO-on-LMO interface can be prohibited by inserting a LaAlO3 shielding layer. Future experiments, to elucidate on the mechanisms as well as control of interdiffusion, should include the insertion of thin buffer layers, change of the substrate terminations, variations of the thicknesses and finally deposition parameters. Our results call for more investigations into the interfacial chemical profile to interpret those emergent phenomena at complex oxide interfaces.
Data Availability Statement
The raw data supporting the conclusion of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.
Author Contributions
BC and GK conceived the research. BC grew the samples and performed the basic structural and magnetic characterizations. NG performed the STEM measurements and data analysis under the supervision of JV. RG performed the RXR measurements and the signal simulations. BC and GK wrote the paper with input from all authors.
Funding
This work is supported by the international M-ERA.NET project SIOX (project 4288) and H2020 project ULPEC (project 732642). The X-Ant-EM microscope and the direct electron detector were partly funded by the Hercules fund from the Flemish Government. NG and JV acknowledge funding from GOA project “Solarpaint” of the University of Antwerp. RG was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC). Part of the research described in this paper was performed at the Canadian Light Source, a national research facility of the University of Saskatchewan, which is supported by the Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI), NSERC, the National Research Council (NRC), the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), the Government of Saskatchewan, and the University of Saskatchewan.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s Note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Supplementary Material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2021.698154/full#supplementary-material
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Keywords: oxide interface, asymmetric cation intermixing, thin film growth, enhanced magnetic coercivity, ferromagnetism
Citation: Chen B, Gauquelin N, Green RJ, Verbeeck J, Rijnders G and Koster G (2021) Asymmetric Interfacial Intermixing Associated Magnetic Coupling in LaMnO3/LaFeO3 Heterostructures. Front. Phys. 9:698154. doi: 10.3389/fphy.2021.698154
Received: 24 April 2021; Accepted: 24 November 2021;
Published: 14 December 2021.
Edited by:
Matjaž Spreitzer, Institut Jožef Stefan (IJS), SloveniaReviewed by:
Nini Pryds, Technical University of Denmark, DenmarkFelix Gunkel, Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres (HZ), Germany
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*Correspondence: Gertjan Koster, Zy5rb3N0ZXJAdXR3ZW50ZS5ubA==