Case report: Sideroblastic anemia with B-cell immunodeficiency, periodic fevers, and developmental delay: Three cases and a literature review

Sideroblastic anemia with B-cell immunodeficiency, periodic fevers, and developmental delay (SIFD) is a serious autosomal recessive syndrome caused by biallelic mutations in cytosine–cytosine–adenosine tRNA nucleotidyltransferase 1 (TRNT1). The main clinical features of SIFD are periodic fevers, developmental delay, sideroblastic or microcytic anemia, and immunodeficiency. Herein, we report three cases of SIFD with compound heterozygous variants of TRNT1. Patients 1 and 2 were siblings; they presented with periodic fevers, arthritis, low immunoglobulin A, bilateral cataracts, anemia, and neurodevelopmental and developmental delay. Patient 3 had severed clinical features with recurrent fever and infections. She was treated with infliximab and symptomatic treatments but without therapeutic effect. She received a stem cell transplantation of umbilical cord blood but died of posttransplant infection and posttransplant graft-vs.-host disease 17 days after transplantation. Finally, a literature review revealed that TRNT1 variants differed among SIFD patients. Our cases and literature review further expand existing knowledge on the phenotype and TRNT1 variations of SIFD and suggest that the early genomic diagnosis of TRNT1 is valuable to promptly assess bone marrow transplantation and tumor necrosis factor inhibitor treatments, which might be effective for the immunodeficiency and inflammation caused by SIFD.

Introduction

Sideroblastic anemia with B-cell immunodeficiency, periodic fevers, and developmental delay (SIFD) is an autosomal recessive syndrome characterized by severe sideroblastic anemia in the neonatal period or infancy that was first reported in 2013 (1). Next-generation sequencing enables the determination of mutations in the gene nucleotidyltransferase (TRNT)-1 (2). TRNT1 encodes the nucleotidyltransferase tRNA (tRNA-NT) enzyme that catalyzes the addition of the cytosine–cytosine–adenosine (CCA) terminus to the 3′ end of tRNA precursors, which is essential for aminoacylated tRNAs to participate in protein biosynthesis (3, 4). Biallelic TRNT1 variants impair neuronal cell development and heme synthesis, resulting in SIFD (5), which includes some common clinical features such as sideroblastic anemia, immune deficiency, and periodic fevers. In many individuals with TRNT1 deficiency, the immunoglobulin level is low (hypogammaglobulinemia) (3). To date, only 60 confirmed SIFD cases with TRNT1 mutations have been described worldwide (3, 5–29). In this study, we report three cases of SIFD resulting from TRNT1 mutations, including one family with two cases. From these two cases, we identified novel mutations in TRNT1 (c.1056 + 1G > A and c.1246A > G). In addition, we identified an affected child with severe clinical features. Table 1 shows the clinical features, biochemical detection indices, and genetic analyses of the SIFD patients in this study. Through a systematic review of cases from published articles, we provide new insights for clinicians toward diagnosing SIFD by connecting clinical features and TRNT1 mutations.

TABLE 1

Table 1. Clinical features, biochemical detection index, and genetic analysis of SIFD patients (n = 3).

Case report

Patient 1 (P1), born to non-consanguineous parents, presented with persistent low-grade fever (37.4–38°C) since 8 months of age. The inflammatory markers were elevated every 1–2 months without infective factors, but she recovered following symptomatic treatment. At 16 months of age, she had pain and swelling of her right knee joint with flexion contracture. She could bend her knee and briefly stand but could not walk without hypotonia. At 19 months of age, she was diagnosed with bilateral cataracts. At 7 years of age, cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed mild atrophy-like changes in the bilateral cerebral hemispheres and underdeveloped bilateral frontal lobes, suggesting neurodevelopmental delay. The patient had some hearing problems. She could hear louder voice, but no specific hearing test was carried out. She presented with fever several times as an outpatient. She had mild microcytic hypochromic anemia. Sideroblastic anemia could not be determined as her parents did not consent to having her undergo bone marrow aspiration for further examination. Immunoglobulin tests showed a low level of immunoglobulin A (IgA) (<0.07 g/L, range 0.13–0.35 g/L), while immunoglobulin G (IgG), M (IgM), and E (IgE), and complement C3 and C4 were normal. The lymphocyte counting test showed that the ratios and amounts of B- and T-lymphocytes were normal. At this time, she was 16 years old, 12 kg (< −3 SD) in weight, 102 cm (< −3 SD) in height, and had a 48 cm head circumference (Figure 1A). Unfortunately, she did not undergo follow-up visits due to family reasons.

FIGURE 1

Figure 1. The genetic and clinical characteristics of SIFD patients. (A) Patient 1 at the age of 14 years presented with hypotrophic muscle and arthritis. (B). Patient 2 at the age of 7 years presented with hypotrophic muscle and arthritis. (C) Patient 3 at the age of 11 months. (D) The pedigree of siblings in the first family with patient 1 and patient 2. (E) The pedigree of patient 3. (F) The Sanger sequencing chromatograms of TRNT1 gene compound heterozygous variations of the family with patient 3. The mutation c.574C > T (p.Q192*) inherited from her mother and c.464T > C (p.I155T) inherited from her father. (G) The conserved amino acid sequence in protein TRNT1. The black arrow points a conservative amino acid (Ile155) of protein TRNT1 in human. SIFD, sideroblastic anemia with B-cell immunodeficiency, periodic fevers, and developmental delay.

Patient 2 (P2) was the younger male sibling of P1. Similar to his sister, he had unspecified periodic fevers, low levels of IgA, arthritis, and developmental delay; however, he had normal hearing. He was examined routinely at our hospital in the first 3 months after birth. The patient was diagnosed with mild microcytic hypochromic anemia with low levels of IgA (<0.07 g/L, range 0.13–0.35 g/L), whereas neutrophil phagocytosis, B- and T-lymphocyte rates and counts, and IgG were normal. Using ultrasound diagnosis, we found that he had hydrocephalus. At 4 months of age, the patient had diarrhea for the first time for undefined reasons. He was hospitalized at 8 months old with bronchopneumonia and diarrhea. He was diagnosed with a respiratory syncytial virus infection through a pharyngeal swab trial. Thereafter, he experienced febrile episodes every 3–4 weeks, lasting 3–7 days each time. At 19 months of age, he had pain and swelling of the bilateral knee joints and refused to walk on foot. Ultrasonography detection revealed effusions in his knee joints. At 2 years of age, he was diagnosed with bilateral cataracts. Immunological examination showed a slight decrease in IgA, while IgG, IgM, IgE, and B-lymphocyte counts were normal. Afterward, he received intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) 400 mg/kg treatment irregularly, resulting in fewer fevers. At 37 months of age, he was hospitalized again due to fever and diarrhea. At 5 years of age, he contracted bronchopneumonia and a type A influenza virus infection. Nevertheless, there were no abnormalities in cardiac and urological ultrasound and cranial MRI detection results. In the same year, his vision was restored after extracapsular cataract extraction with intraocular lens implantation at our hospital. At this point, he was 8 years old, 11 kg (<−3 SD) in weight, 98 cm (<−3 SD) in height, had a 49-cm head circumference (Figure 1B), and could speak simple and short sentences with three to seven words, but the pronunciation was not clear. He stumbled by himself, and fever episodes recurred every 2–3 months.

P1 and her younger brother P2 were treated in our department since May 2016. With the approval of the hospital ethics committee (approval number: 2016021645), peripheral blood was collected from them and their parents for whole-genome sequencing at the Institute of Eugenics and Perinatology at our hospital. The parents had heterozygous mutations in the TRNT1 gene. Their father had a mutation at c.1246A > G (p.K416E), which has been reported previously (6, 7, 20), whereas their mother had an unreported mutation at c.1056 + 1G > A. The biallelic heterozygous variants of TRNT1 [c.1056 + 1G > A and c.1246A > G (p.K416E)] were determined in P1 and P2. The c.1056 + 1G > A variant is located at the mRNA splice region in a highly conserved sequence representing functional domains, indicating that the variant may have a structural alteration of the TRNT1 protein, affecting its function. Nevertheless, it has been considered a pathogenic variant with low frequency based on the assessment of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and the Association for Molecular Pathology (ACMG-AMP) (30).

Patient 3 (P3), a Chinese girl, was born from a pair of non-consanguineous Chinese individuals through normal pregnancy (Figure 1C). The mother has a thalassemia trait, but the father is normal. Figures 1D,E show the pedigrees of the two families in this study. Patient 3 presented with a febrile illness and swelling of the skin and soft tissues in the right clavicular region at 3 months of age. The patient was hospitalized to undergo right chest wall debridement and drainage due to bronchopneumonia and necrotic fasciitis. She was hospitalized again at 5 months of age for an abscess in the buttocks and at 6 months of age for bronchopneumonia, perforated sigmoid colon, abdominal adhesions, acute diffuse peritonitis, sepsis, fungal infection, acute suppurative pharyngitis, acute bronchitis, and fat liquefaction in a postoperative wound. Therefore, she underwent a sigmoid colostomy by partially resectioning her colon to repair the perforation. One month later, she was hospitalized again for sepsis, pneumonia, and necrotizing fasciitis in her left big toe. Again, she underwent right chest wall debridement and drainage at 8 months of age when she presented with a fever and cough. Thereafter, she received IVIG treatment every 4 weeks to reduce infection. The compound heterozygous TRNT1 variant with two functional mutations at c.574C > T (p.Q192*) (inherited from her mother) and c.464T > C (p.I155T) (inherited from her father) was identified through whole-exome sequencing (Figure 1F). No thalassemia gene mutation was found. At 9 months of age, the patient was diagnosed with primary immune deficiency disorders (PID), IgG deficiency, skin and soft tissue infection, iron deficiency anemia, enterocolitis, arthritis, eczema, thrombocytosis, and oral candidiasis. She received IVIG combined with ibuprofen, methylprednisolone, and infliximab to combat inflammation, combined with cephalosporin, vancomycin, meropenem, and fluconazole for anti-infection at another hospital. However, the treatment was ineffective. At 15 months of age, she was hospitalized in the intensive care unit for critical illness. Laboratory tests showed that her white blood cell count was 50.5 × 10⁹/L, neutrophils accounted for 91%, of which band form neutrophilic granulocyte accounted for 47%. No smears were performed at this point; however, the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) abundance was up to 215 mg/L. Staphylococcus infection was detected using a blood culture test. Lymphocyte counts showed B-lymphocyte deficiency and serum immunoglobulin deficiency. A cardiac ultrasound examination showed normal myocardial and intracardiac structure and function. Next, patient 3 was treated with linezolid for bacterial infections. Ring sideroblasts could not be determined without bone marrow aspiration. At 17 months of age, patient 3 underwent umbilical cord blood (UCB) stem cell transplantation. After 5 days of treatment, she had a fever, rash, and mucus discharge from the colostomy. In addition, her inflammatory marker and liver enzyme levels were increased. The results of a blood culture test indicated the patient had a Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infection. Taken together, the patient was diagnosed with a posttransplant infection, a posttransplant graft-vs.-host disease, pancytopenia, and metabolic acidosis. Seventeen days after transplantation, the patient died due to severe sepsis and multiorgan failure.

Discussion

SIFD is a heritable, autosomal recessive disorder with severe multiorgan damage and often results in death during the first decade of life (6). Using whole-exome sequencing, a direct link between TRNT1 and SIFD was first reported in 2014 (6). TRNT1 is a nuclear gene encoding the tRNA-NT enzyme, which plays a role in the posttranscriptional modification of tRNAs by adding the CCA trinucleotide to the 3′-end of newly synthesized tRNAs (3, 4). Sasarman et al. suggested that TRNT1 mutations would impair mitochondrial translation, resulting from defective CCA addition to mitochondrial tRNA^Ser(AGY), resulting in an increase in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species that persistently trigger NLRP3 inflammasome activation (12). Recent research suggests that except for previously reported mitochondrial tRNAs, TRNT1 mutations severely affect the expression of mature cytosolic tRNAs (7). The TRNT1 mutant cells fail to upregulate protein clearance pathways and perturbations in proteostasis activation in the innate immune system, which results in the overexpression of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) (7), suggesting that TRNT1 mutations are indeed one of the causes of SIFD disease.

TNF inhibitors are typical anti-inflammatory medications used to treat autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid, juvenile, and psoriatic arthritis, plaque psoriasis, ankylosing spondylitis, ulcerative colitis, and Crohn's disease (31, 32). TNF inhibitors, which could inhibit proinflammatory cytokines in tissues and blood to reduce fever, blood transfusion demand, and chronic anemia, were first reported to treat SIFD patients in 2019 (7). Giannelou et al. described that three patients received etanercept, and one received infliximab treatment and was followed up from 2 to 12 years (7). It was suggested that TNF inhibitor therapy could effectively suppress fevers and restore inflammatory factors to normal in these patients. In the current study, patient 3 also received the infliximab treatment for anti-inflammation. Unfortunately, the treatment was ineffective. Considering the various clinical features in patients with various TRNT1 variants, more clinical data are needed to assess the therapeutic effect of TNF inhibitors.

Bone marrow transplants are the only reported effective option (4). Three patients have been reported as having received bone marrow transplants. One patient was transplanted with matched bone marrow from his sibling at 5 months of age. However, this patient died following significant neurological complications 38 weeks posttransplant (10). Another patient underwent a myeloablative allogeneic bone marrow transplantation at 9 months of age, remaining healthy over 3 years posttransplantation, except for pigmentary retinitis that occurred 32 months posttransplantation (1). The last patient showed no systemic symptoms 3 years posttransplantation but had moderate hearing loss and retinopathy (4). In the present report, patient 3 underwent UCB stem cell transplantation. However, the patient died due to S. maltophilia infection and transplantation-related complications.

To date, 60 SIFD patients with TRNT1 variants have been reported in previous publications (3, 5–29). In Table 2, we have summarized all the TRNT1 variants including the three new cases. Through this work, the summarized TRNT1 mutations can be used by other researchers or clinicians to further investigate their functions in SIFD disease. Patients with the c.1246A > G mutation in TRNT1 exhibited typical clinical features such as periodic fevers, sideroblastic anemia, developmental delay, diarrhea, bilateral hearing loss, bilateral cataracts, recurrent swelling of digits in hands and knees, and hypotrophic muscle (6, 7, 20). In the present study, the siblings with newly reported TRNT1 mutations (c.1246A > G and c.1056 + 1G > A) had similar clinical features, including periodic fevers, mild anemia, developmental delay, bilateral cataracts, recurrent swelling of knees, and hypotrophic muscle. Considering the unreported TRNT1 mutation (c.1056 + 1G > A) is located in the mRNA splice region within a highly conserved sequence, this variant might have more impact and requires more studies in the future.

TABLE 2

Table 2. Reported pathogenetic variants in TRNT1.

Patient 3 with TRNT1 mutations [c.574C > T (p.Q192*/c.464T > C (p.I155T)] had severe clinical features, including recurrent fevers, immune deficiency disorders, and developmental delay. The resolved human protein structure of TRNT1 with its Protein Data Bank (PDB) identification (ID) is shown in Figure 2A. The c.464T > C (p.I155T) mutation in TRNT1 affects the conservative amino acid sequence of this protein, which may contribute to protein dysfunction (Figures 1G, 2C). Most importantly, the novel c.574C > T (p.Q192*) mutation causes protein truncation (Figure 2B), which may contribute to the dysfunction of TRNT1. Though we have no evidence to prove the function of truncated TRNT1 in mitochondrial, combined with the biallelic mutations, the dysfunctional TRNT1 protein may have finally led patient 3 to acquire SIFD. Therefore, alteration of TRNT1 protein structure by c.574C > T (p.Q192*) and c.464T > C (p.I155T) mutations may indicate a poor prognosis for patients with SIFD. In the present study, the c.574C > T mutation is reported for the first time. Other studies on this mutation could not be found. Therefore, its function in SIFD deserves to be further explored in the future. Besides the two aforementioned TRNT1 mutations, the previously reported c.1246A > G (p.K416E) mutation could also produce dysfunctional proteins in patients 1–2 (Figure 2D) (6). Therefore, future studies should consider more effective treatments to correct this mutation, such as gene editing and repair.

FIGURE 2

Figure 2. The cartoon diagram of 3D protein structure of TRNT1 and its variants. (A) The resolved human protein structure of TRNT1 with its PDB identification (ID). (B) The protein structure of variant TRNT1 [c.574C > T (p.Q192*)]. (C) The protein structure of variant TRNT1 [c.464T > C (p.I155T)]. The black arrows point the amino acids isoleucine (Ile) and threonine (Thr) at the site of 155. (D) The protein structure of variant TRNT1 [c.1246A > G (p.K416E)]. The black arrows point the amino acids lysine (Lys) and glutamate (Glu) at the site of 416. PDB, Protein Data Bank; ID, identification.

The literature review and this study found 63 SIFD patients with TRNT1 mutations (3, 5–29). However, clinical characteristics were not reported in 16 cases (6). Therefore, we summarized the clinical features of 47 patients in Table 3. These patients have a very varied phenotypic appearance. Developmental delay (66%) and recurrent fevers (68%) are the most common clinical features in SIFD patients with TRNT1 mutations. The majority of patients have sideroblastic anemia (55%). Cataracts are found in 30% of patients, hearing loss in 21%, diarrhea in 34%, skin and subcutaneous diseases in 26%, and poor balance in 17%. Some SIFD patients also exhibit several features like ataxia, hypotonia, splenomegaly, retinitis pigmentosa, seizures, and cardiomyopathy (3, 5–29).

TABLE 3

Table 3. Clinical features in patients with TRNT1 mutations.

Conclusion

Due to the close association between TRNT1 variants and SIFD disease, the early detection of TRNT1 mutations in patients with SIFD would help them get timely treatment. In the present study, we reported three SIFD cases with newly discovered mutations (c.1056 + 1G > A and c.574C > T) in TRNT1. Bone marrow transplantation and TNF inhibitor therapy for patients with SIFD may greatly relieve disease symptoms and meet clinical demands.

The inadequacies of this article are that the laboratory testings were not comprehensive for some reasons. The siblings of patients 1 and 2 failed to return to the hospital for further consultation due to family reasons, which led to lose effective treatment measures, and could not evaluate the prognosis appropriately. Also, maybe we need try more measures such as etanercept, colchicine, and anakinra when infliximab treatment failed before stem cell transplantation in patient 3. In addition, we did not carry out the functional study of the new mutations in TRNT1, hoping that subsequent studies can clarify the relationship between molecular mechanisms and clinical phenotypes in the future.

Data availability statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

Ethics statement

The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by hospital ethics committee (approval number: 2016021645) of Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center. Written informed consent to participate in this study was provided by the participants’ legal guardian/next of kin. Written informed consent was obtained from the individual(s), and minor(s)' legal guardian/next of kin, for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article.

Author contributions

XC, XM, and HZ contributed to conception and design of the study. FF and SC organized the database. XC wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.

Funding

This study was supported by the Guangzhou Municipal Health Commission (award number 20211A011024).

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher's note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Supplementary material

The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fped.2023.1001222/full#supplementary-material.

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