Abstract
We report a case of a 2-day-old neonate with bilious vomiting and abdominal distension. A small bowel obstruction with ileal perforation due to a misplaced clamping of the umbilical cord was apparent before laparotomy. This complication was a sequala after clamping the cord too close to the abdominal wall in a case where there was a hernia into the cord with intestinal content. A herniation of abdominal contents due to an omphalocele minor or a hernia must be taken into consideration during the inspection of the umbilical cord before clamping.
Introduction
Abdominal wall defects are rare congenital entities that can lead to an evisceration of intraabdominal organs. Omphalocele is an embryopathy of the midline abdominal wall. The umbilical cord inserts on the hernial sac surface. The intestine, liver, spleen, bladder or gonads can prolapse into the hernial sac (1). The hernia sac consists of the peritoneum, Wharton's sulcus and amniotic epithelium. The membranous hernia sac surrounds and protects the hernia contents. The differentiation between a small omphalocele, defined as a defect of the umbilical ring smaller than 5 cm (2), and a potential hernia into the cord is difficult. Morphologically, a hernia into the cord shows a normally configured umbilicus with intact skin and a normally configured abdominal wall (Mm recti abdominis is normal). In contrast, the abdominal wall in an omphalocele is not anatomically correct and has a missing portion of the supraumbilical fascia (3). This is because a hernia into the cord does not manifest itself until the 10th week of gestation after the supraumbilical abdominal wall has already been created. Both small omphaloceles and hernias into the cord are usually treated by a primary fascial closure with an umbilical reconstruction. There is an essential difference between an omphalocele and a hernia into the cord with respect to the associated malformations (chromosomal aberrations, heart defects, etc.).
However, mild forms of omphalocele can also present together persistent omphaloenteric duct (POD) (4). In embryological terms the POD connects the yolksac to the midgut—as a patent intestinal loop in the fetal umbilical cord—and regresses and is obliterated at the time of birth or persists as a residual Meckel's diverticulum. POD could also be affected by incorrect cord clamping.
Directly after birth, a diagnosis of herniation of the intestine due to a small omphalocele or a hernia into the cord may sometimes be overlooked when there is not a careful inspection of the umbilicus. In such circumstances, cord clamping can result in accidental injury to the intestines (5–7).
We present a case of a 2-day-old female neonate whose hernia into the umbilical cord was not recognized, and the prolapsed ileum was clamped. Due to its rarity, we want to highlight and emphasize this complication of cord clamping to prevent this type of injury at the time of birth.
Literature research was undertaken to identify similar cases with special regard to the outcome (displayed in Tables 1, 2).
Table 1
| References | Age | Symptoms | Findings | Management of cord | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hollenberg (8) | 5 d | – | Intestinal obstruction | – | Died |
| Hollenberg (8) | 0 d | – | – | Stump | Survived |
| Landor et al. (9) | 6 d | Abdominal distension | – | Tape | Survived |
| Landor et al. (9) | 4 d | Bilious vomiting, abdominal distension | – | – | Died |
| Eckstein (10) | – | – | – | – | – |
| Eckstein (10) | – | – | – | – | – |
| Vassy and Boles (11) | 3 d | Bilious vomiting, abdominal distension | – | Stump | Survived |
| Vassy and Boles (11) | 2 d | Bilious vomiting, abdominal distension | – | Stump | Survived |
| Yaday and Mengi (12) | 2 d | Bilious vomiting, abdominal distension | – | Ligature | Survived |
| Yaday and Mengi (12) | 4 d | Bilious vomiting, abdominal distension | – | Ligature | Survived |
| Yamasato (13) | 3 d | Bilious vomiting, abdominal distension | – | Stump | Survived |
| Chandra et al. (14) | – | – | – | Ligature | Survived |
| Chandra et al. (14) | 4 d | – | – | Ligature | Survived |
| Champman-Sheath et al. (15) | 3 d | Bilious vomiting, abdominal distension | – | Stump | Survived |
| Watanabe et al. (16) | 19 d | Abdominal distension | – | Ring | Survived |
| Asabe et al. (7) | 3 d | Bilious vomiting, abdominal distension | – | Ligature and clip | Survived |
Reported cases from Asabe et al. (d, days; m, months; POD, persistent omphaloenteric duct).
Table 2
| References | Age | Symptoms | Findings | Treatment | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present case | 3 d | • Bilious vomiting • Broad based umbilicus | Hernia into the cord with clamped and perforated ileum | Laparotomy with primary closure and anastomosis of perforated intestine | Survived |
| Kurtuluş (17) | 1 d | • Unusual thickening of the umbilical cord • Refusal to drink/suck the breast | Umbilical cord hernia with clamped and perforated intestinal loop | Laparotomy with primary closure of perforated intestine | Survived |
| Shukla (18) | 12 d | • Fecal discharge from umbilicus • Sepsis | Perforated ileum due to clamped umbilical cord hernia | Laparotomy with ileoileal anastomosis | Died (due to sepsis) |
| Zanatta (19) | 1 d | Suspected malformed vascular vessels at the base of the umbilical cord | Resected ileal loop with partial release of the cecum and appendix | Laparotomy with end-to-end anastomosis | Survived |
| van Tuil et al. (4) | – | Unusual thickening of the umbilical cord/undiagnosed omphalocele | Clamped and decapitated POD | Laparotomy with resection of POD | Survived |
| Sandborn and Shafer (20) | 4 m | Appendiceal-umbilical fecal fistula | Clamped appendix in a small unrecognized omphalocele | Right transverse laparotomy with appendectomy | Survived |
| Cresson and Pilling (21) | – | Umbilical fecal fistula | Small unrecognized omphalocele which had been inadvertently tied off | – | – |
| Williams (22) | 6 d | Mass in the stump of the umbilical cord measuring 7.5 Ă— 6 cm | Cut POD | Laparotomy with resection of POD and adhesiolysis | Survived |
| Jedberg (23) | 2 d | • Heavy, gall-colored vomiting • No discharge of meconium • Broad based umbilicus | Tied up ileum by ligation of the cord | Laparotomy with incision paramedially to the left of the umbilicus | Died |
| O'Leary and Clymer (24) | – | Feca1 umbilical fistula | Ligated cord incarcerating a loop of ileum | Closure of fistula | Died |
| O'Leary and Clymer (24) | – | – | Ligated cord incarcerating a Meckel diverticulum | – | Survived |
| O'Leary and Clymer (24) | – | – | Ligated cord incarcerating a Meckel diverticulum | – | Survived |
| Gruss (25) | 1 d | – | Thread cut through the mesentery and the transverse colon | Radical operation | Survived |
Cases of literature search (d, days; m, months; POD, persistent omphaloenteric duct).
Case Report
A 2-day-old girl was referred to our department of pediatric surgery from an external hospital with a 4-h history of bilious, stool-like vomiting and abdominal distension. The infant was born at term by spontaneous vaginal delivery and weighed 3,400 g. The pregnancy had been unremarkable with no history of polyhydramnios; all prenatal ultrasound scans had been normal. After birth, the newborn was in a good condition. Routine care was given to the patient, and the broad-based umbilical cord was clamped by a midwife ~2 centimeters from the umbilical base. The baby was started on breast milk feeding and had passed meconium. Twelve hours after birth, a bluish gray swelling appeared distal to the umbilical clamp, and the baby started to vomit milk and was transferred to a secondary care hospital. Twenty hours later, the patient developed bilious stool-like vomiting and abdominal distension. A nasogastric tube was passed, and the patient was transferred to our department of pediatric surgery. On the initial physical examination, the patient showed a stable general condition with a rosy skin color and normal skin turgor and capillary refill time. Heart and lung auscultation was unremarkable, and the axillary and inguinal pulses were easily palpable. Her abdomen was distended, and absent bowel sounds were noted. The umbilical cord remnant distal to the umbilical clamp appeared bluish and was necrotic and swollen, with a size of ~1.5 Ă— 1.5 cm (Figure 1A). The anal sphincter tone was normal. A large amount of meconium was excreted during the examination. No other abnormalities were detected.
Figure 1
Diagnostic Assessment and Therapeutic Intervention
Laboratory findings showed an elevated CrP level (4.83 mg/dl) and a high PCT (16.0 ng/dl). An ultrasound examination showed umbilical vessels and intestinal loops lying within the area of the umbilical clamp. IV fluids and antibiotics were initiated, and the patient was prepared for an emergency laparotomy. Intraoperatively, a loop of small bowel (ileum) that was herniated through the umbilicus was pinched off by the applied umbilical clamp and was necrotic (Figure 1B). A resection of the necrotic bowel segment and a primary end-to-end anastomosis of the ileum were performed. The infant made an uneventful recovery and was discharged to go home with planned follow up in the outpatient clinic.
Discussion
Abdominal wall defects such as omphalocele or hernia into the cord are characterized by an abnormality of the umbilical ring (~1 in 4,000 to 1 in 10,000 births), which affects boys and girls almost equally. The sizes of omphaloceles vary considerably. Jones classified omphaloceles into defects with a diameter smaller than 2.5 cm, defects with a diameter of 2.5–5 cm and those with a diameter larger than 5 cm (2). Small omphalocele or omphalocele minor are often confused with a congenital hernia into the cord. One of the most important distinguishing features between the two is the fact that an umbilical hernia into the cord is not associated with other chromosomal anomalies in most cases and usually have a normal cord insertion with intact skin covering the umbilical ring (1). Furthermore, isolated cases are considered to have a good prognosis. On the other hand, the presence of an omphalocele is a more concerning prenatal ultrasound finding, because these cases often have abnormal karyotypes or other major anomalies. Whether there is a suspicion of a small omphalocele or a hernia into the cord, it is important to inspect the umbilicus carefully for the presence of any abdominal wall defects in the delivery room. The clinician should especially be aware of other differential diagnoses when the umbilical cord has abnormal thickening or if there is an enlargement of the umbilical cord. In addition to a careful umbilical examination, sonography is an indispensable diagnostic tool in cases of suspected abdominal wall defects and herniation of parts of the intestine. In cases of broad-based umbilicus, it is recommended that clamping or ligation of the umbilical cord should be performed at least 5 centimeters from the abdominal wall to avoid complications that have been previously reported (26). Asabe et al. reported a similar case of ileal perforation secondary to clamping of a small omphalocele in a 3-day-old girl (7). In their additional literature research, including publications from 1932 until 2007, seventeen cases were reported describing the incorrect placement of clamps or ligatures or the cutting or the excision of the cord resulting in iatrogenic damage to the bowel (Table 1). The operative treatment as well as the intraoperative findings (expect in one case) were not given. In our literature search we found additional twelve cases which also reported this complication in neonates (Table 2) (4, 8, 17–24). The first case of this injury was described by Gruss in 1927, where a hernial sac was ligated when trying to ligate the cord with a thread and which eventually cut through the mesentery and the transverse colon (8).
Altogether with our case reported here, there have been 31 reported cases of ligated hernias of the umbilical cord in the literature. A small omphalocele, a hernia into the cord, and a POD were not recognized postnatally, which resulted in the clamping or ligating herniated intestinal loops. Patients mostly had a suspected, broad-based umbilicus or presented with symptoms of abdominal distention and bilious vomiting, which are similar to the symptoms in our patient. In all cases, surgery with immediate laparotomy and exploration was the treatment of choice. Twenty patients survived (74%), and in 3 cases (7%), the outcome was not mentioned. Fatal outcomes were reported in seven cases (17%); all but one of the cases were fatal before 1963 (7, 18, 23, 24). In the newer case from 2014, the patient was already 12 days old when the diagnosis was made. The baby died 2 days postoperatively due to sepsis (18). Due to its rarity, it is essential to remember this complication and the danger and risks of serious, fatal consequences in this condition.
Clinical Implications
The careful inspection of the umbilical cord of every newborn before clamping or ligation is essential. Obstetricians, pediatricians and nurses who clamp, manipulate, or shorten the cord should be cognizant of an abdominal wall defect with herniation of the intestine into the cord. We emphasize that in small omphaloceles or hernias into the cord, the diagnosis is not always immediately obvious. Therefore, the umbilical cord should be routinely clamped at least 5 cm from the abdominal wall to prevent any possibility of iatrogenic damage to the bowel.
Publisher's Note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Statements
Author contributions
DK drafted the manuscript. A-KS contributed to drafting and writing of the manuscript. AS contributed to drafting and writing. UR supervised and controlled the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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Summary
Keywords
intestinal obstruction, cord clamping, newborn, omphalocele, hernia to the cord
Citation
Keese D, Schwalbach A-K, Schmedding A and Rolle U (2022) Not Everything Is Cordless Today—Case Report of Acute Intestinal Obstruction in a Neonate Due to Cord Clamping. Front. Pediatr. 9:810570. doi: 10.3389/fped.2021.810570
Received
07 November 2021
Accepted
09 December 2021
Published
07 January 2022
Volume
9 - 2021
Edited by
Jan B. F. Hulscher, University Medical Center Groningen, Netherlands
Reviewed by
Jens Dingemann, Hannover Medical School, Germany; Elisabeth M. W. Kooi, University Medical Center Groningen, Netherlands
Updates
Copyright
© 2022 Keese, Schwalbach, Schmedding and Rolle.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Daniel Keese daniel.keese@kgu.de
This article was submitted to Pediatric Surgery, a section of the journal Frontiers in Pediatrics
Disclaimer
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.