A Broadband High-Efficiency Hybrid Continuous Inverse Power Amplifier Based on Extended Admittance Space

A novel hybrid continuous inverse power amplifier (PA) that is constituted by a continuum of PA modes from the continuous inverse class-F to the continuous inverse class-B/J is proposed, and a detailed mathematical analysis is presented. The fundamental and second harmonic admittance spaces of the hybrid PA proposed in this article are analyzed mathematically. By introducing the phase shift parameter into the current waveform formula of the hybrid continuous inverse PA, the design space of the fundamental and second harmonic admittance is expanded, further increasing the operating bandwidth. The efficiency of the amplifier under different parameter conditions is calculated. In order to verify this method, a broadband high-efficiency PA is designed and fabricated. The drain voltage and current waveforms of the amplifier are extracted for analysis. The experimental measured results show a 60.7–71.5% drain efficiency across the frequency band of 0.5–2.5 GHz (133% bandwidth), and the designed PA can obtain an 11.8–13.9 dB gain in the interesting frequency range. The measured results are confirmed to be in good agreement with theory and simulations.

Introduction

RF power amplifiers are widely used in various wireless communication systems. With the rapid growth of modern mobile communication services, the requirements of low consumption, wide bandwidth, high efficiency, and small size are also increasing rapidly [1–5]. The RF power amplifier (PA) is one of the modules with the most power loss in RF transmission. Therefore, the improvement of amplifier efficiency and the expansion of bandwidth have become the focus of current research [6–12].

The continuous operation modes based on class-B were proposed by S. C. Cripps et al. [13]. By introducing the expansion factor into the voltage or current equation, a new mode of amplifier is formed, which has obvious advantages in expanding the fundamental and second harmonic impedance spaces. In addition, the continuous PA can achieve higher efficiency in a wide frequency range by increasing the suppression of high harmonic components. Therefore, in recent years, the study of continuous PAs has attracted extensive attention.

Having gone through several important stages, the research on continuous power amplifiers has made great progress recently. For example, as mentioned by the authors in reference [14], even–odd mode analysis and a series of continuous modes are first proposed to design broadband and high-efficiency PAs. Under the action of the ring resonator microstrip band-pass filter, the operating bandwidth of the designed PA is across 0.8–3.2 GHz with a drain efficiency of 57–74%. A continuous class-B/J PA using a nonlinear embedding technique was proposed by the authors in reference [15], with which the designed amplifier can operate across 1.3–2.4 GHz with a drain efficiency of 63–72%.

An ultra-wideband high-efficiency PA based on optimal fundamental input and output loads was designed by the authors in reference [16]. Starting from the optimum ideal loads, the input and output matching network of the amplifier was designed step by step. The PA was designed over the frequency band from 0.8 to 4.0 GHz with a drain efficiency of 40–55%.

Some achievements have also been made in the field of the inverse class-F PA. A comparison between class F and inverse class F is faced and a novel analytical method for studying the inverse class-F PA is proposed by the authors in reference [17]. The amplifier was designed at a center frequency of 9.6 GHz, and the peak efficiency is 54%.

The hybrid continuous inverse PA can be formed by introducing different parameters into the current equation of the continuous inverse modes. In this study, a phase-shifted current waveform is proposed to be explored in the design of the hybrid continuous inverse PA. Based on the new theoretical model, the current and voltage waveforms of the amplifier are reconstructed so that the design space of the fundamental admittance of the mixed continuous inverse PA is expanded. In addition, the new waveforms enable the second harmonic admittance of the hybrid continuous inverse PA to have both resistive and reactive parts. Meanwhile, with the introduction of the phase shift parameter, the proposed impedance space is very different from the previous modes [18–23]. A high-efficiency PA is designed and fabricated to validate this theory. Simulation and experimental results show that the drain efficiency of this PA is 60.7–71.5%, and there is an output power of 39.8–41.9 dBm in the target band from 0.5 to 2.5 GHz.

Power Amplifier Design Methodology

The drain voltage of the proposed PA is the same as that of the traditional inverse continuous modes, and the waveform is similar to that of the square wave [24], as shown below:

$V_{DC}\left(\theta \right)=V_{DC}\cdot \left(1+\sqrt{2}\cos \theta +\frac{1}{2}\cos 2\theta \right),(1)$

where V_DC is the operating voltage.

The drain current of the continuous inverse class-F PA is shown in Eq. 2 as follows:

$I_{DS}\left(\theta \right)=I_{MAX}\cdot \left(i_{dc}-i_1\cos \theta +i_3\cos 3\theta \right)\cdot \left(1-\gamma \sin \theta \right),\mathrm{1}\ge \gamma \ge -\mathrm{1,}(2)$

where I_max is the saturated drain current, and i_dc = 0.37, i₁ = 0.43, and i₃ = 0.06 [27]. Normalize the above voltage and current expressions. The normalized voltage and current expressions are given below:

$v_{ds}\left(\theta \right)=1+\sqrt{2}\cos \left(\theta \right)+\frac{1}{2}\cos \left(2\theta \right),(3)$

$i_{ds}\left(\theta \right)=\left(1-\frac{43}{37}\cos \theta +\frac{6}{37}\cos 3\theta \right)\cdot \left(1-\gamma \sin \theta \right),\mathrm{1}\ge \gamma \ge -\mathrm{1}\mathrm{.}(4)$

By increasing the coefficient and the phase shift factor in the current equation, Eq. 4 is expanded and the expansion expression is as follows:

$i_{ds}\left(\theta \right)=\left[1-\alpha \cos \left(\theta +\phi \right)+\beta \cos \left(3\theta +3\phi \right)\right]\cdot \left[1-\gamma \sin \left(\theta +\phi \right)\right],\mathrm{ 1}\ge \gamma \ge -\mathrm{1,}(5)$

where parameter φ is the phase shift factor. The normalized current expression in Eq. 5 is mathematically expanded as shown below:

$\begin{array}{l}{i}_{ds}\left(\theta \right)=1-\left(\alpha \cos \phi +\gamma \sin \phi \right)\cos \theta +\left(\alpha \sin \phi -\gamma \cos \phi \right)\sin \theta \\ +\left(\frac{\alpha \gamma }{2}+\frac{\beta \gamma }{2}\right)\sin 2\phi \cos 2\theta +\left(\frac{\alpha \gamma }{2}+\frac{\beta \gamma }{2}\right)\cos 2\phi \sin 2\theta \\ +\beta \cos 3\theta \cos 3\phi -\beta \sin 3\phi \sin 3\theta \\ -\frac{\beta \gamma }{2}\sin 4\phi \cos 4\theta -\frac{\beta \gamma }{2}\cos 4\phi \sin 4\theta \mathrm{1}\ge \gamma \ge -\mathrm{1}\mathrm{.}\end{array}(6)$

In Eq. 6, the ranges of the α and β values are (1, 43/37) and (0, 6/37), respectively [28]. When α and β are the fixed values, the parameter γ is varied over the range of (−1, 1). According to Eqs 1 and 2, the fundamental and harmonic admittances can be calculated by using the following:

$Y_{nf}=-\frac{i_{ds,n}}{v_{ds,n}}.(7)$

The harmonic admittance of the PA can be calculated by combining expressions (3), (6), and (7). The first three harmonic admittances can be derived as follows:

$Y_1=\sqrt{2}\left(\gamma \sin \phi +\alpha \cos \phi +j\cdot \left(\gamma \cos \phi -\alpha \sin \phi \right)\right)\cdot G_{opt},(8)$

$Y_2=-2\left(\alpha \gamma +\beta \gamma \right)\left(\sin 2\phi +j\cdot \cos 2\phi \right)\cdot G_{opt},(9)$

$Y_3=\infty .(10)$

In Eqs 8 and 9, G_opt=(1/2)·[I_peak/(V_ds-V_knee)], which is defined as the optimal admittance of transistors at the current generator (I-gen) plane [28]. From the above expression of admittance calculation, it can be derived that both fundamental admittance and second harmonic admittance are composed of two parts: resistance and reactance. Where the design space of fundamental admittance is determined by parameters α, γ, and φ, the design space of second harmonic admittance is determined by parameters α, β, γ, and φ.

The fundamental and second harmonic admittances must be inside the Smith diagram, so the real part of the admittance is greater than or equal to zero. Therefore, the phase shift parameter φ must satisfy the following expressions:

$\{\begin{array}{l}\phi \in \left[\arctan \left(-\alpha \right),0\right]when0\le \gamma \le 1\\ \phi \in \left[0,\arctan \left(\alpha \right)\right]when-1\le \gamma \le 0\end{array}.(11)$

The normalized voltages and currents of the proposed PA based on Eqs 1 and 2 are shown in Figure 1. The current waveform curve without the phase shift is blue, and the current waveform curve after the phase shift is red. From Eq. 11, we can see that the range of the phase shift parameters is [arctan(-α), arctan(α)]. Figure 1A shows the normalized current and voltage waveforms at the boundary values of α = 43/37, when φ = arctan(-α), φ = 0. Figure 1B shows the normalized current and voltage waveforms at the boundary values of α = 43/37, when φ = 0, φ = arctan(α). Figure 1C shows the waveforms at the boundary values of α = 1, when φ = arctan(-α), φ = 0. Figure 1D shows the waveforms at the boundary values of α = 1, when φ = 0, φ = arctan(α).

FIGURE 1

FIGURE 1. Theoretical voltage and current waveforms and drain efficiency. (A–D) Theoretical voltage and current waveforms when φ = arctan(-α), φ = 0, φ = arctan(α). (A)α = 43/37, β = 6/37, and φ$\in$[arctan(-α), 0]. (B)α = 43/37, β = 6/37, and φ$\in$[0, arctan(α)]. (C)α = 1, β = 0, and φ$\in$[arctan(-α), 0]. (D)α = 1, β = 0, and φ$\in$[0, arctan(α)]. (E–H) Theoretical drain efficiency with respect to γ and φ.(E)α = 43/37, β = 6/37, and φ ≥ 0. (F)α = 43/37, β = 6/37, and φ ≤ 0. (G)α = 1, β = 0, and φ ≥ 0. (H)α = 1, β = 0, and φ ≤ 0.

The DC and RF power of the PA can be calculated using the following expressions: Eqs 12 and 13. The drain efficiency (DE) of the modified hybrid inverse continuous modes can be calculated based on Eqs 3, 6, 12, and 13 as follows:

$P_{dc}={\displaystyle \int i_{ds,dc}}\times v_{ds,dc}dt,(12)$

$P_{RF}={\displaystyle \int i_{ds,1f}}\times v_{ds,1f}dt.(13)$

Using the above expression, the DE which is defined as the ratio of PRF to Pdc can be written as follows:

$DE=\frac{{\displaystyle \int i_{ds,1f}}\times v_{ds,1f}dt}{{\displaystyle \int i_{ds,dc}}\times v_{ds,dc}dt}=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\left(\gamma \sin \phi +\alpha \cos \phi \right).(14)$

The DE of the hybrid inverse continuous mode PA, which depends on γ, α, and φ, can be clearly found from the above expression. According to the relation between γ and φ and the range of γ, α, and φ, DE will decrease with the increase in the absolute value of φ. By calculating, it is concluded that when the DE is greater than 60%, the range of γ will be reduced with the increase in the absolute value of φ and when α = 1 and α = 43/37, the corresponding relations for the theoretical DE are plotted in Figures 1E,F, respectively. Figure 1E shows DE at the boundary values of α = 43/37, β = 6/37, and φ ≥ 0. When φ = 0, the amplifier has a maximum DE of 82.17%, and the DE does not change with the γ. With the increase in φ, the DE decreases gradually. At the same time, the DE will decrease with the decrease in γ. The maximum value of DE also appears at φ = 0, as shown in Figure 1F. As the absolute value of φ increases, the DE decreases. When φ has a fixed value, the DE will also decrease with the increase in γ. Figure 1G,H show DE at the boundary values of α = 1 and β = 0. The DE has a similar variation law to those in Figure 1E,F.

In order to obtain the design space of the fundamental and second harmonic admittances for DE over 60%, the expressions in Eqs 8, 9, 11, and 14 must be combined. Figure 2B shows the fundamental and second harmonic design spaces for a = 1, a = 9/8, and a = 43/37. It can be seen from Figure 2B that the fundamental admittance space is a large continuous region, which improves the sufficient design space for us to design broadband power amplifiers. In addition, the second harmonic admittance has a completely new region compared with the traditional inverse continuous type, and the efficiency of the amplifier can be further improved by controlling the harmonic component.

FIGURE 2

FIGURE 2. (A) Equivalent circuit model of transistor modeling showing the parasitics. (B) Output matching network and the admittances at the intrinsic drain plane. (C) De-embedded voltage and current waveforms of the PA at the I-gen plane.

Realization and Experimental Results

Output Network and Output Waveform

A 10-W Cree CGH40010F GaN HEMT packaged device was used for implementation. An ultra-wideband high-efficiency PA is designed to prove the theory proposed in this study. As the theoretical PA mode analysis refers to the intrinsic drain plane (I-generation plane), the parasitics of the transistor need to be properly modeled. Hence, computer-aided design (CAD)-based modeling can be performed in combination with bare sheet models and encapsulation models, which are provided by the manufacturer [25]. The typical equivalent-circuit model of this transistor is shown in Figure 2A, indicating the intrinsic and package parasitics [26].

The output matching network with the dimensions of transmission lines and the admittances at the intrinsic drain plane are shown in Figure 2B, where the fundamental impedance is consistent with the results obtained from the previous analysis. However, since the bandwidth of the PA exceeds one octave, the second harmonic admittance does not fully enter the ideal space. As a result, the efficiency of the PA will be affected before 1.5 GHz. In other words, the efficiency of the PA will be increased after 1.5 GHz. Additionally, when the frequency is higher than 2.5 GHz, the efficiency of the PA will decrease significantly.

To verify the operating mode of the designed PA, the simulated voltage and current waveforms at the intrinsic drain plane are investigated using the harmonic balance simulator available in ADS. Figure 2C shows the simulated voltage and current waveforms when the PA is operating at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 2.5 GHz, respectively. The voltage and current waveforms are basically in agreement with those of the hybrid continuous inverse power amplifiers. The drain voltage is set to 28 V with a quiescent current of 62 mA.

Amplifier Circuit Fabrication and Testing

The circuit is fabricated on Rogers’s RO4350B with ε_r = 3.66 and H = 0.762 mm. The photograph of the proposed PA is presented in Figure 3A. The PA is first tested under the stimulus of a single-tone continuous wave signal from 0.5 to 2.5 GHz with a step of 0.1 GHz. The drain bias voltage and the gate bias voltage of the transistor are both set to the value that causes the best drain efficiency (DE) in the test.

FIGURE 3

FIGURE 3. (A) Photograph of the proposed PA. (B) Simulated and measured drain efficiency, output power, and gain virus input power at 0.8 GHz. (C) Simulated and measured drain efficiency, output power, and gains of the designed PA.

The simulated and measured gain, drain efficiency, and output power of the designed amplifier versus the input power at 0.8 GHz are shown in Figure 3B. The simulated and measured results of the output power, drain efficiency, and gain of this PA over the entire frequency band are given in Figure 3C. The simulated and measured results show that the drain efficiency can reach more than 60% in the frequency range of 0.5–2.5 GHz (relative bandwidth 133%). The test results of drain efficiency are 60.7–71.5%. Over the same band, the measured output power from 39.8 to 41.9 dBm is obtained. The gain is 11.8–13.9 dB within the same frequency band. In addition, the simulation results of gain and output power are in good agreement with the measured results due to the EM simulation of the layout in the ADS. It can be seen from Figure 3C that the drain efficiency of the amplifier fluctuates in the operating frequency range. The reason is that the operating bandwidth of the amplifier is very wide, the operating modes of different frequencies are different, and the efficiency of different operating modes is different, so the drain efficiency of the amplifier will fluctuate in the entire frequency range.

Compared with the previous design, the proposed PA designed in this study has wider bandwidth, higher drain efficiency, and stable output power, as shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1

TABLE 1. Comparison with recently reported broadband PAs.

Conclusion

A high-efficiency and wideband hybrid continuous invert PA with phase shift parameters is presented in this article, the current equation of which has been rebuilt to gain greater design space. It is shown that the fundamental and second harmonic admittances change with the introduction of the phase shift parameters. On the basis of this theory, the drain efficiency of the designed PA is 60.7–71.5% and the output power is 39.8–41.9 dBm.

Data Availability Statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material; further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

Author Contributions

CN developed the concept and supervised the whole project. JL carried out the simulations. CN and HW analyzed the simulation data. JL designed the structure and fabricated the sample. ZZ and LZ performed the experiments. CN and JL contributed to writing and finalizing the manuscript. JZ perfected the final manuscript. MC contributed to manuscript revision and language editing. All authors participated in the discussion of the results.

Funding

This work was supported in part by the Key Natural Science Projects in the Education Commission of Anhui Province (Grant no. KJ2020A0105), in part by the Project of Anhui Province Key Laboratory (Grant no. 2019ZDSYSZY02), in part by the Research Project of the Provincial Research Platform of Hefei Normal University (Grant no. 2020PTZD10), and in part by the Anhui Science and Technology Project (Grant nos. 201904a05020061 and 202003a05020031). Anhui high education quality engineering Project (Grant no. 2020jyxm1576).

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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