Abstract
In this paper, we use the modified exponential function method in terms of Kf(x) instead of ef(x)and the extended sinh-Gordon method to find some new family solution of the M-fractional paraxial non-linear Schrödinger equation. The novel complex and real optical soliton solutions are plotted in 2-D, 3-D with a contour plot. Moreover, the dark exact solutions, singular soliton solutions, kink-type soliton solution, and periodic dark-singular soliton solutions for M-fractional paraxial non-linear Schrödinger equation are constructed. We guarantee that all solutions are new and verified the main equation of the M-fractional paraxial wave equation. For existence, the constraint condition is also added.
Introduction
The breaking up and moving away from ultrashort pulses of a field related to electricity-producing magnetic fields or radiation into a medium is a multidimensional important physical phenomenon. The interaction between different physical procedures such as breaking up/spreading out, material breaking up or spreading out, diffraction, and non-linear response affects the pulse patterns of relationships, movement, or sound. According to the interaction of breaking up or spreading out, diffraction and non-linearity, a non-dispersive, and non-diffractive wave packet called soliton is created. Solitons have many uses in optical microscopy, optical information storage, laser caused particle increasing speed, Bose-Einstein (a liquid that forms from a gas/change from gas to liquid), and bright and sharp signal transmission.
In the research papers, researchers have been noted several computational methods for solving NPDEs, building separate solitons, and other alternatives for distinct types of NPDEs such as, the Haar wavelet method [], the homotopy perturbation method [], the Adomian decomposition method [, ], the shooting method [–], the sine-Gordon expansion method [–], the inverse scattering method [], the sinh-Gordon expansion method [–], the tan(ϕ(ξ)/2)-expansion method [, ], the inverse mapping method [], modified exp(−φ(ξ))-expansion function method [–], the decomposition-Sumudu-like-integral-transform method [], a functional variable method [], the Bernoulli sub-equation function method [–], modified exponential function method [], the modified auxiliary expansion method [], the Riccati-Bernoulli sub-ODE method [], the extended trial equation method [, ], and tanh function method [, ]. Also, different methods have been used to solve fractional differential equation such as, the finite difference method [], the improved Adams–Bashforth algorithm [, ], Adams-Bashforth-Moulton method [], the extended fractional sinh-Gordon expansion method [], the Laplace transforms [], the q-homotopy analysis transform method [], local fractional series expansion method [], the wavelets method [], Local fractional homotopy perturbation method [], and many other techniques [, ].
In this paper, we will construct some new complex and real soliton solutions of M-fractional paraxial non-linear Schrödinger equation in Kerr media by using a modified expansion function method as well as by the extended sinh-Gordon method. Over the previous two centuries, the field of fractional calculus has drawn many researchers' attention. They are used for modeling multiple non-linear features such as biological procedures, fluid mechanics, chemical processes, etc. Fractional order partial differential equations serve as the generalization of partial differential equations in the classical integer-order. The literature contains several definitions of fractional derivatives, such as the Hadamard derivative (1892) [], the Weyl derivative [], Caputo, Riesz derivative [], Riemann-Liouville, Grunwald-Letnikov definitions, Atangana-Baleanu derivative in the context of Caputo, Atangana-Baleanu fractional derivative in the context of Riemann-Liouville [, ], Erdelyi-Kober [], and the conformable fractional derivative []. Atangana et al. provided the conformable fractional derivative with some new characteristics []. Sousa and Oliveira in [] have recently been created the new truncated M-fractional derivative.
The Truncated M-Fractional Derivative
In this section, we give some definitions, theorems, and properties of the truncated M-fractional derivative of order α.
Definition 1. If the function f : (0, ∞) → ℝ, then, the new truncated M-fractional derivative of function of order α is defined as,
where ϵβ(.) is a truncated Mittag-Leffler function of one parameter [].
. Let α ∈ (0, 1], β > 0 and
f=
f(
t),
g=
g(
t) be α-differentiable at a point
t> 0, then:
I =.
II =0, for all c ∈ ℝ.
III =.
IV =.
Furthermore; if the function f is a differentiable function; then .
General Form of Methods
Modified Expansion Function Method
Step 1. Suppose that, we have the following non-linear partial differential equation (NLPDE)
To find explicit exact solutions of Equation (1), we use the following transformation
where ν is arbitrary constant and ξ is the symbol of the wave variable. Substituting Equation (2) to Equation (1), the result is a non-linear ordinary differential equation (NLODE) as follow
Step 2. Now the trial equation of solution for Equation (3) is defined a
where ai and bi, (0 ≤ i ≤ n, 0 ≤ j ≤ m) are non-zero constants and Φ(ξ) is the auxiliary ODE given by
where μ, λ are constants and
K> 0,
K≠ 1. The auxiliary ODE has the general solution as follows:
I When λ2 − 4μ > 0, then .
II When λ2 − 4μ < 0, then .
III When λ2 − 4μ > 0 and μ = 0, then .
IV When λ2 − 4μ = 0, λ ≠ 0 and μ ≠ 0, then .
V When λ2 − 4μ = 0, λ = 0 and μ = 0, then f (ξ) = logK (ξ + ε).
Extended Sinh-Gordon Expansion Method
Step 1. The same structure of step 1 of MEFM is valid.
Step 2. The trial solution of Equation (3) is expressed in the form [],
where a0, ai, bi(i = 1, 2, ··· , n) are constants and to find it's value later, w is a function of ξ that satisfies the following equation
The solution of Equation (7) possess the following solutions
and
where .
Step 3. By putting Equation (7) and the derivatives of Equation (6) into Equation (3), we obtain a polynomial equation in w′l sinhi (w) coshj (w) (l = 0, 1 and i, j = 0, 1, 2, …). As the result the obtained non-linear algebraic equations by equating the coefficients of w′l sinhi (w) coshj (w) to zero, we can find the coefficients.
Step 4. Using Equation (9) and Equation (10), we get the following solutions of Equation (1)
where the value of n will finds by using the principal homogeneous balance.
Governing Equation and its Applications
Application on MEFM
The paraxial NLSE in Kerr media is given by []
where u = u (y, z, t) is the complex wave envelope function. The constants a, b and γ are the symbols of the dispersion, diffraction, and Kerr non-linearity, respectively. In Equation (12) if ab > 0 we get elliptic non-linear Schrödinger equation and if ab < 0, Equation (12) becomes hyperbolic non-linear Schrödinger equation. Now assume the following wave transformations:
Inserting Equation (13) into Equation (12), and separate the result into the real and imaginary part, we get
Now, we know that U′ ≠ 0, therefore
Putting Equation (16) into Equation (14) to get the closed solution, we get
Finding the principal balance between U″ and U3, we find the following relation between n and m
Let m = 1, then n = 2. Putting the value of m = 1 and n = 2 into Equation (4), the Equation (4) can be written as the following
Where a0, a1, a2, b0, b1 are constants and b2 ≠ 0 & a1 ≠ 0. Using Equation (19) and its second derivative with Equation (17), we analyze the following cases and solutions:
Case 1. When , we get the following solutions:
Solution 1. When λ2 − 4μ > 0, λ ≠ 0, μ ≠ 0, then
Solution 2. When λ2 − 4μ > 0, μ = 0, then
Case 2. When , then we get the following solutions
Solution 1. When λ2 − 4μ > 0, λ ≠ 0, μ ≠ 0, then
Solution 2. When λ2 − 4μ > 0, μ = 0, then
Case 3. When , we get the following solution
where λ2 − 4μ < 0.
Case 4. When , we get the following solutions
where λ2 − 4μ < 0.
Application on Extended Sinh-Gordon Method
In this subsection, we apply the extended sinh-Gordon method to the M-fractional paraxial wave equation that labeled Equation (12). Consider the Equation (17) and applying the principal homogeneous balance between the between U″ and U3, we find n = 1. Using the value of n = 1and substituting it into Equation (6), we get
Putting Equation (26) and its derivatives into Equation (17), we get the polynomial equation includes for (i, j = 0, 1, 2, …). Equating its coefficients to zero, and using Mathematica package, one can investigate the following cases.
Case 5. When , we get
or
providing that γ > 0.
Case 6. When , we get
or
providing that γ > 0.
Case 7. When , we get
or
providing that γ > 0.
Case 8. When , we get
providing that γ > 0.
Conclusion
In this article, the modified exponential function method in a new trial solution and the extended sinh-Gordon expansion method are used to construct some new soliton solutions of M-fractional paraxial non-linear Schrödinger equation. The new exact solutions are included in the hyperbolic function and trigonometric function. Figures 1, 3, 8, 10 are expressing dark wave solutions, Figures 2, 4 are expressing the singular wave, Figure 7 is the kink-type soliton solution, Figure 9 is a surface solution and Figures 5, 6 are the periodic dark-singular soliton solutions as well as 2D, 3D with a contour plot of all new solutions are plotted. We guarantee that all solutions are new and verified the main equation of M-fractional paraxial wave equation after it substituted to the main equation labeled Equation (6). All our new solutions of (2+1)-dimensional M-fractional paraxial wave equation might be useful and applicable in the optical fiber industry.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure 10
Statements
Data availability statement
The datasets generated for this study are available on request to the corresponding author.
Author contributions
All authors listed have made a substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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Summary
Keywords
paraxial wave equation, complex soliton, extended sinh-Gordon method, soliton structures, contour surfaces
Citation
Gao W, Ismael HF, Mohammed SA, Baskonus HM and Bulut H (2019) Complex and Real Optical Soliton Properties of the Paraxial Non-linear Schrödinger Equation in Kerr Media With M-Fractional. Front. Phys. 7:197. doi: 10.3389/fphy.2019.00197
Received
21 September 2019
Accepted
06 November 2019
Published
21 November 2019
Volume
7 - 2019
Edited by
Xiao-Jun Yang, China University of Mining and Technology, China
Reviewed by
Zakia Hammouch, Moulay Ismail University, Morocco; Carlo Cattani, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Italy
Updates
Copyright
© 2019 Gao, Ismael, Mohammed, Baskonus and Bulut.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Wei Gao gaowei@ynnu.edu.cn
This article was submitted to Mathematical Physics, a section of the journal Frontiers in Physics
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