Xinggui Huang
Sian Tao
Chenhao Liu
Xiaoluo Sun
Yi Liu
Jibin Liu- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) is the predominant community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children aged 5 years or older. In recent decades, the annual increase in drug resistance rates of macrolide antibiotics, particularly azithromycin (AZ), has led to complex clinical treatment strategies and substantial healthcare costs associated with MPP. Chinese medicine injections (CMIs), recognized as an effective supplementary therapy, are acknowledged by clinicians in China. It is necessary to explore the efficacy of azithromycin in combination with CMIs.
Methods: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating azithromycin in combination with seven types of CMIs for MPP in children were identified based on inclusion criteria and assessed using the revised Cochrane risk of bias tool (RoB 2.0). R 4.3.1 and STATA 15.0 were employed to generate ranking probabilities and perform network meta-analysis. Competing interventions were ranked using the surface under the cumulative ranking (SUCRA) probabilities.
Results: A comprehensive analysis was performed on 155 RCTs involving 15,014 patients and 8 therapeutic strategies within this Bayesian network meta-analysis (BNMA). The results indicated that AZ combined with seven types of CMIs was more effective than azithromycin alone in overall outcomes. Notably, azithromycin combined with Chuanhuning injection (AZ + CHN) achieved the highest ranking in improving the clinical effectiveness rate (SUCRA, 80.89%); regarding secondary outcome measures, azithromycin combined with Yanhuning injection (AZ + YHN) had the highest probability of improving four different outcomes: disappearance time of cough (SUCRA, 80.01%), disappearance time of pulmonary rale (SUCRA, 87.77%), disappearance time of fever (SUCRA, 95.70%), and disappearance time of pulmonary shadows in X-ray (SUCRA, 97.34%); furthermore, azithromycin combined with Qingkailing injection (AZ + QKL) was more likely to reduce average hospitalization time (SUCRA, 94.60%).
Conclusion: This study highlights the potential benefits of seven types of Chinese medicine injections as adjunctive therapy for Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children. However, further support and validation of these findings are needed through high-quality randomized controlled trials with larger sample sizes and double-blind designs.
Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/#recordDetails/.
Introduction
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a unique bacterial pathogen associated with a diverse range of clinical manifestations, encompassing pneumonia, upper and lower respiratory infections, and extrapulmonary manifestations (Waites and Talkington, 2004; Sánchez-Vargas and Gómez-Duarte, 2008; Narita, 2016). Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP), recognized globally as a prevalent cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), accounts for up to 40 percent or more of CAP cases (Waites et al., 2017; Shah, 2019). Macrolides, especially azithromycin (AZ), have been the first-line treatment recommended for several decades (Kawai et al., 2013; China, 2023). However, with the extensive application of macrolide antibiotics, new characteristics of pediatric MPP have been presented. First of all, the emergence of macrolide-resistant mycoplasma pneumoniae (MRMP) challenges empiric macrolide therapy (Vester and Douthwaite, 2001; Wang et al., 2012). Since MRMP was first reported in Japan in 2000, the prevalence of macrolide-unresponsive MPP has steadily increased over the past 2 decades (Hong et al., 2013; Kim et al., 2022), creating a therapeutic conundrum, particularly for young children, in whom tetracyclines or fluoroquinolones are relatively contraindicated (Lee et al., 2018). Furthermore, some children with MPP who are treated with macrolides for 7 days or more may still exhibit persistent fever, clinical signs, worsening lung imaging findings, and extrapulmonary complications (China, 2023). Additionally, there has been a gradual increase in the incidence of MPP in children, resulting in elevated medical care costs and increased socioeconomic burdens (Kutty et al., 2019; Beeton et al., 2020). MPP has garnered widespread concern among pediatricians.
In traditional Chinese medicine theory, MPP is categorized under “pneumonia and asthma” and “external fever,” with the primary treatment approach focused on clearing away heat and toxic materials. Research has demonstrated that botanical drug decoctions with heat-clearing and detoxifying properties, such as Wuhu Decoction, are beneficial for patients with MPP (Yang et al., 2024). With the outbreak of COVID-19, guidelines have incorporated heat-clearing and detoxifying Chinese medicine injections (CMIs) for treating severe and critically ill patients (Wang X. Y., 2020; Wang et al., 2020). The efficacy and characteristics of these treatments have gradually drawn extensive worldwide attention. Relevant studies have reported that heat-clearing and detoxifying CMIs can safely and effectively reduce clinical symptoms, lower the case fatality rate, and decrease the conversion rate of critically ill patients (Chun et al., 2021; Zhang X. Y. et al., 2021). Currently, heat-clearing and detoxifying CMIs are widely applied in lung diseases, with randomized controlled trials confirming their pivotal role in improving clinical symptoms, impeding disease progression, and minimizing adverse reactions (Niu et al., 2021; Yang et al., 2022; Wei et al., 2023).
All seven injections selected for this study were developed based on heat-clearing and detoxifying principles and were authorized by the China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA). Given the varying efficacy of different injections, this study aims to evaluate the clinical efficacy of azithromycin combined with various CMIs, contributing more evidence for informed selection.
Materials and methods
To enhance the accuracy and reproducibility of the study, CMIs were reported in accordance with The ConPhyMP consensus (Heinrich et al., 2022); the results are shown in Supplementary Materials S1, S2. We standardized the scientific names of botanical drugs and validated them in the “Plants of the World Online” database. Summary tables detailing the composition of CMIs and their reporting in the original study were prepared in accordance with the principles outlined in the four pillars of ethnopharmacology. The composition and standard name of each injection are provided in Table 1, and other details are provided in Supplementary Material S3.
Table 1. Composition and standard names of seven CMIs.
This BNMA was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023425176), which follows the Cochrane Handbook criteria and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: PRISMA statement (Hutton et al., 2015).
Data sources and search strategy
We conducted a comprehensive search across eight databases: China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Database, Database of Chinese Sci-tech Periodicals (VIP), Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM), PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Web of Science, from their inception to 24 May 2023. Both MeSH terms and free words were used to retrieve relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The search strategies are detailed in Supplementary Material S4.
Inclusion criteria
Clinical trials meeting the following criteria were eligible for inclusion: (1) study type: the study type was distinctly referred as a clinical RCT in the literature; (2) subjects: patients under 18 years of age with a definitive diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (China, 2023); (3) intervention measures: studies using azithromycin alone as the control group, while the observation group received one of the azithromycin combinations for the treatment of MPP, with controlled confounding factors; and (4) evaluation indexes: the primary outcome indicator was the clinical effectiveness rate, with secondary outcome indicators including disappearance time of cough, disappearance time of pulmonary rale, disappearance time of fever, average hospitalization time, disappearance time of pulmonary shadows in X-ray, and adverse reaction reports.
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) studies that did not specify being a “randomized controlled trial” or “RCT”; (2) children who received other joint interventions such as acupuncture, cupping, moxibustion, massage, or acupoint application; (3) studies with unclear outcome indicators or incomplete data; and (4) research types that were reviews, theoretical discussions, summaries of experience, case reports, and animal-based experiments.
Data extraction
Two researchers (XGH and XLS) extracted information using a pre-designed extraction form. From each study, the collected data are (1) study characteristics, including the name of the first author and the publication year; (2) participant information, such as the sample size, gender, age, and course of disease; (3) details of interventions, dosage, and duration; and (4) outcome measures. Discrepancies between the two researchers in the process of study selection were resolved by consensus or negotiation with a third researcher (SAT).
Quality assessment
The Cochrane risk of bias tool 2.0 (RoB 2.0) (Sterne et al., 2019) was adopted to evaluate the methodological quality of selected studies based on the considerations below. RoB 2.0 assesses the risk of bias from five domains, namely, the bias generated in the random process, bias deviating from the established intervention, bias of missing outcome data, bias of outcome measurement, and bias of selective reporting of results. Two independent researchers (YLH and XLS) conducted the RoB 2.0 evaluation, and any discrepancies were resolved by a third reviewer (YQM).
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed using R 4.3.1 software and STATA 15.0 software. The clinical effectiveness rate was analyzed using the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Due to the nature of the dichotomous variables, the terms “cured,” “effective,” and “significantly effective” of the clinical effectiveness rate from the included literature studies were all regarded as “effective,” and mean differences (MDs) with 95% CIs were used to analyze other outcomes. The funnel plot was drawn and compared to determine whether publication bias existed in this network meta-analysis using STATA 15.0 software. The network evidence map was drawn by STATA 15.0 software to show the direct and indirect comparisons between different interventions. A BNMA was conducted using R software 4.3.1 via the gemtc package. The models were optimized using the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method with a weighted sample size running in four chains. The number of iterations was set to at least 60,000 to obtain model convergence. Convergence was assessed by the Brooks–Gelman–Rubin diagnosis plot and potential scale reduction factor (PSRF), with a PSRF value close to 1, indicating convergence. Since there were no “closed loops” in the network plot, we were unable to assess inconsistency among direct and indirect comparisons, adopted a consistency model for analysis, and a random- or a fixed-effect model was used based on the results of DIC and I2. The CMIs were compared using the surface under the ranking (SUCRA) plot; the SUCRA curves indicate the most effective and least effective treatments in percentages of 100% and 0%, respectively.
Results
Search results
A total of 4,136 publications were searched initially based on the Boolean logic retrieval, but only 2,587 studies remained after duplicates were deleted. The titles and abstracts were screened, and 167 articles were selected for full-text assessment. Of these, 12 articles were excluded, and 155 trials were finally included in the present study based on the eligible criteria. The detailed literature search process is illustrated in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Identification of studies via databases.
Characteristics of the included studies
The present study comprised a sample size of 15,014 cases. The male participants accounted for 64% of all participants. Eight combined interventions were included: azithromycin injection alone (AZ), azithromycin with Xiyanping injection (AZ + XYP) (Yuan and Sun, 2011; Jiang, 2013; Wang H. Y., 2013; Luo, 2014; Ning, 2014; Yang, 2014; Deng and Li, 2015; Liang et al., 2015; Tang, 2015; Li and Shao, 2016; Shu and Liu, 2016; Wang, 2016; Wang et al., 2016b; Liu et al., 2017; Ruan et al., 2017; Qin, 2018; Wei J. H., 2018; Zhao et al., 2018; Wang, 2019; Wang L., 2020; Xu et al., 2020; Zhang Y. X. et al., 2021; Ji, 2022; Meng, 2022; Wang and Wang, 2022), azithromycin with Reduning injection (AZ + RDN) (Du and Wang, 2011; Liu, 2011; An et al., 2012; Peng, 2013; Chen and Ma, 2014; Gao, 2014; Wang et al., 2014; Gao X. Q., 2015; Shi et al., 2015; Zhou M., 2015; Xia and Pan, 2016; Hou, 2017; Huang, 2017; Tan D. D., 2017; Tao, 2017; Zhang Y., 2017; Li and Li, 2018; Zhang and Gao, 2018; Zhu and Luo, 2018; Li S. X., 2020; Xu, 2020; Zhou, 2020; Shu et al., 2021; Chen et al., 2022; Yu, 2022; Gao, 2023), azithromycin with Tanreqing injection (AZ + TRQ) (Chen, 2008; Shi, 2009; Yan et al., 2010; Chen and Liu, 2011; Li, 2011; Luo and Wang, 2011; Xiao, 2011; Xiong and Peng, 2011; Xu, 2011; Zhang, 2011; Zhang et al., 2011; Zhang, 2012; Bo, 2013; Jiang et al., 2013; Li, 2013; Liu, 2013; Wang et al., 2013; Wang and Wu, 2013; Wang P. H., 2013; Wu, 2013; Hu, 2014; Huang, 2014; Liang, 2014; Sheng, 2014; Zhen, 2014; Zhong et al., 2014; Cai, 2015; Deng, 2015; Gao L. Z., 2015; Gao P. J., 2015; Hu, 2015; Peng et al., 2015; Yi, 2015; Zhou W. Z., 2015; Chen et al., 2016; Chen, 2016; Jiang, 2016; Liang, 2016; Liu and Ye, 2016; Liu, 2016; Qi, 2016; Quan, 2016; Wang et al., 2016a; Zhang et al., 2016; Zhang, 2016; Gao, 2017; Lin et al., 2017; Liu, 2017; Lu X. H., 2017; Lu Z., 2017; Tan X., 2017; Xu, 2017; Zhang H. X., 2017; Wang and He, 2018; Wang Y. N., 2018; Wei C. X., 2018; Zhao, 2018; Liu, 2019; Gao, 2020; Li T., 2020; You, 2020; Ding and Yang, 2021; Gao, 2021; Jin, 2021; Liu, 2021; Yuan, 2021; Zhang, 2021; Zhang, 2022; Zhang, 2023), azithromycin with Yanhuning injection (AZ + YHN) (Chen et al., 2007; Hu, 2008; Xi, 2010; Cao, 2011; Chen, 2011; Liu and Tao, 2011; Song, 2011; Su, 2011; Li, 2012; Zhou, 2012; Lin, 2013; Jiang and Zhang, 2014; Wen, 2014; Zhang and Shi, 2014; Han, 2015; Ma, 2015; Chen, 2017; Jiang et al., 2017; Li, 2017; Liu and Gou, 2017; Zhu, 2017; Li, 2018; Li et al., 2018; Han, 2019), azithromycin with Xixinnao injection (AZ + XXN) (Yao, 2011; Gao, 2013; Song and Yang, 2014; Zhang, 2014; Meng and Wang, 2017; Zhang, 2020), azithromycin with Qingkailing injection (AZ + QKL) (Meng, 2014; Wang X. Q., 2018), and azithromycin with Chuanhuning injection (AZ + CHN) (Sun, 2005; Liu, 2008; An, 2009). All RCTs were conducted in China and published between 2004 and 2023. For the outcomes, 144 studies (93.0%) reported clinical effectiveness rate, 140 studies (90.3%) evaluated the disappearance time of cough, 128 studies (82.6%) reported disappearance time of pulmonary rale, 141 studies (91.0%) assessed disappearance time of fever, 76 studies (49.0%) assessed average hospitalization time, and 51 studies (33.0%) reported disappearance time of pulmonary shadows in X-ray. The details of the baseline characteristics of the studies are provided in Supplementary Material S6.
Methodological quality
Of the included studies, 78 were considered to have a “low risk” of bias, 75 were rated as having “some concerns,” and 2 were classified as “high risk.”
Although all 155 studies adopted a randomized approach, two studies were found to be at “high risk” due to flawed randomization methods, and 76 studies that used correct randomization methods (computer-generated random numbers, reference to a random number table, coin tossing, throwing dice, or drawing lots) were rated as “low risk,” according to RoB 2.0
In most studies, allocation blinding was not reported: three RCTs mentioned the blinding of participants or personnel, but allocation blinding was unclear, and none of these studies were double-blinded (Lu Z., 2017; Li, 2018; Chen, 2017). Meanwhile, none of these 155 studies explicitly mentioned allocation concealment, so all the included studies were rated as “unclear risk.”
In terms of bias due to deviations from intended interventions, all included studies reported no deviations from allocated interventions and used an appropriate method to analyze treatment effects. Hence, all studies were regarded as “low risk.”
In terms of bias due to missing outcome data and bias in the measurement of the outcome, we could get complete data in all studies. Moreover, the measurement or determination of the outcomes in the two groups is consistent and objective; hence, all studies were evaluated as “low risk.”
As for the bias in the selection of the reported results, all RCTs were rated as “low risk.” The results of the risk of bias for the included studies are shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2. Risk of bias summary.
Network meta-analysis
Network graphs comparing AZ plus CMIs for MPP patients in each of the six outcomes are shown in Figure 3. The network graphs were generated using STATA 15.0. Each intervention was shown by a circular node, and each connection represented a contrast. The diameter of the circular node was positively correlated with the number of patients included, and line thickness was positively related to the number of direct comparisons.
Figure 3. Network graph of different outcomes: (A) clinical effectiveness rate; (B) disappearance time of cough; (C) disappearance time of pulmonary rale; (D) disappearance time of fever; (E) average hospitalization time; and (F) disappearance time of pulmonary shadows in X-ray. The sizes of nodes and edges display the number of patients receiving the treatment and the number of studies for the comparison, respectively. Each intervention was shown by a circular node, and each connection represented a contrast. The diameter of the circular node was positively correlated with the number of patients included, and the line thickness was positively related to the number of direct comparisons.
Figure 3 shows that AZ was used as the comparator arm in all studies, but as there was no direct comparison between any two interventions, no closed loop existed. As a result, an inconsistency test was not required for this study; the consistency model was chosen to build Bayesian models. Based on the results presented in Table 2, the clinical effectiveness rate chose the fixed-effect model, and the remaining outcomes use the random-effect model.
Table 2. Comparison of DIC and I2 between the random- and fixed-effect models.
The results of the ranking probabilities based on SUCRA are shown in Table 3 and Figure 4. ORs (95% CIs)/(MDs) of all interventions for the six outcomes in our BNMA are shown in Table 4.
Table 3. Ranking probability of interventions.
Figure 4. Surface under the cumulative ranking (SUCRA) probabilities of different interventions: (A) clinical effectiveness rate; (B) disappearance time of cough; (C) disappearance time of pulmonary rale; (D) disappearance time of fever; (E) average hospitalization time; and (F) disappearance time of pulmonary shadows in X-ray. AZ, azithromycin injection; XYP, Xiyanping injection; RDN, Reduning injection; TRQ, Tanreqing injection; YHN, Yanhuning injection; XXN, Xixinnao injection; QKL, Qingkailing injection; CHN, Chuanhuning injection.
Table 4. Outcomes of network meta-analysis.
Outcome measures
Clinical effectiveness rate
A total of 144 included RCTs reported the clinical effectiveness rate, referring to eight interventions. Table 4-A details the effectiveness of the comparison of different interventions by ORs and the corresponding 95% CIs in the BNMA. Compared to AZ alone, the combinations AZ + XYP, AZ + RDN, AZ + TRQ, AZ + YHN, AZ + XXN, AZ + QKL, and AZ + CHN demonstrated superior clinical efficacy.
The ranking results of interventions by SUCRA in Figure 4A and Table 4 showed that strategies of AZ + CHN (ranking to 1) may have relative advantages in the treatment of MPP.
Disappearance time of cough
A total of 140 articles reported the disappearance time of cough and evaluated eight interventions. According to Table 4-B, compared with AZ alone, AZ + XYP, AZ + RDN, AZ + TRQ, AZ + YHN, AZ + XXN, and AZ + QKL had better efficacy to reduce disappearance time of cough. In addition, YHN + AZ was better than RDN + AZ and CHN + AZ; TRQ + AZ was better than RDN + AZ and CHN + AZ in reducing the disappearance time of cough.
Based on the ranking analysis (Figure 4B and Table 3), AZ + YHN attained the first rank, AZ + QKL was the second, and AZ alone was associated with the lowest probability of reducing the disappearance time of cough.
Disappearance time of pulmonary rale
In terms of disappearance time of pulmonary rale, 7 treatments with 128 RCTs were compared with AZ. The network comparisons displayed in Table 4 C suggested that there were six interventions (AZ + XYP, AZ + RDN, AZ + TRQ, AZ + YHN, AZ + XXN, and AZ + QKL) that could improve the disappearance time of pulmonary rale. Moreover, AZ + TRQ and AZ + YHN were significantly better than XYP + AZ in reducing pulmonary rales.
According to the SUCRA probabilities (Figure 4C and Table 3), the strategies of AZ + YHN (ranking to 1) may have relative advantages in the disappearance time of pulmonary rale.
Disappearance time of fever
A total of 141 studies had reported the disappearance time of fever, including eight interventions. Table 4 D reveals that AZ combined with XYP, RDN, TRQ, YHN, XXN, QKL, and CHN was significantly better than AZ alone in reducing the disappearance time of fever. AZ + YHN was significantly more effective than AZ + XYP, AZ + RDN, AZ + TRQ, and AZ + CHN in improving the disappearance time of fever.
According to the SUCRA results presented in Figure 4D and Table 3, the strategies of AZ + YHN (ranking to 1) may be the best option to improve the disappearance time of fever.
Average hospitalization time
Seventy-six RCTs reported an average hospitalization time for azithromycin combined with seven CMIs in the treatment of MPP. The outcomes of the BNMA showed that compared to AZ, AZ + XYP, AZ + RDN, AZ + TRQ, AZ + YHN, and AZ + QKL had better efficacy in shortening average hospitalization time; the specific outcomes are shown in Table 4 E.
Treatment ranking based on SUCRA values, the strategies of AZ + QKL (ranking to 1), may have relative advantages in shortening average hospitalization time. Detailed information is shown in Figure 4E and Table 3.
Disappearance time of pulmonary shadows in X-ray
Of the included studies, 78 were considered to have estimated in 51 RCTs. According to Table 4 F, AZ combined with five CMIs: AZ + XYP, AZ + RDN, AZ + TRQ, AZ + YHN, and AZ + XXN were more effective than AZ alone. Furthermore, YHN + AZ was significantly better than XYP + AZ, RDN + AZ, and TRQ + AZ in the disappearance time of pulmonary shadows in X-ray.
The ranking by SUCRA (Figure 4F and Table 3) showed that AZ + YHN (ranking to 1) may have relative advantages in shortening the disappearance time of pulmonary shadows in X-ray.
Adverse reaction assessment
Due to the absence of unified criteria in different clinical trials, we listed the definite cases of adverse events in each trial. Among the 155 RCTs, 98 studies (63.23%) reported adverse reactions during treatment, involving 9,222 patients. The frequency was 484/4,659 (10.39%) in the experimental group and 731/4,563 (16.02%) in the control group. Out of the RCTs, 146 provided detailed descriptions, which were summarized into six types of adverse reaction events: digestive system issues, skin rash, dizziness/headache, pain at the injection site, liver dysfunction, and others. The incidence of different types of adverse reactions in different interventions is outlined in Supplementary Material S5, with digestive system issue reactions being the most prevalent among all competing interventions. All symptoms were alleviated after corresponding treatment and did not influence the RCTs.
Publication bias
Comparison-adjusted funnel plots for different outcomes are displayed in Figure 5. Four funnel plots—showing the clinical effectiveness rate, disappearance time of cough, disappearance time of pulmonary rale, and disappearance time of fever—were generally visually symmetrical, indicating no publication bias. For the remaining outcomes, the funnel plots were not visually symmetrical, which revealed the presence of small sample size and publication bias.
Figure 5. Funnel plot of outcomes: (A) clinical effectiveness rate; (B) disappearance time of cough; (C) disappearance time of pulmonary rale; (D) disappearance time of fever; (E) average hospitalization time; and (F) disappearance time of pulmonary shadows in X-ray. AZ, azithromycin injection; XYP, Xiyanping injection; RDN, Reduning injection; TRQ, Tanreqing injection; YHN, Yanhuning injection; XXN, Xixinnao injection; QKL, Qingkailing injection; CHN, Chuanhuning injection.
Discussion
Chinese medicine injections are formulated by extracting active metabolites from traditional Chinese botanical drugs using modern technology, which is known for its rapid action and high bioavailability, exhibiting a pharmacological effect characterized by “multi-metabolites, multi-targets” (Zhao et al., 2022). This innovative formulation addresses the traditional slow onset linked with Chinese botanical drugs by bypassing the need for oral administration, rendering them an efficient and dependable option for patients. In China, CMIs are widely utilized in clinical practice as a complementary treatment. However, the lack of direct comparisons between different types of CMIs often complicates the decision-making process for clinical physicians in selecting optimal therapy for patients with MPP. Traditional pairwise meta-analysis is limited to direct comparisons between two interventions and cannot comprehensively evaluate the efficacy across different treatments. Consequently, our study employs the BNMA to systematically evaluate the efficacy of CMIs for treating MPP in children. This BNMA was conducted to elucidate the best available evidence regarding the comparative effectiveness of various CMIs, aiming to provide guidance for physicians in clinical practice.
The present systematic review and network meta-analysis included 155 studies. Of these, 78 studies were categorized as “low risk” of bias, 75 studies had “some concerns,” and 2 studies were deemed “high risk.” The results of the network meta-analysis indicated that AZ + CHN ranked highest in improving the clinical effectiveness rate. AZ + YHN was found to be the most effective in alleviating symptoms in children with MPP. AZ + QKL showed the greatest reduction in average hospitalization time. Furthermore, compared to AZ alone, CMI therapies did not result in an increase in adverse reactions.
Chuanhuning, Yanhuning, and Xiyanping injections are derived from andrographolide extracted from the traditional Chinese botanical drug Andrographis paniculata. This botanical drug has a long history of use in treating respiratory tract infections and is recognized for its anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, and other medicinal properties (Hossain et al., 2021; Jiang et al., 2021). Chuanhuning injection (CHN) is among the initial batch of commercial Chinese polyherbal preparations designated for emergency use in national Chinese medicine hospitals, authorized by the China State Food and Drug Administration. It is predominantly employed in clinical settings for treating acute respiratory infections (Wu et al., 2015). An animal study has suggested that CHN enhances neointima formation by regulating the proliferation of smooth muscle cells, thereby promoting vascular intimal remodeling to suppress inflammatory responses (Guo et al., 2024). In vitro inhibition experiments have demonstrated that CHN exhibits inhibitory effects on 11 types of bacteria, including Streptococcus, Pneumococcus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae; it could enhance peripheral blood neutrophil and macrophage phagocytosis, increase serum lysozyme levels, and reduce endotoxin-induced fever (Xiaomeng et al., 2015). It is noteworthy that the China Drug and Food Administration reported nephrotoxicity risks associated with Chuanhuning injection (Feng et al., 2018). Consequently, CHN injection is less commonly used in pediatrics. Among the included RCTs, no nephrotoxicity reactions associated with Chuanhuning injection were reported.
Clinical studies have found that Yanhuning injection could significantly reduce the levels of IL-4, IL-10, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ in pediatric children, and Yanhuning injection influences both anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as the immunological function of children with MMP, showing a marked improvement in their inflammatory and immune states (Shang et al., 2022). Based on this study, azithromycin combined with Yanhuning injection shows promise as an effective treatment for improving symptoms in children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. Compared with other CMIs, Tanreqing injection primarily functions to decrease plasma levels of IL-8 and NE, thereby improving the response to airway inflammation and reducing mucus hypersecretion. It further improves the patients’ breath so that the clinical symptoms of cough can disappear in a short time (Li et al., 2010).
Evidence from the study indicates that the above seven types of CMIs are effective supplementary therapy for MPP. However, strict import and export controls in various countries present significant barriers to the global promotion of CMIs due to constraints in production technology and the complex composition of these products. Moreover, the mechanism of CMIs in the treatment of MPP is unclear and requires further investigation. More high-quality RCTs with strict design RCTs and larger sample sizes are needed to further corroborate the evidence.
Limitation
There were limitations and shortcomings in our research. First, all RCTs were carried out in China, and the data from clinical studies in other languages were lacking, which may have caused the risk of bias. In addition, the quality of the RCTs included in this research was general, largely because merely three RCTs mentioned blinding. The poor quality of the methodology might contribute to an exaggerated curative effect and decreased reliability of the evidence. Moreover, only three articles focused on CHN and two articles on QKL were included. The small sample size also made it difficult to detect significant differences between the treatment and control groups.
Conclusion
This study determined the efficacy of azithromycin combined with seven types of Chinese medicine injections. CHN may be the best adjunctive Chinese medicine injection for Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children. Due to the potential risk of bias and limited RCTs, the results need to be treated with caution.
Data availability statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material; further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.
Author contributions
XH: conceptualization, formal analysis, methodology, project administration, software, validation, writing–original draft, and writing–review and editing. ST: formal analysis, methodology, project administration, and writing–review and editing. CL: conceptualization and writing–review and editing. XS: formal analysis, methodology, software, and writing–review and editing. YH: formal analysis, methodology, software, and writing–review and editing. YM: data curation, formal analysis, project administration, visualization, and writing–review and editing. YL: conceptualization, funding acquisition, investigation, project administration, resources, supervision, and writing–review and editing. JL: conceptualization, data curation, investigation, supervision, validation, visualization, and writing–review and editing.
Funding
The author(s) declare that financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This work was supported by the Xinglin Scholar Discipline Talent Research Promotion Plan of the Chengdu University of TCM (No. XKTD2022014).
Acknowledgments
Gratitude is expressed to all the authors for their collaboration in this study. The authors also thank the other members of their research group for their valuable suggestions.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors, and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Supplementary material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2024.1378445/full#supplementary-material
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Keywords: azithromycin, Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia, antibiotic resistance, Bayesian network meta-analysis, Chinese medicine injections
Citation: Huang X, Tao S, Liu C, Sun X, Hao Y, Ma Y, Liu Y and Liu J (2024) The efficacy of azithromycin combined with seven types of Chinese medicine injections in the treatment of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children: a systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis. Front. Pharmacol. 15:1378445. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1378445
Received: 29 January 2024; Accepted: 19 August 2024;
Published: 24 September 2024.
Edited by:
Luca Rastrelli, University of Salerno, ItalyReviewed by:
Phanit Songvut, Chulabhorn Research Institute, ThailandMote Srinath, Osmania Medical College, India
Copyright © 2024 Huang, Tao, Liu, Sun, Hao, Ma, Liu and Liu. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Yi Liu, dGNtbHlAMTYzLmNvbQ==; Jibin Liu, ZWFlYXMxMkAxNjMuY29t