Wenfei Guo
Yuying Zhang*- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
ADAMTS18 has been identified as an orphan member of the ADAMTS (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs) family of Zn-dependent secreted metalloproteinases since 2002. Despite the recent breakthroughs in tumor biology of ADAMTS18, there is no literature systematically discussing the relationship between ADAMTS18 and cancer. In this review, we will summarize the expression pattern and prognostic value of ADAMTS18 in various cancers. In addition, we will highlight the biological functions of ADAMTS18 in the tumor microenvironment, including the regulation of cell proliferation signals, death patterns, invasion, and migration, which influence cancer progression.
1 Introduction
ADAMTS proteases consist of 19 secreted metalloproteinases that have been implicated in oncogenic and tumor-protective functions (1–3). In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of known substrates of ADAMTS family members secreted by cancer and stromal cells (4–12). A variety of biological functions such as cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis have been attributed to the interaction of these enzymes with regulatory factors or to the cleavage of extracellular matrix components through their protein hydrolase activity (7, 13–18).
Initially, the link between ADAMTS18 and cancer was based on the altered mode of action of ADAMTS18 in different types of cancer (19–21). However, new evidence suggests that the complexity of ADAMTS18’s mode of action in cancer has extended to fine-tuned factors in cell signaling pathways and tumor microenvironment. Here, we will focus on the latest research advances to systematically introduce the biological functions and mechanisms of ADAMTS18 in tumorigenesis and development, as well as its close connection with tumor diagnosis and prognosis. It is hypothesized that fibronectin, as a candidate substrate and interacting protein, may be involved in the regulation of the tumor microenvironment by ADAMTS18 (22, 23). To date, there is a gap in clinical targeted drug studies for ADAMTS18, and we will provide examples of ADAMTS18 in combination with cisplatin and curcumin to provide new references for tumor therapy (24–28).
2 The domain organization of ADAMTS18
ADAMTS proteases share a multi-domain organization that includes a signal peptide, a prodomain, a metalloproteinase domain, a disintegrin-like domain, a thrombospondin type1 motif (TSR), a Cys-rich domain, and a spacer region (1, 29). It has been reported that the ancillary domains of some ADAMTS proteases mediate substrate recognition (30–33), but it is not clear whether ADAMTS18 is consistent with this phenomenon. As illustrated in Figure 1, the ancillary domain of ADAMTS18 is composed of the first TSR, Cys-rich domain, spacer region, five additional C-terminal TSR repeats, and protease and lacunin (PLAC) motif (34). All ADAMTS proteases have a furin cleavage site which releases mature proteins by cleaving prodomain, and ADAMTS18 is no exception (35). In addition, there is a thrombin cleavage site between Arg775 and Ser776 in the spacer region of ADAMTS18, which releases the C-terminal 45-kDa platelet active fragment composed of five TSR repeats and PLAC motif after being cleaved by thrombin (35, 36). Biochemical and 3-dimensional structural data showed that the members of the ADAMTS family have a catalytic mechanism similar to that of MMP and ADAM, involving three conservative His residues and zinc atoms (37, 38). In addition, a unique property of ADAMTS proteases is found in the crystal structures of the catalytic domain of ADAMTS4 and 5, which can balance the open structure that binds Ca2+ and the closed structure that releases Ca2+ (2). In these two conformations, ADAMTS proteases may regulate their catalytic actions via binding accessory proteins and substrates (2).
Figure 1 The domain organization of ADAMTS18.
3 Expression and prognosis of ADAMTS18 in different tumors
Data from Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) suggest that ADAMTS18 is associated with cancer because of their altered expression in different tumors. ADAMTS18 is located at 16q23.1 in the human genome, and heterozygous deletions in the 16q23 region have been strongly associated with a variety of cancers (19, 39, 40). Increasing evidence suggests that hypermethylation of the ADAMTS18 promoter CpG Islands (CGI) leads to epigenetic inactivation in a variety of cancers, thus making ADAMTS18 a tumor suppressor gene (TSG) (19, 41). ADAMTS18 has been reported to have tumor suppressor activity in esophageal adenocarcinoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, colorectal carcinoma, breast carcinoma, lung carcinoma, cervical carcinoma, and clear cell renal cell carcinoma (19, 28, 42–45). Furthermore, the methylation frequency of ADAMTS18 varies in a variety of tumor tissues (40, 43). For example, the methylation frequencies of ADAMTS18 in breast, colorectal, and pancreatic cancers are 70.8%, 49%, and 39%, respectively, which may explain the mechanism of action of ADAMTS18 in different types of cancers (40, 43). In addition to promoter methylation, the gene mutation is another way to inactivate ADAMTS18. A comprehensive mutation study identified two missense mutations (R382K and K455T, both located in the catalytic region of metalloproteinases) in ADAMTS18 in colon cancer (46, 47). Moreover, in human melanoma, 19 members belonging to the ADAMTS family were sequenced, with ADAMTS18 having the highest mutation frequency (20). Notably, ADAMTS18 was found to be upregulated in gastric adenocarcinoma and pancreas adenocarcinoma tissues, suggesting that ADAMTS18 also has oncogenic activity (21, 48).
Cancer recurrence and metastasis is a major problem for cancer patients. Therefore, it is significant to explore independent prognostic indicators for cancer intervention and treatment. In the large number of primary cancer samples, ADAMTS18 downregulation was found to be the result of promoter methylation, and gene methylation is an ideal biomarker for early diagnosis or efficacy monitoring (19, 49–52). Since these changes occur in the early stages of cancer, it has been hypothesized that ADAMTS18 can aid in early cancer diagnosis and prognosis. For example, high expression of ADAMTS18 in lung cancer is positively correlated with high overall survival (OS) in -stage patients (28). In addition, low expression of ADAMTS18 in cervical cancer is positively associated with high tumor stage, positive lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, short OS, and disease-free survival (DFS) (44). In gastric adenocarcinoma, ADAMTS18 is positively correlated with tumor differentiation, lymph node metastasis, TNM stage, short OS (21, 53). The immune positivity of ADAMTS18 was also found to be higher in metastatic lymph nodes than in non-metastatic lymph tissue in pancreas adenocarcinoma (48). In addition, ADAMTS18 in invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) of the breast is correlated not only with tumor histological grade but also with estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and Ki67, which are markers of breast cancer (54). If ER and PR are positive in tumor tissues, their proliferation is hormone-dependent, and high expression of ER and PR is associated with a better prognosis (55). According to a hypoxia risk model which has been proposed for the diagnosis and prognosis of ESCC, we can predict 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival of patients, and ADAMTS18 is one of the key hypoxia-related genes (HRGs) of this model (56). In conclusion, ADAMTS18 may be a good prognostic factor for many cancer types (Table 1).
Table 1 The prognostic value and function of ADAMTS18 in different tumors.
4 Effects of ADAMTS18 in tumor
ADAMTS18 has been widely documented to play a role as a TSG in most types of cancer. In this context, the large number of tumor cells and mouse tumor models have been established and analyzed for the function of ADAMTS18, including cell proliferation signals, cell death patterns, cell migration, and invasion. In the AOM/DSS-induced colitis-associated colon cancer (CAC) mouse model, ADAMTS18 gene deletion promotes cancer cell proliferation and inhibits cancer cell apoptosis (42). An ADAMTS18 mutant melanoma cell line was established by simulating standard conditions in vivo (20). In addition, mutant melanoma cells reduce their dependence on factors required for cell growth, suggesting a growth-promoting effect of mutant ADAMTS18 on melanoma (20). Mutant ADAMTS18 also promotes migration and invasion of melanoma cells in vitro by reducing adhesion to laminin-I (20). This was further confirmed by histopathological results of subcutaneous injection tests in nude mice (20). In the sunitinib-resistant clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) cell model, ADAMTS18 was shown to down-regulate the expression levels of NCOA4, FTH1, and p53, and induced ferritin deposition to inhibit proliferation (26). In most cases, the tumor suppressor protein p53 (TP53) inhibits iron oxidation through multiple pathways (58). NCOA4 and FTH1 mediate ferritin phagocytosis, and decreased levels of their expression increase ferritin levels and induce ferroptosis (59, 60). In addition, similar results were observed in axitinib-resistant cells and animal models, where ADAMTS18 inhibited the development of ccRCC (27). In renal clear cell carcinoma, there is positive feedback regulation between ADAMTS18 and miR-148 (25). Therefore, ADAMTS18 could play a tumor-suppressive role in renal clear cell carcinoma by inhibiting autophagy (61). These are summarized in Table 1.
5 The mechanisms of ADAMTS18 in tumor
In recent decades, previous studies have made breakthroughs in the tumor suppressor activity and mechanisms of ADAMTS18. Multiple intracellular signaling pathways, such as NF-κB, AKT, EMT, Wnt/β-catenin, p38 MAPK/ERK1/2, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) assist ADAMTS18 to play important roles in different types of tumors (28, 42, 43). In vivo and in vitro experiments have shown that ADAMTS18 inhibits migration and invasion of breast cancer cells (43). In this process, breast cancer cells were found to exhibit an epithelial phenotype, with higher expression of the epithelial marker E-cadherin and down-regulated expression of the mesenchymal marker Snail (43). The AKT kinase and NF-κB signaling pathways make it one of the most common pathways in cancer. In addition, AKT-dependent activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway has been shown to induce EMT (62). Following previous studies, ADAMTS18 showed tumor suppressive effects by inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition through inhibiting the NF-κB/AKT signaling pathway in breast cancer (43). In the HER2 transgenic spontaneous mammary tumor mouse model, we found a similar conclusion that ADAMTS18 deletion leads to the enhancement of integrin-mediated PI3K/AKT, ERK, and JNK signal activity, which increases the risk of mammary hyperplasia and breast cancer occurrence and metastasis (57). In the AOM/DSS-induced CAC mouse model, the number of β-catenin, cyclin D1, and c-myc positive cells is increased in ADAMTS18 KO mice compared to WT littermates, whereas the expression of E-cadherin is decreased (42). The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays an important role in the development, progression, metastasis, and invasion of CRC (63). When the amount of β-catenin in the cytoplasm steadily accumulates, β-catenin is transferred from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and binds to transcription factors, initiating the transcription of downstream target genes cyclin D1 and c-myc (64). E-cadherin is known to be an epithelial marker, downregulation of E-cadherin causes epithelial cells to lose polarity and adhesion, promoting tumor migration and invasion (65, 66). In addition, in CAC, E-cadherin binds to β-catenin to form a complex that binds to the cytoskeleton and prevents β-catenin from translocating to the nucleus, thus preventing the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway (67). Histological results from the CAC model showed that ADAMTS18 deletion up-regulates phosphorylated p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 expression (42). The tumor-suppressive mechanism of some ADAMTS family members, such as ADAMTS8 and ADAMTS12, is manifested by antagonizing ERK signaling (68, 69), and the ERK/P38 MAPK signaling pathway inhibits tumor growth in colon adenocarcinoma (70). In addition, the function of ERK/P38 MAPK in regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis has been reported (71). Down-regulation of ADAMTS18 promotes apoptosis and promotes colorectal cancer cell proliferation, which is consistent with the above phenomenon (42). Taken together, the down-regulation of ADAMTS18 promotes colon cancer development and progression by promoting Wnt/β-catenin and p38 MAPK/ERK1/2 signaling pathways (42). Furthermore, the mechanism by which ADAMTS18 increases the sensitivity of lung cancer cells to cisplatin is that ADAMTS18 acts as an inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor/protein kinase B (EGFR/AKT) signaling antagonist (28). In conclusion, understanding the molecular mechanism of ADAMTS18 as a TSG will help to develop new therapies targeting tumorigenesis and metastasis. These are also described in Figure 2.
Figure 2 Signal pathway including ADAMTS18 related to cancer. Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway: ADAMTS18 prevents the transfer of β-catenin from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and binds to transcription factors, hindering the transcription of downstream target genes CCND1 and C-MYC, and the growth of cancer cells is inhibited. PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signal pathway: ADAMTS18 inhibits the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signal pathway, inhibiting cancer cell migration and invasion by EMT. On the other hand, ADAMTS18, as an antagonist of EGFR, also inhibits AKT signal transduction. MAPK signal pathway: ADAMTS18 promotes apoptosis, inhibits inflammation, and exhibits anti-tumorigenic by inhibiting the ERK/P38 MAPK signal pathway. ADAMTS18 is shown to down-regulate the expression of NCOA4 and FTH1 protein levels and induce ferroptosis in cancer cells. In addition, the ERK signal pathway also promotes EMT. ADAMTS18 inhibits cell secretion of MMP9 and FN by inhibiting JNK signal pathway activity and reducing LOXL2 protein level.
6 ADAMTS18 and tumor microenvironment
The tumor microenvironment places cancer cells within a network of stromal cells that are comprised of fibroblasts vascular cells and inflammatory immune cells (29, 72, 73). In addition, extracellular matrix (ECM) and cytokines/growth factors are representative components of TME (29). TME regulates tumor proliferation and invasion, angiogenesis, inflammation, immune escape, and drug resistance through the modulation of this complex system (74). ADAMTS is an enzyme that degrades stroma. Tumor cells degrade stroma by secreting ADAMTS, which in turn promotes tumor cell invasion and metastasis. In addition, inflammatory cells and fibroblasts in the tumor microenvironment can also secrete ADAMTS, which plays an important role in promoting tumor development. Secreted or membrane-associated metalloprotease activities have been traditionally associated with an increase in the tumorigenic potential of tumor cells (75). These ADAMTS can modify the primary tumor microenvironment by proteolytic-dependent or independent mechanisms. About ADAMTS18, research in this area is still vague. Thus, only four aspects of inflammation, immunity, microvessel formation, and extracellular matrix are described next.
6.1 Carcinogenic inflammation
When cancer cells as well as surrounding stromal cells interact with inflammatory cells, an inflammatory tumor microenvironment (TME) is formed (76). Chronic inflammation has been characterized as one of the markers of cancer, inflammation contributes to various stages of tumor formation (77, 78). Recent studies have shown that pro-inflammatory factors and pro-inflammatory mediators produced by tumor cells maintain tumor cell proliferation and survival as well as immune escape (79, 80). Under different non-oncological conditions, ADAMTS protease is directly involved in inflammatory response in multiple ways (81). In some previously published data, ADAMTS18 KO mice exhibited a higher degree of inflammatory infiltration, increased expression of the inflammatory factor TNF-α, and down-regulate expression of the anti-inflammatory factor IL-4 in a DSS-induced colitis model compared to wild-type mice (42). Thus, disruption of ADAMTS18 signaling promotes intestinal inflammation in mice, which in part creates a tumor-promoting microenvironment for mice.
6.2 Immune infiltration
Few studies have illustrated that ADAMTS proteases are directly involved in tumor immune response, but they play a regulatory role in the infiltration and polarization of specific immune cell groups (81). Tumor ECM promotes immunosuppressive activity and maintains immune escape mechanisms of cancer (81). To our knowledge, most substrates of ADAMTS protease are ECM. It is important to note that many substrates of ADAMTS protease have been proven to be directly and indirectly involved in the research of the immune system (81). There are two typical representatives of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment: antitumor cells and tumor-promoting cells (82, 83). It is well known that effector T cells (including cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and effector CD4+ T cells), natural killer cells (NK), dendritic cells (DCs), and M1-polarized macrophages have anti-tumor effects (84). However, tumor-promoting immune cells such as Tregs, MDSCs, M2-polarized macrophages, N2-polarized neutrophils, type 2 natural killer T cells (NKT2), and ILC2 are also beginning to come into the limelight (73, 84). In some cases, tumor progression depends on the balance between these two types of typical immune cells. Studies on immunization with gastric adenocarcinoma gene vaccines have shown that upregulation of ADAMTS18 enhances the infiltration of CD8+ T cells, CD4+, macrophages, and neutrophils, which induces an immune response and positively correlates with the immune infiltration of DCs (85). As the most potent specific antigen-presenting cells (APCs), dendritic cells initiate adaptive immune responses and antitumor responses by activating T cells (85). PD-1 receptors are mainly expressed on the surface of activated T cells. Normally, they can inhibit T cell activity by binding to PD-L1 or PD-L2 ligands on the surface of normal cells, preventing unintended damage to normal cells (86). However, tumor cells can evade immune response by bypassing the immune surveillance of T cells through upregulation of PD-L1 (83, 87). In a study of axitinib-resistant ccRCC mice, ADAMTS18 may act as a similar immunosuppressor by reducing immune escape and enhancing anti-tumor immunity through the up-regulation of the ratio of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells as well as the down-regulation of the ratio of CD45+/PD-L1 (27, 88).
6.3 Tumor angiogenesis
The infinite passage and rapid proliferation of tumor cells require blood to transport a large amount of nutrition and oxygen, so tumor growth depends on the rapid formation of tumor blood vessels (89, 90). There were some reports concerning the role of ADAMTS family members in angiogenesis. ADAMTS2, 5, 8, 9, 12 have been demonstrated to be involved in inhibiting angiogenesis and/or cancer, as well as ADAMTS1,4,13 exhibit both pro-angiogenic and anti-angiogenic activity (35, 75). At the same time, ADAMTS18 has been proven to be an important participant by affecting angiogenesis. In ADAMTS18-deficient zebrafish and mouse models, ADAMTS18 is associated with defective angiogenesis and vascular malformations (91–93). The detrimental factors resulting from ADAMTS18 deficiency include the loosening of adhesion between the endothelial cells and the vascular basement membrane, which accelerates FeCl3-induced carotid thrombosis and exacerbates cerebral infarction following ischemia in mice (91). ADAMS18 deficiency leads to activation of the Notch3 signaling pathway and promotes differentiation of cranial neural crest cells (CNCCs) to vascular smooth muscle cells which contribute to angiogenesis (93). Decreased vascular integrity and functional defects eventually lead to hypoxia and acidification of the tumor microenvironment (TME), which increases tumor spread and metastasis (94). In addition, ADAMTS18 affects vascular phenotype by regulating Sit/Robo, DLL4/Notch, COX2, and FGFR signaling (92). Slit/Robo family and COX2 molecules have been proven to be involved in tumor angiogenesis and promote tumor progression. DLL4/Notch is an indispensable pathway in the early stage of pathological and physiological angiogenesis. FGFR mediates angiogenesis of target cells by autophosphorylation and activation of downstream Src family kinases. The latest studies have identified ADAMTS18 as a target gene of the endothelial-specific super-enhancer SE12313 (95). The down-regulation of ADAMTS18 has been shown to inhibit angiogenesis, which is reflected in a decrease in endothelial cell sprouting (95). These results establish a link between ADAMTS18 and angiogenesis.
6.4 Extracellular matrix
The ECM is a complex meshwork of collagen fibers, elastin fibers, fibronectin, laminin, proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and other matrix proteins (96). ECM remodeling regulated by tumor cells and other stromal cells plays an indispensable role in tumor spreading and metastasis (97, 98), and this process is often accompanied by changes in ECM mechanobiological signals (99). Elastic fibers, collagen fibers, and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are the three main components that determine the mechanical composition of the ECM, with collagen fibers giving stiffness and strength to the connective tissue, and elastin fibers giving ductility and elasticity to the tissue (100). According to recent insights, ADAMTS18 has tremendous biological effects on the ECM itself and its mechanical stimulation. An important research advance has shown that ADAMTS18 gene deletion up-regulates the levels of collagen I, collagen IV, laminin, and fibronectin. Fibronectin is the target for specific cleavage by the ADAMTS18 enzyme, in breast tissue (22). Fibronectin not only guides the assembly of collagen I, collagen IV, and laminin (101, 102) but also plays a major structural role in the binding of fibronectin to microfibrils (103). Thus, the absence of the metalloproteinase ADAMTS18 promotes the accumulation of fibronectin, leading to the deposition of ECM proteins, including collagen I and IV, which is associated with ECM stiffness (22). In the HER2 transgenic spontaneous mammary tumor mouse model, ADAMTS18 deficiency causes the deposition of mammary ECM molecules, including laminin (LN-511), FN, and type I collagen (57). FN can affect EMT through the ERK pathway (104). In addition, the deposition of FN in the basement membrane is related to the lymphatic metastasis of breast cancer (105). LN-511 is thought to be responsible for tumor migration and invasion through integrin receptor-mediated signaling pathways (106). As a consequence, the relationship between extracellular matrix changes and tumor behavior has been established. ADAMTS18-based ECM stiffness activates mechanoreceptors represented by the transmembrane receptor integrin (107) and affects the assembly of cytoplasmic complexes composed of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and the scaffolding protein actin (108). With the assistance of ADAMTS18, the relationship between mechano-signaling and cytoskeletal assembly is established to regulate the malignant phenotype of tumor cells. Further studies demonstrated that ADAMTS18 binds to fibrillin-1, the major protein of microfibrils, affecting the assembly of F-actin and ultimately altering the migratory capacity of cells (23). It has been determined that ADAMTS18 directly affects the TME through its substrate fibronectin or its interacting protein fibrillin-1 (22, 23). Yet it’s worth noting that the protease activity of ADAMTS18 cannot be distinctly illustrated in cells and mouse models with ADAMTS18 gene deletion. Thus, it could be speculated that pro-tumor functions or anti-oncogenic properties elicited by the ADAMTS18 may depend on the substrates or interacting partners present in the cell microenvironment.
7 ADAMTS18 as a drug target in cancer
Since ADAMTS18 has the potential to be a prognostic indicator for a variety of cancers, it is of great significance to study ADAMTS18 as an anticancer-targeted drug. So far, there is a gap in this research although ADAMTS18 in combination with some drugs has shown therapeutic effects in the field of anti-cancer (24–28). ADAMTS18 not only reverses the resistance of ccRCC to sunitinib and axitinib in combination with curcumin but also independently increases the sensitivity of lung cancer cells to cisplatin (26–28). Cisplatin is a widely used anticancer drug in the clinic, but its resistance reduces its clinical value (109, 110). Previous data showed that ADAMTS18 increases the sensitivity of lung cancer cells to cisplatin, thereby improving patient survival to some extent (28). As mentioned earlier, ADAMTS18 was found to inhibit the proliferation, migration, and invasion of lung cancer cells and to block lung cancer cells in the G0/G1 phase, suggesting that ADAMTS18 itself has a tumor-suppressing effect (28). ADAMTS18 has also been illustrated to increase lung cancer cell sensitivity to cisplatin by suppressing the EGFR/AKT signaling pathway (28). In addition, a new study revealed that the expression level of ADAMTS18 in HER2-positive breast tumor samples at the initial stage of post trastuzumab treatment is higher than that in recurrent HER2-positive tumor samples after post trastuzumab treatment, suggesting that ADAMTS18 can be responsible for a reference factor for drug resistance therapy (57).
Curcumin, as a medicinal plant, has become a hotspot of tumor research in recent years due to its excellent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects (111, 112). ADAMTS18 can assist curcumin in inhibiting the occurrence and development of ccRCC. Curcumin down-regulates the NF-κB and AKT signaling pathways, reverses the methylation of ADAMTS18 in ccRCC, and inhibits the growth of cancer cells by up-regulating ADAMTS18 expression (24). In addition, curcumin inhibits autophagy in cancer cells and achieves its tumor-suppressive effect by modulating the positive feedback mechanism between miR-148 and ADAMTS18 (25). Sunitinib and axitinib, as tyrosine kinase inhibitors with strong anti-tumor cell proliferation and anti-angiogenic effects, have been considered targeted drugs for the treatment of ccRCC, but their drug resistance is still an urgent clinical problem (113, 114). Curcumin was found to increase the sensitivity of sunitinib to ccRCC cells, and this mechanism is realized through the induction of ferroptosis by ADAMTS18 in ccRCC cells (26). The Chinese herbal compound SanHuang decoction containing curcumin can reverse the drug resistance of axitinib in ccRCC cells by up-regulating the expression of ADAMTS18 (27). In addition, the Chinese herbal compound SanHuang decoction and ADAMTS18 have a synergistic effect by increasing the proportion of CD8+ and CD4+T cells and reducing the ratio of CD45+/PD-L1 to increase tumor immune infiltration and inhibiting immune escape (27, 115).
8 Conclusions and future directions
ADAMTS18 fulfills multiple distinct roles in tumor tissues, affecting intracellular signals and tumor microenvironment, which is reflected in the complexity of biological functions and different expression patterns of ADAMTS18 in different types of tumor tissues (19, 20). From an oncological point of view, the relationship between the tumor-promoting and anti-tumorigenic properties of ADAMTS18 and specific substrates and interacting proteins has not been well explained, although the biological functions of ADAMTS18 have been extensively reported in the literature. In addition, the information provided by the established ADAMTS18 cell and mouse models is still unconvincing without the support of extensive clinical data. Therefore, more studies on the molecular mechanisms by which ADAMTS18 regulates cancer are needed in the future, which will not only contribute to the understanding of the physiological mechanisms of ADAMTS family members but also to the development of less toxic cancer therapies.
Author contributions
WG: Writing – original draft. YZ: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing.
Funding
The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This work was supported by a grant from the Shandong Natural Science Foundation (No. ZR2020MH279).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
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Glossary
References
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Keywords: ADAMTS18, tumor microenvironment, prognosis, invasion, migration
Citation: Guo W and Zhang Y (2024) Expression and prognosis of ADAMTS18 in different tumors. Front. Oncol. 14:1347633. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1347633
Received: 01 December 2023; Accepted: 08 February 2024;
Published: 28 February 2024.
Edited by:
Nemat Ali, King Saud University, Saudi ArabiaReviewed by:
Demitrios Vynios, University of Patras, GreeceJuan Carlos Rodríguez-Manzaneque, Center for Genomics and Oncological Research, Spain
Copyright © 2024 Guo and Zhang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Yuying Zhang, YmlvX3poYW5neXlAdWpuLmVkdS5jbg==