Qing Hua Chang Yin alleviates chronic colitis of mice by protecting intestinal barrier function and improving colonic microflora

Background: Qing Hua Chang Yin (QHCY) is a famous formula of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and has been proven to have protective effect on ulcerative colitis. However, its protective effect and potential therapeutic mechanisms in chronic colitis remain unclear. The purpose of this study is to explore the effects and underlying mechanisms of QHCY on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced chronic colitis mice model.

Methods: The chronic colitis model was established by administration of 2% DSS for three consecutive cycles of 7 days with two intervals of 14 days for recovery by drinking water. The experiment lasted 49 days. The DSS + QHCY group received QHCY administration by oral gavage at doses of 1.6 g/kg/d, DSS + Mesalazine group was administrated Mesalazine by oral gavage at doses of 0.2 g/kg/d. The control and DSS group were given equal volume of distilled water. The body weight, stool consistency and blood in stool were monitored every 2 days. The disease activity index (DAI) was calculated. The colon length was measured after the mice were sacrificed. The histomorphology of colonic tissues was checked by the HE and PAS staining. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect the expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6), tight junction proteins (ZO-1, occludin) and Mucin2 (MUC2). 16S rRNA sequencing analysis was conducted to study the diversity and abundance of gut microbiota changes.

Results: QHCY treatment not only significantly attenuated DSS-induced the weight loss, DAI score increase, colon shortening and histological damage in mice, but also decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in colonic tissues and increased the expression of ZO-1, occludin, and MUC2. Furthermore, QHCY enhanced the diversity of gut microbes and regulated the structure and composition of intestinal microflora in mice with chronic colitis.

Conclusion: QHCY has a therapeutic effect on a murine model of chronic colitis. It can effectively reduce the clinical and pathological manifestations of colitis and prevent alterations in the gut microbiota.

1 Introduction

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the colon and rectum (Feuerstein et al., 2019). The main clinical symptoms of UC are weight loss, diarrhea, bloody mucopurulent stools (Ryan et al., 2020). During recent years, the incidence of UC has progressively increased (Ng et al., 2017). As the disease progresses, the risk of colitis-associated cancer increases significantly in UC patients (Shen et al., 2018). The commonly used drugs for the treatment of UC in clinic include: corticosteroids, 5-aminosalicylic acid, immunosuppressive agents (Yadav et al., 2016). However, patients receiving these therapeutics may develop adverse reactions and toxic effects to such a degree as to require discontinuation of medications (Yao H. et al., 2021). Additionally, these medications are costly and are not effective for every patient. Therefore, the development of efficacious, safe and low-cost effective drugs for the treatment of UC could benefit many patients.

The pathogenesis of UC has not been fully elucidated, but is acknowledged to be result of a combination of multiple factors (Actis et al., 2015). During the progression of UC, many pro-inflammatory cytokines play an important role in driving the inflammatory response, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (Kim et al., 2020). Impaired mucosal barrier function is particularly important in the progression of UC (Chelakkot et al., 2018). The intestinal mucosal barrier consists of several components whose function are to prevent luminal contents, antigens, and pathogens from entering the blood stream (Wu et al., 2019). The tight junctions between intestinal epithelial cells are key components of the intestinal mucosal barrier (Yamada and Kanda, 2021). Occludin and ZO-1, as major epithelial tight junctions proteins, play an important role in maintaining the integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier (Cui et al., 2020). MUC2, as an important component of the intestinal mucus barrier, can prevent contact between intestinal bacteria and the epithelial cells of the colon (Yao D. et al., 2021). Intestinal barrier function is closely related to intestinal flora, and dysbiosis of intestinal flora plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of UC (Dalal and Chang, 2014). The imbalance of intestinal flora leads to the rapid growth and invasion of bacterial pathogens into intestinal epithelial cells, resulting in impaired intestinal mucosal barrier (Xu et al., 2020). Therefore, inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory factors, stabilizing the intestinal mucosal barrier and maintaining intestinal flora may be potential therapeutic strategy for UC patients in clinical practice.

Traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) may have potential utility in treating UC (Ke et al., 2012). Qing Hua Chang Yin (QHCY) is a famous formula of TCM first prescribed by the academician Chun-bo Yang. It has a long history of use in China for the treatment of UC. QHCY mainly contains eleven traditional herbals, including Herba et Gemma Agrimoniae, Radix Sanguisorbae, Radix Paeoniae Rubra, Coptis chinensis Franch, Magnolia officinalis, Elettaria cardamomum, Herba Eupaatorii Fortunei, Artemisia capillaris Thunb, Semen Dolichoris Album, Semen Coicis and Poria cocos. Our previous studies showed that QHCY significantly attenuated clinical symptoms and pathological damage in a mouse model of acute intestinal inflammation through the reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokine production via the IL-6/STAT3 and TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathways (Ke et al., 2015; Ke et al., 2013b). However, whether QHCY alleviates chronic colitis in mice by protecting the function of intestinal mucosal barrier and improving the intestinal microflora remains to be further investigated.

In this study, we evaluated the protective effect of QHCY on DSS-induced the chronic colitis in mice. We aimed to provide a novel insight into the mechanisms of QHCY for the treatment of UC.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Reagents and chemicals

The eleven traditional herbals in QHCY were provided by Beijing Tcmages Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. DSS (M.W. 36000–50000) was purchased from MP Biochemicals (Solon, OH, United States). Mesalazine was purchased from Shanghai Aida Pharmaceutical Co., LTD (Shanghai, China). Hematoxylin was obtained from Solarbio Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Antigen repair solution and phosphate buffer were purchased from Maixin Biotechnology (Fuzhou, Fujian, China). TNF-α (Cat. No. 41504) antibody was purchased from Signalway Biotechnology (St. Louis, MO, United States). IL-1β (Cat. No. 12242) antibody was obtained from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, United States). Antibodies against IL-6 (Cat. No. ab208113), occludin (Cat. No. ab216327), ZO-1 (Cat. No. ab216880), and MUC2 (Cat. No. ab272692) were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, United States). Immunohistochemistry kits were purchased from Boster Biological Technology Co., Ltd. (Wuhan, Hubei, China).

2.2 Preparation of QHCY

QHCY formulation granules were prepared by Beijing Tcmages Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Briefly QHCY consists of eleven traditional herbals: 22 g dehydrated Herba et Gemma Agrimoniae (Cat. No.21016091), 10 g dehydrated Radix Sanguisorbae (Cat. No.21020571), 3.3 g dehydrated Coptis chinensis Franch (Cat. No.21013001), 11 g dehydrated Radix Paeoniae Rubra (Cat. No.21014551), 5.6 g dehydrated Elettaria cardamomum (Cat. No.21025151), 11 g dehydrated Magnolia officinalis (Cat. No.21017362), 11 g dehydrated Artemisia capillaris Thunb (Cat. No.21027521), 11 g dehydrated Herba Eupaatorii Fortunei (Cat. No.2101731), 22 g dehydrated Semen Coicis (Cat. No.21036561), 22 g dehydrated Poria cocos (Cat. No.21035691) and 11 g dehydrated Semen Dolichoris Album (Cat. No.21036561). As a first step in the preparation of QHCY, the 11 medicinal materials were extracted with distilled water. QHCY Chinese medicine formula granules were made by mixing the plant powders in an adequate dosage ratio and adding dextrin. QHCY was prepared with distilled water to a final concentration of 1.6 g/kg/day (200 μL solution per mouse). According to the “Pharmacological Experimental Methodology”, the dosage of QHCY for adult was calculated and then converted to the dose for mice by adjusting body surface area.

2.3 Animals and experimental protocols

The experimental animal procedures and protocols of this study were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and the Animal Ethics Committee of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (license number:2020097), and were strictly implemented in accordance with the Guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. C57BL/6 mice (Male, 25−30 g, 8–10 weeks) were purchased from SLAC Laboratory Animal Technology Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China). All mice were kept under specific pathogen-free conditions with controlled temperature (22°C) and humidity, a 12 h light/dark cycle, and free access to food and water. Mice were randomly divided into four groups (n = 6): i) Control group; ii) DSS group; iii) DSS + QHCY group; iv) DSS + Mesalazine group. The chronic colitis model was established by administration of 2% DSS for three consecutive cycles (each is 7 days), with two intervals (each is 14 days) for recovery by drinking water. The experiment lasted 49 days (Wirtz et al., 2017) (Figure 1). The DSS + QHCY group received QHCY administration by oral gavage at doses of 1.6 g/kg/d, DSS + Mesalazine group was administrated Mesalazine by oral gavage at doses of 0.2 g/kg/d. The control and DSS groups were given equal volume of distilled water daily.

FIGURE 1

FIGURE 1. The schematic representation shows the experimental design and timeline of the mouse model.

2.4 Evaluation of disease activity index (DAI)

The body weight of mice, stool consistency, and total blood in feces were monitored every 2 days. DAI of mice was obtained by combining the score of weight loss, fecal consistency and fecal blood, as shown in Table 1 (Wu et al., 2020). The colon was isolated after mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation under anesthesia. Then colonic tissue and feces of mice were collected after the length of colon was measured.

TABLE 1

TABLE 1. Disease activity index (DAI).

2.5 Histopathological analysis

The colonic tissue from each mouse was fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and then embedded in paraffin after it was dehydrated in serially diluted solutions of ethanol and dimethyl benzene. The embedded tissues were cut into 4 µm sections. The sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and periodic acid Schiff (PAS) after they were dewaxed and dehydrated. All specimens were observed at ×200 magnification using an optical microscope (Leica, Germany). The colonic tissue was evaluated for histological damage according to the score of inflammation, extent, crypt damage and percent involvement, as shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2

TABLE 2. Histological grading of colitis in DSS-induced colitis mice.

2.6 Immunohistochemical staining

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to detect the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, occludin, ZO-1 and MUC2. Briefly, 4-μm-thick colon tissue slides were subjected to heat-induced antigen retrieval after dewaxing and hydration. After antigen retrieval, the sections were incubated with 3% H2O2 solution at room temperature for 15 min for blocking endogenous peroxidase activity. After the sections were blocked with 10% normal goat serum for 60 min, the tissues were incubated with rabbit polyclonal antibodies for TNF-α (1:200), IL-1β (1:50), IL-6 (1:50), occludin (1:100), ZO-1 (1:100), or MUC2 (1:500) overnight at 4°C, followed by HRP-conjugated secondary antibody (Maixin, Fuzhou, China) for 60 min at room temperature. A diaminobenzidine (DAB) kit (Maixin; Cat No. DAB-2031) was used for color development and the sections were counterstained with hematoxylin. The tissues on each slide were imaged under a light microscope (Leica, Germany) at ×400 magnification. And the percentage of positive cells from 6 fields was determined using ImageJ (open-source Java image processing program, https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/).

2.7 Microbial 16S rRNA gene sequencing and analysis

The cecal feces of mice were collected and the total bacterial DNA from fecal samples was extracted. Microbial 16S rRNA gene sequencing and analysis was performed by CapitalBio (Beijing, China). Primers were designed according to the conserved region, and sequencing connectors were added to the end of the primers for PCR amplification and production of sequencing libraries. The libraries were sequenced with Illumina NovaSeq.

2.8 Statistical analysis

Data obtained from experiments were analyzed using SPSS software 23.0 and expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (SD). One-way ANOVA was used for comparison between multiple groups (≥3) for data satisfying normal distribution and homogeneity of variance. When the normal distribution was not satisfied, nonparametric tests were used to analyze and compare data. Significant levels were fixed at p < 0.05.

3 Results

3.1 QHCY ameliorated clinical manifestations of DSS-induced chronic colitis

To determine the potential therapeutic efficacy of QHCY in chronic colitis of mice. We first evaluated body weight, DAI score, and colon length of mice. Compared with the control group, the DSS group showed a significantly weight loss (p < 0.05) (Figure 2A). The DAI scores increased markedly after DSS treatment (p < 0.05) (Figure 2B). As an indicator of the severity of colorectal inflammation, the colon length of mice was profoundly shortened in the DSS group compared with the control group (p < 0.05) (Figures 2C,D).However, QHCY treatment remarkably ameliorated DSS-induced the weight loss, DAI scores increase, and colon shorting in mice (p < 0.05). Consistent results were also observed in mice treated with Mesalazine.

FIGURE 2

FIGURE 2. QHCY ameliorated clinical manifestations of DSS-induced chronic colitis. (A) Body weight was assessed every two days. (B) The DAI score was determined every two days. (C) Representative images of colon length. (D) Colonic length. ^*p < 0.05 vs the control group, ^#p < 0.05 vs the DSS group.

3.2 QHCY ameliorated histological damage of colon tissue in the DSS-induced chronic colitis mice

After H&E staining, the histological changes of the colonic mucosa of mice were imaged under a microscope. As shown in Figure 3A, the colon histology of mice in the control group was normal, with intact epithelium, clear glands, and no mucosal leukocyte infiltration. DSS induced mucosal ulceration, inflammatory cell infiltration, crypt deformation and epithelial cell proliferation in mice. However, QHCY treatment significantly ameliorated DSS-induced histological damage, which is similar as the results of Mesalazine treatment. Further histological scores analysis also showed that the histological scores in the DSS group were significantly higher than that in the control group (p < 0.05). QHCY and Mesalazine treatment obviously reduced DSS-induced the increase of degree of inflammation (p < 0.05) (Figure 3B). Compared with the control group, the DSS group exhibited varying degrees of atrophy in goblet cells, leading to reduced mucosal coverage. However, treatment with QHCY and Mesalazine, resulted in a reversal of intestinal mucosal epithelial cell and goblet cell atrophy to varying degrees, along with an increase in mucus secretion (Figure 3C).

FIGURE 3

FIGURE 3. QHCY ameliorated histological damage of colon tissue in the DSS-induced chronic colitis mice. (A) H&E staining images of colonic tissues at ×200 magnification among four groups and (B) the histopathological score of colonic tissues. (C) PAS staining images of colonic tissues at ×200 magnification among four groups. *p < 0.05 vs the control group, ^#p < 0.05 vs the DSS group.

3.3 QHCY reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in DSS-induced chronic colitis

To determine the anti-inflammatory potential of QHCY, IHC staining was employed to assess the expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines in colonic tissues of mice. As shown in Figures 4A–C, the expression of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β was significantly increased in the colon tissue of mice in the DSS group compared to the control group (p < 0.05). However, treatment with QHCY and Mesalazine notably suppressed DSS-induced the increase in the expression of these cytokines (p < 0.05).

FIGURE 4

FIGURE 4. QHCY reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in DSS-induced chronic colitis mice.Expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as (A) TNF-α, (B) IL-6, (C) IL-1β in colon tissues. ^*p < 0.05 vs the control group, ^#p < 0.05 vs the DSS group.

3.4 QHCY restored intestinal mucosal barrier integrity in DSS-induced chronic colitis

Tight junctions (ZO-1 and occludin) and mucin (MUC2)-secreting proteins play an important role in maintaining the function of epithelial barrier. Therefore, we further analyze the expression levels of ZO-1, occludin and MUC-2 in colon tissues of mice by IHC staining. As expected, the expression of ZO-1, occludin and MUC2 were significantly decreased in the DSS group compared to the control group (p < 0.05). However, treatment with QHCY and Mesalazine profoundly inhibited DSS-induced the reduction in the expression of ZO-1, occludin, and MUC2 (p < 0.05) (Figures 5A–C).

FIGURE 5

FIGURE 5. QHCY restored intestinal mucosal barrier integrity in DSS-induced chronic colitis mice. The expression of tight junction and mucin proteins: (A) ZO-1, (B) occludin and (C) MUC2 in the colon tissues was detected via immunocytochemistry. ^*p < 0.05 vs the control group, ^#p < 0.05 vs the DSS group.

3.5 QHCY changed the composition of gut microbes in DSS-induced chronic colitis

Bacterial 16S rRNA was employed to assess the correlation between intestinal flora and the effect of QHCY administration during chronic colitis in mice. Compared with the control group, the number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in the DSS group was reduced (p < 0.05). This decrease was slightly improved after treatment with QHCY and Mesalazine, but the differences between the two groups were not statistically significant (p > 0.05) (Figure 6A). As shown in Figure 6B, the Shannon index was reduced in the DSS group compared with the control group (p < 0.05). QHCY slightly suppressed the change of Shannon index caused by DSS. But the difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). On the other hand, Mesalazine significantly inhibited the decrease of Shannon index induced by DSS (p < 0.05). Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and hierarchical clustering were applied to analyze the differences among microbial communities by beta-diversity. A significant separation was observed between the DSS group and the other three groups (Figure 6C). Hierarchical clustering analysis revealed that there were differences in the microbial community structure between the DSS and control group, and there were certain similarities in the composition of intestinal flora within the groups (Figure 6D).

FIGURE 6

FIGURE 6. QHCY changed the composition of gut microbes in DSS-induced chronic colitis mice. (A) Observed OTUs (B) Shannon index (C) PCoA (D) Hierarchical clustering ^*p < 0.05 vs the control group, ^#p < 0.05 vs the DSS group.

Analysis of intestinal microbial composition showed that QHCY altered the abundance of intestinal microbial composition at phylum and genus levels. At the phylum level, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Epsilonbacteraeota, Verrucomicrobia were the dominant phyla in the control group. DSS downregulated the relative abundance of Firmicutes and upregulated the levels of Epsilonbacteraeota compared with the control group, while QHCY and Mesalazine treatment reversed the effect of DSS on Firmicutes and Epsilonbacteraeota (Figure 7A). In addition, the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes was reduced in the DSS group compared with the control group. However, the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes for the QHCY and Mesalazine groups was increased compared to the DSS group (Figure 6E). The bacterial compositions of the four groups differed from each other at the genus level. Compared to the control group, increased Helicobacter and Parabacteroides, and decreased Dubosiella and uncultured-Bacteroidales-bacterium were observed in the DSS group. QHCY and Mesalazine exhibited regulatory effects on inhibiting Helicobacter and Parabacteroides and promoting Dubosiella and uncultured-Bacteroidales-bacterium (Figure 7B). In addition, the bacteria with significant differences among the experimental groups at the genus level were screened by heatmap. The abundance of Dubosiella was increased in the QHCY and Mesalazine group compared to the DSS group. Meanwhile, QHCY and Mesalazine decreased the abundances of Helicobacter in the mice of the DSS group (Figure 7C).

FIGURE 7

FIGURE 7. QHCY changed the composition of gut microbes in DSS-induced chronic colitis mice (A) Gut bacterial distribution at the phylum levels. (B) Gut bacterial distribution at the genus levels; (C) Heatmap represents the relative abundance of gut microbiota from mice at genus level.

LEfSe analysis showed that Helicobacter, Escherichia-Shigella, Ruminococcus-torques-group, Butyricimonas, gut-metagenome, uncultured-bacterium, Anaeroplasma and Papillibacter were more abundant in the DSS group. The levels of Dubosiella, Lachnospiraceae-NK4A136-group, Uncultured-Bacteroidales-bacterium, Lachnoclostridium, Eubacterium-fissicatena-group, Clostridium-sensu-stricto-1, Lachnospiraceae-UCG-008, Ruminococcaceae-UCG-014, Muribaculum, Defluviitaleaceae-UCG-011, Uncultured-Barnesiella-sp, Faecalibaculum, uncultured, ASF356 were more abundant in the DSS + QHCY group than in the DSS group (Figure 8A). Spearman correlation analysis was used to investigate the relationship between the 50 most abundant genera and DAI, colon length, histological score, pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6), tight junction proteins (ZO-1, occludin) and MUC2 (Figure 8B). Parabacteroides, Butyricimonas, Romboutsia, Ruminococcus_torques_group, Bacteroides and Turicibacter were positively related with pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6). Muribaculum, Dubosiella, Lachnospiraceae_UCG-006, Faecalibaculum, Ruminococcus_1, Lachnoclostridium, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-010, Alloprevotella and A2 were negatively related with pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6). Parabacteroides, Butyricimonas, Romboutsia had a strong positive correlation with the DAI, histological score, but a negative correlation with colon length. Muribaculum, Faecalibaculum, Lachnoclostridium, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-010, Odoribacter, Alloprevotella, A2 and Lactobacillus had a strong negative correlation with the DAI, histological score, but a positive correlation with colon length. Parabacteroides, Butyricimonas and Ruminococcus_torques_group were negatively related with ZO-1, occludin and MUC2. Muribaculum, Faecalibaculum, Ruminococcus_1 and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-010 were positively related with ZO-1, occludin and MUC2.

FIGURE 8

FIGURE 8. QHCY changed the composition of gut microbes in DSS-induced chronic colitis mice (A) The LEfSe analysis between DSS and DSS + QHCY group mice on the genus level. (B) Correlation analysis between the 50 most dominant genera in all samples and micro-environmental factors. Color grade shows the correlation degree. n = 6 for each treatment. *p < 0.05.

4 Discussion

QHCY is reported to exert a therapeutic effect in acute colitis (Ke et al., 2013a; Ke et al., 2013b). However, its protective effect in chronic colitis remains large unknow. In our study, we for the first time evaluated the protective effect of QHCY on chronic colitis of mice induced by DSS and the mechanisms by which it might act. Our results indicated that QHCY has a significant efficacy in the treatment of DSS-induced chronic colitis. QHCY attenuated the clinical symptoms of chronic colitis, such as preventing weight loss, reducing diarrhea and rectal bleeding. In addition, QHCY profoundly alleviated colonic shortening and pathologic damage of mice with chronic colitis. These findings for the first time confirmed that QHCY has a protective effect on DSS-induced chronic colitis of mice.

Inflammatory cytokines play an important role in the pathogenesis of colitis. TNF-α mediates intestinal mucosal injury and necrosis by amplifying the inflammatory cascade within the intestinal mucosa (Lin et al., 2019). IL-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine that is elevated in UC (Cao et al., 2021) and plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of UC by stimulating neutrophil infiltration (Gupta et al., 2018). IL-1β aggravates intestinal inflammation by damaging the intestinal TJ barrier and increasing intestinal permeability (Kaminsky et al., 2021). Our previous studies showed that QHCY significantly inhibited the LPS-induced secretion of pro-inflammatory TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 in the Caco-2 cells in a dose-dependent manner (Ke, Chen, et al., 2013; Ke et al., 2015). These results lead us to hypothesis that QHCY may alleviates chronic colitis by inhibiting inflammatory response in DSS-induced chronic colitis in mice. As expected, we found that DSS-induced elevation of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β expressions in the mice were inhibited by QHCY treatment. These findings suggest that QHCY ameliorates chronic colitis by suppressing DSS-induced the expressions of pro-inflammatory mediators.

Both occludin and ZO-1 are key tight junction proteins involved in permeability, tissue differentiation, and homeostasis of the intestinal epithelium (Amasheh et al., 2009). Disruption of the tight junction barrier of the colonic epithelium is an important pathogenic factor promoting the development of chronic colitis (Wang et al., 2016).The mucus layer is also an essential component of the intestinal mucosal barrier, which effectively separates the intestinal epithelium from the intestinal lumen and protects the epithelial cells from stimulation by intestinal bacteria and food antigens (Yao D. et al., 2021; Yao H. et al., 2021). MUC2 is the most vital component of the mucus layer and its expression level is reduced in ulcerative colitis (Melhem et al., 2021). Our previous study showed that QHCY not only prevented the LPS-induced decrease of ZO-1, occludin and claudin-1 expression in the Caco-2 cells, but also prevented the decrease of these tight junction protein expressions in colonic tissues of acute colitis of mice (Ke et al., 2019; Fang et al., 2021). These results lead us to hypothesize that QHCY may alleviates chronic colitis by preventing disruption of the intestinal mucosal barrier integrity in DSS-induced chronic colitis in mice. As expected, we found that DSS-induced reduction of these tight junction protein expressions in the mice were prevented by QHCY treatment. These findings suggest that QHCY exert its therapeutic effect by regulating the expression of occludin, ZO-1, and MUC2.

Gut microbiota is comprised of trillions of bacteria involved in physiological functions related to nutrition, immune response, and the defense of the host (Nishida et al., 2018). The imbalance of intestinal flora play a critical role in the pathogenesis of chronic colitis (Goldsmith and Sartor, 2014). Thus, we investigated for the first time the effect of QHCY on the gut microbiota of mice with chronic colitis. Our results demonstrated that QHCY may enhance microbial community diversity. DSS reduced Shannon index compared with the control group. However, QHCY may have a tendency to inhibit the change of Shannon index. In addition, the date of OTUs displayed an increasing trend of microbial community diversity after QHCY treatment. Through PCoA and hierarchical cluster analysis, we found the changes in microbial community structure in the DSS group. The microbial community structure after QHCY treatment was different from that of the DSS group.

We further performed a more detailed taxonomic analysis of microbial community composition at phylum and genus level. At the phylum level, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes dominate the gut microbial community. Previous work has shown that the proportion of Firmicutes is inversely correlated with gastrointestinal inflammation (Quévrain et al., 2016). It was reported that the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes was reduced in mice with colitis (Cui et al., 2021), which was consistent with our research. Nevertheless, QHCY restored the dysfunctional gut flora to normal levels. Epsilonbacteraeota infected and proliferated within the intestinal tract of various animal hosts, resulting in various disease outcomes (Kelley et al., 2021). Thus, QHCY could alleviate chronic colitis by decreasing the relative abundance of gut barrier-harmful bacteria including Epsilonbacteraeota. At the genus level, QHCY treatment upregulated the relative abundance of the Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Dubosiella and uncultured-Bacteroidales-bacterium genera in the colon but downregulated the abundance of Helicobacter and Parabacteroides genera. Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group is related to butyric acid production (Schirmer et al., 2018), and butyrate has an important protective effect on intestinal homeostasis, which protects the intestinal mucosa and alleviates inflammation (Silva et al., 2018). Dubosiella is a producer of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) (Ai et al., 2021).The SCFAs, as gut bacterial metabolites, promoted the expression of MUC2 and restored the protective effect of the mucus layer (Li et al., 2021). Several studies detected a decrease in Dubosiella in DSS-induced colitis mice (Li et al., 2022). Consistent with this, we found DSS-induced a decrease in the abundance of Dubosiella. However, QHCY treatment reversed its decrease. Further spearman correlation analysis showed the abundance of Dubosiella was negatively related with the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, histological score, and positively correlated with colon length, and the expression of ZO-1 and MUC2. It has been reported that Parabacteroides aggravate intestinal inflammation in acute colitis (Dziarski et al., 2016). We also found DSS-induced an increase in the abundance of Parabacteroides. However, QHCY treatment reversed its increase. Further spearman correlation analysis showed that the abundance of Parabacteroides was positively correlated with pro-inflammatory cytokines, DAI, histological score, and was negatively related with colon length, ZO-1, occludin and MUC2. Overall, these above findings indicated that QHCY could restore gut microbial dysbiosis and regulate intestinal flora in mice with chronic colitis by improving microbial community diversity and regulating microbial community structure and composition. However, the precise underlying potential mechanism of QHCY treatment for chronic colitis should be further investigated.

5 Conclusion

QHCY can significantly alleviate clinical symptoms of DSS-induced chronic colitis in mice, protect the function of intestinal mucosal barrier, and improve intestinal microflora by i) inhibiting the expression of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β inflammatory mediators, ii) maintaining the expression of tight junction protein occludin, ZO-1, and MUC2, and iii) improving the diversity of intestinal microflora and regulating the structure and composition of intestinal microflora in mice with chronic colitis. Our findings provide further experimental evidence for the clinical treatment of chronic colitis with QHCY.

Data availability statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.

Ethics statement

The animal study was reviewed and approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine.

Author contributions

AS, XK, and JP conceived and designed the experiments. YH, LL, and MY performed the animal experiments. YH, HZ, and MY conducted HE staining. YH, LL, and MY conducted PAS staining. YH, YC, and LC conducted Immunofluorescence staining. YH, LL, YC, and TS analyzed the data. YH drafted the manuscript, which AS, HZ, YC, TS, and JP revised. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.

Funding

This study was sponsored by the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (grant number 2020J06026) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number.81973621 and 82274188).

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher’s note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Supplementary material

The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2023.1176579/full#supplementary-material

Abbreviations

UC, Ulcerative colitis; ZO-1, Zonula occluden-1; MUC2, Mucin-2; TCM, Traditional Chinese medicine; QHCY, Qing Hua Chang Yin; DSS, Dextran sulfate sodium; TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-1β, Interleukin-1beta; IL-6, Interleukin-6; DAI, Disease activity indices; H&E, Hematoxylin and eosin; PAS, Periodic acid Schiff; IHC, Immunohistochemistry; DAB, Diaminobenzidine; ANOVA, Analysis of variance; OTUs, Operational taxonomic units.

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