Chuang-Wei Wang1,2,3,4,5†
Wei-Chen Lin1,6†
Wei-Ti Chen1,4,5
Chun-Bing Chen1,3,4,5,7,8,9
Chun-Wei Lu1,4,5,8,9
Hsin-Han Hou10Rosaline Chung-Yee Hui1,5Jennifer Wu1,5,8
Chih-Jung Chang1,11Ya-Ching Chang1,5
Wen-Hung Chung1,2,3,4,5,7,8,12,13,14* Taiwan Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reaction Consortium- 1Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- 2Cancer Vaccine and Immune Cell Therapy Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- 3Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- 4Department of Dermatology, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital, Xiamen, China
- 5College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- 6Department of Medical Education, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- 7Whole-Genome Research Core Laboratory of Human Diseases, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
- 8Immune-Oncology Center of Excellence, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- 9Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- 10Graduate Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- 11Central Research Laboratory, Department of Dermatology and Xiamen Chang Gung Allergology Consortium, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital, School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
- 12Department of Dermatology, Beijing Tsinghua Chang Gung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- 13Department of Dermatology, Ruijin Hospital School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- 14Genomic Medicine Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
Vancomycin is a commonly used antibiotic; however, it can cause life-threatening severe cutaneous adverse reactions, such as drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS). A previous study has reported a strong association between HLA-A*32:01 and vancomycin-induced DRESS in European ethnicity. Herein, we aim to investigate the genetic predisposition of vancomycin-induced DRESS in the Han-Chinese population. In this study, we enrolled a total of 26 patients with vancomycin-induced DRESS, 1,616 general population controls, and 51 subjects tolerant to vancomycin. In vitro granulysin-based lymphocyte activation tests (LAT) were conducted among 6 vancomycin-induced DRESS patients who were concomitantly receiving other medicines. HLA-A and HLA-B genotypes were determined by sequencing-based typing. Our results found that vancomycin-induced DRESS was associated with HLA-A*32:01 [odds ratio (OR) = 7.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.7–35.8; p-value = 0.035], HLA-B*07:05 (OR = 32.3, 95% CI = 2.8–367.7; p-value = 0.047), HLA-B*40:06 (OR = 4.7, 95% CI = 1.3–16.1; p-value = 0.036) and HLA-B*67:01 (OR = 44.8, 95% CI = 7.2–280.4; p-value = 0.002) when comparing the vancomycin-induced DRESS patients with the general population controls. LAT results showed that granulysin significantly increased in the vancomycin-induced DRESS patients upon vancomycin stimulation (4.7 ± 3.7 fold increased), but not upon other co-medicines. This study identified that, in addition to HLA-A*32:01, HLA-B*07:05, HLA-B*40:06, and HLA-B*67:01 were also genetic markers for vancomycin-induced DRESS in the Han-Chinese population. Associations of ethnic variances in HLA with vancomycin-DRESS were observed.
Introduction
Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic that was first isolated from Amycolatopsis orientalis by Edmund Kornfeld in 1953, and it is primarily treated against Staphylococcal and Streptococcal infections, especially against those of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. While the incidence of hospital-acquired Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections has declined over the past two decades (Landrum et al., 2012; Tong et al., 2015; Rhoads et al., 2021), vancomycin remains to be widely used. Consequently, adverse effects, such as ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity (Rybak et al., 1999; Carreno et al., 2014), and vancomycin infusion reaction (Symons et al., 1985; Hepner and Castells, 2003), were reported around the globe. Aside from the above, vancomycin also causes a T-cell mediated delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction coined drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) (Kwon et al., 2006; Tamagawa-Mineoka et al., 2007; Vauthey et al., 2008). DRESS is a hypersensitivity reaction consisting of early symptoms of fever, lethargy, and lymphadenopathy 2–8 weeks after the start of the treatment (Kardaun et al., 2013a). The patient later exhibits skin rash of the face, upper body, and extremities (Chen et al., 2010; Kardaun et al., 2013a). Other systemic injuries may also occur to organs, such as the liver, kidney, heart, or lungs (Chen et al., 2010; Cacoub et al., 2011; Kardaun et al., 2013a). A mortality rate of 2%–10% has been reported with the primary causes being multiple organ failure (Chiou et al., 2008; Chen et al., 2010; Cacoub et al., 2011; Kardaun et al., 2013a). In addition, long-term complications, such as autoimmune thyroiditis, lupus erythematosus, type 1 diabetes, alopecia, vitiligo, and autoimmune hemolytic anemia may inflict on patients surviving DRESS (Chen et al., 2013; Ushigome et al., 2013; Lian et al., 2018). Vancomycin is among other common antibiotics that induce DRESS besides sulfonamides (Blumenthal et al., 2012). As a result, it is of great importance that exploration of predisposition factors be warranted.
DRESS, along with the infamous Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN), belongs to severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions (SCARs), which have been proven to be strongly associated with genetic human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles (Chung et al., 2004; Pan et al., 2017; Lo et al., 2020; Yang et al., 2021). For example, HLA-B*58:01 is strongly associated with allopurinol-SCARs in Han-Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Thai, and European populations (Hung et al., 2005; Kaniwa et al., 2008; Lonjou et al., 2008; Tassaneeyakul et al., 2009; Kang et al., 2011; Ng et al., 2016); HLA-A*31:01 is associated with carbamazepine-DRESS among Chinese and Europeans (Genin et al., 2014; Mockenhaupt et al., 2019), and HLA-B*13:01 is strongly associated with dapsone- and co-trimoxazole-DRESS (Zhang et al., 2013; Satapornpong et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2021).
A preceding research published by Konvinse et al. (1019) demonstrated a strong association between HLA-A*32:01 and vancomycin-induced DRESS, in which 19 (82.6%) out of 23 vancomycin-associated DRESS patients carried HLA-A*32:01. Nonetheless, this research carried out in the United States recruited patients of predominantly European ancestry, and to date, no other studies have illustrated evidence of a similar association between HLA-A*32:01 and vancomycin-induced DRESS among other ethnic groups. Within Asian populations, associations between the same or other HLA alleles and vancomycin-induced DRESS were not yet confirmed. Therefore, we aim to further explore the genetic predisposition of vancomycin-induced DRESS in the Han-Chinese population, and investigate whether HLA-A*32:01 or other HLA alleles are associated with vancomycin-induced DRESS.
Materials and methods
Participants
26 cases of vancomycin-associated DRESS were retrospectively enrolled from the Taiwan-SCAR consortium (including Chang Gung Memorial Hospitals, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, and National Cheng Kung University Hospital) in our study from 2010 to 2022. The patients’ clinical data, blood, and plasma samples were collected. Another 51 patients who had received vancomycin for at least 14 consecutive days and a total course of more than 4 weeks without evidence of adverse reactions were enrolled in the control group, and clinical data and DNA samples of whom were withdrawn. We also collected DNA samples and HLA genotypes of 1,616 individuals without any history of drug hypersensitivity as the general population control group, as reported previously (Wang et al., 2021). All of the subjects were of Han-Chinese ethnicity from Taiwan.
Standard protocol approvals, registrations, and patient consent
Written informed consents were obtained from each patient of this study, and the institutional review board and ethics committee of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital have approved this study by Taiwan law (No. 97–0509B and No. 100–4657A3, 104–0291B, 201601761B0, and 201902171A3).
Disease assessment
Every patient in our study went through assessments by at least two dermatologists. We determined the culprit drug that induced DRESS by the Naranjo algorithm and the assessment of drug causality issued by the RegiSCAR group (Naranjo et al., 1981; Sassolas et al., 2010; Kardaun et al., 2013a). Only patients met with the criteria for probable or definite cases provoked by vancomycin (Naranjo algorithm > 5) were enrolled. The consensus definition was then administered for phenotypes classification (Bastuji-Garin et al., 1993; Cacoub et al., 2011; Kardaun et al., 2013b). Clinically, the criteria and scoring system of the RegiSCAR group, which are as follows, cutaneous involvement with typical skin eruptions (e.g., exfoliative dermatitis, generalized maculopapular exanthema), fever (> 38.5 °C), enlarged lymph nodes (two or more sites, 1 cm), presence of atypical lymphocytes and eosinophilia, systemic involvement (e.g., liver, kidney, and lung), time of resolution, and the evaluation of other potential causes, were applied to diagnose DRESS. In our study, indications for vancomycin treatment, dosage and duration of vancomycin use, internal organ involvement, hematologic abnormalities, and mortality were as well examined.
Lymphocyte activation test
Among all the cases of vancomycin-induced DRESS, 6 subjects were concomitantly receiving medicines (including amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, teicoplanin, valproic acid, diclofenac, and esomeprazole) besides vancomycin. Aside from assessment by Naranjo score, in vitro lymphocyte activation tests (LAT) were conducted on the 6 patients to identify whether vancomycin is the culprit drug. 5 other patients from the tolerant control group also underwent lymphocyte activation tests. We first collected PBMCs from the subjects’ whole blood samples using Ficoll-Paque (Pharmacia Fine Chemicals, Uppsala, Sweden) density gradient centrifugation. The PBMCs (1.0 × 106 per well) of these subjects were subsequently cultured in 96-well microplates in RPMI-1640 medium (Gibco Invitrogen, Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA) complemented with 10% human AB serum (Sigma-Aldrich, Darmastadt, Germany), IL-7 (Invitrogen), and vancomycin (20 ug/ml, Sigma-Aldrich, Darmastadt, Germany)/concomitant medicines that the patients were receiving respectively, and tested at 37°C in 5% CO2 for 1 week. Drugs were diluted in the medium to reach a concentration displaying a 10-fold physiological therapeutic level [which is a concentration of 400 ug/ml for vancomycin according to a Cmax of 42.5 ug/ml (Suzuki et al., 2012)]. Additionally, dimethyl sulfoxide was used as the solvent control and supplemented to the medium, and we used phytohemagglutinin (i.e., PHA) 10 mcg/ml as the positive control. On day 7, culture supernatants were recovered to quantify the secretions of granulysin, known to be the high specific cytotoxicity protein in DRESS patients (Weinborn et al., 2016; Su et al., 2017), by ELISA (using anti-granulysin antibodies, H3- and B04 biotin-labeled, that are produced by our laboratory). Granulysin level of 1.56 ng/ml was determined as the sensitivity cut-point of these tests. We normalized the fold change in each sample by solvent control. A positive result was defined as a 1.4-fold increase in granulysin expression in comparison with the tolerant control subjects. The cut-off value was calculated by using the values of the mean and 2-fold standard deviation from the tolerant control subjects.
HLA genotyping
HLA-A and HLA-B genotypes were decided by using SeCore HLA sequence-based typing (Invitrogen, Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA) or HLA next-generation sequencing genotyping; the latter was performed by applying the Holotype HLATM X2-96/7 (no. 1056733; Omixon Biocomputing, Budapest, Hungary) on MiniSeq System (Illumina, San Diego, CA) with HLA Twin software (Omixon) as described in the manufacturer’s protocol. Variances in HLA frequencies between the patients of vancomycin-induced DRESS, the general population of Han-Chinese in Taiwan, and the tolerant control cases were analyzed.
Statistical analysis
All statistical analyses in this study were conducted through SPSS for Windows, version 21.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY), and Fisher exact tests were applied for comparisons of genotype frequencies between the vancomycin-induced DRESS, the tolerant control, and the general population groups. Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons (n = 14 for HLA-A genotypes, n = 25 for HLA-B genotypes) was administered to accommodate Pc-values aiming to reach sufficient power to identify different phenotypes in HLA variances. Haldane modifications that added 0.5 to all fields to adjust possible zero counts were applied to calculate odds ratios (ORs). We exerted a two-sided test to calculate confidence intervals and p-values for rate ratio estimates. We determined differences to be statistically significant by p-values that were lower than 0.05. A significant corrected p (Pc) values were p = 0.0036 for HLA-A (0.05/14) and p = 0.002 for HLA-B (0.05/25), respectively.
Results
Baseline demographics
The details of baseline demographics and laboratory findings are shown in Table 1. 26 patients met the inclusion criteria for vancomycin-associated DRESS and were included in our study, including 21 men and 5 women. The average age of the subjects was 56.9 ± 19.3 years old. All patients were probable or definite cases of vancomycin-induced DRESS, with Naranjo algorithm > 5. The mean received dosage of vancomycin was 1,628.8 mg/day ± 584.2 mg/day and the duration to DRESS onset after the first day of vancomycin treatment was from 14 to 62 days (the average was 20.6 ± 12.9 days). 6 out of 26 subjects were concomitantly receiving other medicines (including amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, teicoplanin, valproic acid, diclofenac, and esomeprazole) when prescribed with vancomycin.
TABLE 1. Demographic and baseline clinical characteristics of vancomycin-induced DRESS and tolerant controls.
51 subjects who had received vancomycin for at least 14 consecutive days and a total course of more than 4 weeks without evidence of adverse reactions were enrolled in the control group, including 36 males and 15 females. The average age of tolerant control cases was 55.5 ± 16.6 years old. The mean dosage received was 1,582.3 mg ± 521.0 mg daily. There were no significant differences in age and the exposed vancomycin dosage between the vancomycin-induced DRESS and the tolerant control groups.
Laboratory findings
Of all patients, elevated GPT serum level up to 3 folds of normal upper limit (that is 36 U/L according to the lab’s reference) was found in 13 subjects (50.0%), and 10 subjects (38.5%) presented with acute renal failure [defined as an elevation of serum creatinine level greater than 1.5 folds of the normal value range (0.4 mg/dl–1.5 mg/dl) after drug intake]. 17 patients (65.4%) showed eosinophilia (absolute eosinophil count > 500/μl) while 7 cases (26.9%) exhibited atypical lymphocytosis. There was a total of 2 deceased cases out of the 26 patients with vancomycin-induced DRESS (7.7%).
Lymphocyte activation test results
6 out of 26 subjects were concomitantly receiving other medicines (such as amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, teicoplanin, valproic acid, diclofenac, and esomeprazole) when prescribed with vancomycin. We performed in vitro granulysin-based lymphocyte activation tests (LAT) (Lin et al., 2018; Chu et al., 2021) to further determine the culprit drug of these DRESS patients. LAT assay was also conducted on 5 subjects from the tolerant control group. We determined the cut-off values to be a 1.4-fold increase in granulysin expression. LAT results showed that granulysin expression (4.7 ± 3.7 fold increased) of these 6 subjects with DRESS all exceeded the cut-off value when the PBMCs of these cases were cultured with vancomycin for 1 week (Figure 1). On the other hand, when the subjects’ PBMCs were cultured in the presence of the concomitantly-received medicines, no increase over the cut-off value in granulysin expression was noticed (Figure 1), suggesting that all these 6 DRESS cases were vancomycin-induced.
FIGURE 1. Lymphocyte activation test (LAT) for patients with vancomycin-induced DRESS. Granulysin-based lymphocyte activation test (LAT) was performed in 6 patients with vancomycin-DRESS and 5 tolerant controls. A positive result was defined as a 1.4-fold increase in granulysin release compared to the tolerant controls (dotted line).
Association of HLA-A*32:01, HLA-B*07:05, HLA-B*40:06, and HLA-B*67*01 of patients with vancomycin-induced DRESS
The details of HLA-A and HLA-B genotypes in the patients with vancomycin-induced DRESS are shown in Table 2. All subjects were from Taiwan and of Han-Chinese ethnicity. We first compared the 26 vancomycin-induced DRESS patients with 1,616 general population controls from Taiwan, the results found associations between HLA-A*32:01, HLA-B*07:05, HLA-B*40:06 and HLA-B*67:01, and vancomycin-induced DRESS (Table 3). HLA-A*32:01 was present in 7.7% (2/26) of the vancomycin-associated DRESS patients, and only in 1.1% (17/1,616) of the general Han-Chinese population (odds ratio [OR] = 7.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.7–35.8; p = 0.035; sensitivity = 7.7%, specificity = 98.9%). HLA-B*07:05 was present in 3.8% (1/26) of the vancomycin-associated DRESS cases, and in 0.1% (2/1,616) of the general Han-Chinese population (OR = 32.3, 95% CI = 2.8–367.7; p = 0.047; sensitivity = 3.8%, specificity = 99.9%). HLA-B*40:06 was present in 11.5% (3/26) of the vancomycin-associated DRESS cases, and in 2.7% (44/1,616) of the general Han-Chinese population (OR = 4.7, 95% CI = 1.3–16.1; p = 0.036; sensitivity = 11.5%, specificity = 99.1%). HLA-B*67:01 was present in 7.7% (2/26) of the vancomycin-associated DRESS patients, and in 0.2% (3/1,616) of the general Han-Chinese population (OR = 44.8, 95% CI = 7.2–280.4; p = 0.002; sensitivity = 7.7%, specificity = 99.8%) (Tables 3, 4). We then compared the vancomycin-induced DRESS patients with the 51 tolerant controls and discovered that HLA-A*32:01 (OR = 10.5, 95% CI = 0.5–227; p = 0.111), HLA-B*07:05 (OR = 6.1, 95% CI = 0.2–154; p = 0.338), HLA-B*40:06 (OR = 3.2, 95% CI = 0.5–20.5; p = 0.329) and HLA-B*67:01 (OR = 10.5, 95% CI = 0.5–227; p = 0.111) also imposed risks of vancomycin-induced DRESS (Table 4); however, these associations were insignificant as calculated Pc values were higher than the 0.05 for statistical significance for HLA-A and HLA-B respectively. Further analyses were performed and came upon stronger associations between the combined four alleles of HLA-A*32:01, HLA-B*07:05, HLA-B*40:06, and HLA-B*67:01 and vancomycin-induced DRESS when we compared the vancomycin-induced DRESS patients with both the general population group (OR = 7.7, 95% CI = 3.0–19.8; p = 4.8 × 10−4; sensitivity = 23.1%, specificity = 96.2%) and the tolerant control cases (OR = 7.4, 95% CI = 1.4–39.5; p = 0.016) (Table 4). Positive and negative predictive values of the four respective genetic factor and the combined genetic factor were not calculated on account of lack of current liable data on incidence of vancomycin-induced DRESS.
TABLE 2. The detailed genotypes of HLA-A and HLA-B in patients with vancomycin-induced DRESS.
TABLE 3. The associations study of HLA-A and HLA-B alleles in patients with vancomycin-induced DRESS compared to general population controls.
TABLE 4. Association of HLA-A*32:01, HLA-B*07:05, HLA-B*40:06, and HLA-B*67:01 with patients with vancomycin-induced DRESS.
Based on the Allele Frequency Net Database (http://www.allelefrequencies.net/), the frequency of the HLA-A*32:01 is higher in European (3.2%–13.8%), American (3.0%–7.4%) and Indian (5.6%), but much lower in Chinese and Japanese (0%–2.1%). This may explain why HLA-A*32:01 is strongly associated with vancomycin-induced DRESS in European ethnicity (sensitivity = 82.6%, p = 2 × 10−16) (Konvinse et al., 2019), but is weakly associated in the Chinese population (sensitivity = 7.7%, p = 0.035, according to this study).
Discussion
DRESS, along with SJS/TEN, is a type of life-threatening SCARs. Current comprehension of the pathogenesis regarding DRESS involves genetic polymorphism in HLA. Several present studies have proved genetic polymorphism in HLA to be of significance concerning SCARs. Allopurinol-SCARs and HLA-B*58:01 (Hung et al., 2005; Kaniwa et al., 2008; Lonjou et al., 2008; Tassaneeyakul et al., 2009; Kang et al., 2011), carbamazepine-DRESS and HLA-A*31:01 (Genin et al., 2014), and dapsone-/co-trimoxazole-DRESS and HLA-B*13:01 (Zhang et al., 2013; Satapornpong et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2021) are just a few among other identified connections. Additionally, these associations varied from different ethnic groups, and the associations are phenotype- and ethnic-specific. For instance, an association was recognized between co-trimoxazole-induced DRESS and HLA-B*13:01 in the Chinese population (Wang et al., 2021), while the same HLA allele was weakly associated with co-trimoxazole-induced SJS/TEN (Kongpan et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2021). Furthermore, HLA-B*15:02 was reported to be strongly associated with carbamazepine-induced SJS/TEN in Asian populations (Chung et al., 2004; Locharernkul et al., 2008; Tassaneeyakul et al., 2010; Cheung et al., 2013; Tangamornsuksan et al., 2013; Chung et al., 2016), whereas it is HLA-B*57:01 that was identified to be related to SJS/TEN among Europeans (Mockenhaupt et al., 2019). And HLA-A*31:01 was associated with carbamazepine-induced DRESS (Genin et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2022).
A strong association between HLA-A*32:01 and vancomycin-induced DRESS in patients of European ancestry has been noticed in a previous study (Konvinse et al., 2019). In our study, associations between HLA-A*32:01, HLA-B*07:05, HLA-B*40:06, and HLA-B*67:01 and vancomycin-induced DRESS in the Han-Chinese population from Taiwan were identified. These are the first documented HLA alleles that contribute to vancomycin-induced drug hypersensitivity among the Han-Chinese population. Although the same association between HLA-A*32:01 and vancomycin-induced DRESS was formerly observed in the previous study of Konvinse KC et al., the cases were predominantly of European, not Chinese, ancestry. And this is also the first study that recognized the associations of HLA-B*07:05, HLA-B*40:06 and HLA-B*67:01 and vancomycin-induced DRESS. No other studies to date have explored the role that polymorphism in HLA genotypes plays in phenotypes regarding vancomycin hypersensitivity reactions within other ethnic groups aside from the European population, specifically among the Han-Chinese population. Our study further validates the present understanding that associations between HLA alleles and vancomycin-DRESS differ among different ethnicities.
The execution of regular screening for HLA-B*57:01 before prescribing abacavir has greatly reduced the risk of hypersensitivity reactions in patients receiving the drug (Mallal et al., 2008). Other implementations of pharmacogenomics into clinical practice include screening for HLA-B*58:01 allele in high-risk patients before prescribing allopurinol (Ko et al., 2015). United States FDA also suggests testing for HLA-B*15:02 allele before using carbamazepine in patients of Asian ancestry (Chen et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2022). Konvinse KC et al. have proposed a protocol that advocates the importance of screening for HLA-A*32:01 in patients of European ethnicity receiving vancomycin to reduce the incidence of vancomycin-induced DRESS, and further modify their antibiotic regimen. Alternatively, our study has discovered the connections between HLA-A*32:01, HLA-B*07:05, HLA-B*40:06, and HLA-B*67:01, and a particular clinical phenotype in vancomycin-related hypersensitivity reactions in the Han-Chinese population from Taiwan. However, due to the low sensitivity (23.1%) of detection of the four combined HLA alleles, the clinical application of genetic HLA-A*32:01, HLA-B*07:05, HLA-B*40:06, and HLA-B*67:01 testing prior to vancomycin use seems not to be cost-effective. Nonetheless, owing to strong associations between HLA-A*32:01, HLA-B*07:05, HLA-B*40:06, and HLA-B*67:01, and vancomycin-associated DRESS, these alleles act as genetic markers for vancomycin-associated DRESS. And together with the assistance of LAT assay, the detection of HLA-A*32:01, HLA-B*07:05, HLA-B*40:06, and HLA-B*67:01 alleles may still play a vital part in the clinical decision-making process. In the past few decades, technology in the fields of gene sequencing has developed rapidly. With novel techniques, such as whole exome sequencing (WES) and whole genome sequencing (WGS), physicians can now obtain more comprehensive genetic information regarding specific diseases and personalized medicine (Dunn et al., 2018; Zhao et al., 2019). The progress in sequencing techniques allows a more encompassing pharmacogenetics profiling. The potential application of WES and/or WGS for HLA-A*32:01, HLA-B*07:05, HLA-B*40:06, and HLA-B*67:01 alleles detection may thus enable more delicate and precise selection of medication for individuals.
Aside from HLA genotypes, currently recognized factors in the pathogenesis of SCARs included divergence in individual drug metabolism (Chung et al., 2014; Pan et al., 2017; Lo et al., 2020), cytotoxicity mechanisms (Chung et al., 2008; Wang et al., 2013; Kuijper et al., 2020), and viral infections (Tohyama et al., 2007; Miyagawa and Asada, 2021). A study by our group formerly discovered a strong correlation between phenytoin-SCARs and CYP2C9*3, which in turn decreases phenytoin clearance (Chung et al., 2014). The discovery shed light on the role that divergence in drug metabolism plays in SCARs. Besides, drug-specific T cell receptors (TCR) also play a vital part in the pathogenesis of SCARs (Chung et al., 2015; Pan et al., 2019). For instance, the TCRβ CDR3 clonotype, “ASSLAGELF”, which showed significant carbamazepine-specific cytotoxicity, was discovered in patients with carbamazepine-SJS/TEN. In vitro expansion and granulysin release activation of carbamazepine-specific CD8+ T cells were observed on carbamazepine stimulation (Pan et al., 2019; Chu et al., 2021). Direct activation of drug-specific T cells by oxypurinol through the pharmacological interaction (p-i) mechanism was also identified by several studies (Yun et al., 2013; Yun et al., 2014; Chung et al., 2015). Therefore, other factors regarding the pathogenesis of DRESS require further exploration.
There are several limitations in this study. First, a relatively small sample size of mere 26 cases was included on account of the low incidence of DRESS. Secondly, the vancomycin treatment duration of the vancomycin-induced DRESS patients enrolled was from 14 to up to 62 days, whereas subjects were included as the tolerant control group provided at least 14 consecutive days and a total of more than 4 weeks of vancomycin treatment. Tolerant subjects that continued vancomycin use over 60 days were hard to recruit owing to few clinical scenarios that required prolonged vancomycin treatment. Finally, we did not recruit vancomycin-related SJS/TEN patients in our study; thus, the associations between divergence in HLA alleles and vancomycin-SJS/TEN remain unclear.
All in all, our study discovered before-unknown associations between HLA genotypes and vancomycin-related hypersensitivity reactions within the Han-Chinese population. Though the association between HLA-A*32:01 and vancomycin-induced DRESS was formerly observed in the previous study of Konvinse KC et al., we further identified that HLA-B*07:05, HLA-B*40:06, and HLA-B*67:01 were associated with vancomycin-induced DRESS in the Han-Chinese population. The associations of HLA-A*32:01, HLA-B*07:05, HLA-B*40:06, and HLA-B*67:01 alleles with vancomycin-induced DRESS were the first to be discovered within the Asian population. The ethnic variances in HLA associations with vancomycin-DRESS were observed. In addition to researches concerning HLA alleles, further studies on the relations of other genetic factors (such as drug metabolizing enzyme and TCR) and vancomycin-induced SCARs are required to better comprehend the pathogenesis of delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions induced by vancomycin.
Data availability statement
The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found in the article/Supplementary Material.
Ethics statement
The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the institutional review board and ethics committee of Chang Gung Memorial Hospitals. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.
Author contributions
C-WW and W-HC contributed to the conception. C-WW and W-CL completed the manuscript. W-TC, C-BC, C-WL, RC-YH, JW, Y-CC, and W-HC enrolled the patients, and C-WW, W-CL, H-HH, C-JC, and W-HC reviewed the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Funding
The complete funding information would be as below: The Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (MOST108-2314-B-182A-104-MY3, 110-2320-B-182A-014-MY3, 110-2326-B-182A-003-), and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (CMRPG3K0561-2, CLRPG3L0041-2, CIRPG3M0101).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
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Keywords: severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions, drug reaction with eosinophilia and systematic symptoms, HLA, vancomycin, delayed-type drug hypersensitivity reactions
Citation: Wang C-W, Lin W-C, Chen W-T, Chen C-B, Lu C-W, Hou H-H, Hui RC-Y, Wu J, Chang C-J, Chang Y-C and Chung W-H (2022) Associations of HLA-A and HLA-B with vancomycin-induced drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms in the Han-Chinese population. Front. Pharmacol. 13:954596. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.954596
Received: 27 May 2022; Accepted: 15 November 2022;
Published: 25 November 2022.
Edited by:
Chonlaphat Sukasem, Mahidol University, ThailandReviewed by:
Natasha E. Holmes, University of Melbourne, AustraliaFrancisco Abad-Santos, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
Copyright © 2022 Wang, Lin, Chen, Chen, Lu, Hou, Hui, Wu, Chang, Chang and Chung. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Wen-Hung Chung, wenhungchung@yahoo.com, chung1@cgmh.org.tw
†These authors have contributed equally to this work