Ping’an Ding
Pengpeng Liu1,2†
Qun Zhao- 1The Third Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- 2Hebei Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Comprehensive Treatment of Gastric Cancer, Shijiazhuang, China
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of closed circular non-coding RNAs widely exist in eukaryotes, with high stability and species conservation. A large number of studies have shown that circRNAs are abnormally expressed in various tumor tissues, and are abundant in plasma with long half-life and high specificity, which may be served as potential tumor biomarkers for early diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of malignant tumors. However, the role of circRNAs is still poorly understood in gastric cancer. This article reviews the research progress of circRNAs in gastric cancer in recent years so as to explore the relationship between circRNAs and the occurrence and the development of gastric cancer, and provide new ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer.
The formation and regulatory mechanism of circRNAs
Formation of circRNA
CircRNAs are mainly divided into four categories according to their sources: exonic circRNAs (ecircRNAs) (1), intronic circRNAs (ciRNAs) (2), exon-intron circular RNAs (EIciRNA) (3) and intergenic circRNA (4). The biosynthesis of circRNA is different from the traditional canonical splicing mode of linear mRNA, but is formed by back splicing (5). Although the efficiency of circRNA reverse splicing is much lower than that of linear RNA, circRNA maintains high abundance in various species on accout of its high stability and long half-life. At present, the two formation mechanisms studied thoroughly are exon cyclization mechanism and intron cyclization mechanism.
Exonic circRNAs can be formed by reverse splicing of a single exon or multiple exons. The specific splicing methods are mainly divided into the following two models: the lasso-driven circularization model (6) and the intron pairing-driven circular model (7). The efficiency of the lasso-driven circularization model to form circRNAs is significantly higher than the intron pairing-driven circularization model, and it is a more common form of splicing in organisms (8).
Most exon-derived circRNAs are mainly formed through a lasso-driven circularization model. The mRNA precursor (pre-mRNA) is partially folded during transcription, bringing the distance between originally non-adjacent exons closer, resulting in exon skipping, thereby the crossed region forms the circRNA intermediates, and then forms the so-called exon circRNA through splicing.
During primary transcription, the intron regions on both sides of the primary mRNA(pri-mRNA) transcription product are complementary to each other due to the presence of reverse complementary sequences, such as ALU repeat elements, resulting in complementary pairing of introns and mediating the reverse splicing of exons and folding them together, and then partially cutting off introns to form some exonic circular RNAs.
The formation of intronic circRNAs is formed by the splicing of introns, and can be divided into group I introns, group II introns, and nuclear pre-mRNA introns (spliceosomal intron) according to different splicing methods. Most commonly, intron splicing during exonic circRNA formation is mediated by nuclear pre-mRNA introns, whereas intron circRNA formation is associated with class I introns and class II introns (9).
CircRNAs formed by intron cyclization can be produced in two ways: one is that an exogenous guanine nucleotide attacks the 5’ splice site, excises the 5’ exon and connects to the intron, and then the 3’ hydroxyl end of the excised 5’ exon attacks the 3’ splice site, releases the linear intron and joins the exons, and finally, the linear intron releases the 3’ tail to form a 2’-5’ junction intronic circular RNAs. The other is to first release the 3’ exon, and then the 2’ hydroxyl end of the intron attacks the 5’ splice site to generate circRNA.
An exogenous guanine nucleotide is used as a nucleophile to attack the 5 ‘ end splicing site, the exon at the 5’ end is excised by transesterification, and the exogenous guanine and intron are connected to each other, while the 3’ hydroxyl (-OH) above the cleaved 5’ terminal exon attacks the 3’ terminal splice site, resulting in the release of the linear intron by excision, the exons are connected to each other. Then the released linear intron removes its own 3’-terminal tail, and the remaining 2’-OH and 5’-terminal splice sites are connected to form a phosphodiester bond to generate an intronic circRNA (10, 11) (Figure 1).
Figure 1 The formation and regulatory mechanism of circRNA.
The regulatory mechanism of circRNA
Mechanistic studies have shown that the flanking intron regions of circRNA circularized splice junctions usually contain reverse complementary sequences of varying lengths, including a repeat sequence of about 30-40 nucleotides that exists in primate genomes, called ALU element, and this structure can significantly promote the formation of circRNA (12). In addition to the above-mentioned Alu elements, it is reported that the complementary sequences within certain exons and their flanking introns can promote RNA reverse splicing to form circRNAs through base pairing (13).
The formation of circRNAs may also be affected by RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). On the one hand, RBPs can promote the formation of circRNAs by binding to target sites in the flanking intronic regions of pre-mRNA. For example, the splicing factor Quaking promotes circRNA formation by binding to targets upstream and downstream of circularized flanking intron regions on SMARCA5 pre-mRNA (14). The immune factors NF90 and/or NF110 promote circRNA production by binding to the inverted repeat Alus (IRAlus) of pre-mRNA (15). On the other hand, RBPs can also inhibit the formation of circRNAs by affecting the RNA pairing process. For example, the adenosine deaminase ADAR1 affects RNA pairing that A-to-I editing circularized exon flanks, reducing the complementarity and stability of the RNA pairing and inhibiting circRNA formation (16). The RNA helicase DHX9 can bind to IRAlus and inhibit circRNA formation by unraveling the paired RNAs flanking the circular exons (17).
In addition, circRNA formation occurs in synergistic transcription and post-transcriptional coupling with Pol II transcription (18, 19). A study on Pol II transcription elongation (TER) of genes that promote circRNA formation (20) found that the average TER of circRNA was higher than that of non-circRNA, and the change of TER had a significant effect on the formation of circRNA. They believed that this might because higher TER can allow the transcription of downstream intron complementary sequences (ICS), increasing the possibility of ICS cross-exon pairing, thereby increasing the possibility of reverse splicing circRNA formation. At the same time, higher TER-related linear splicing reduction may also promote the formation of circRNA. There are also quite a few circRNAs that are formed after transcription. A large number of nascent circRNAs are detected only after the transcription of their host pre-mRNAs has been completed (20). Further Mechanistic studies have shown that mRNA 3 ‘ -end processing is required for circRNA production (2), and inhibition of co-transcription 3 ‘ -end processing can increase circRNA formation (21), which can be attributed to increased transcription of Pol II upstream polyadenylation signals.
Biological functions of circRNAs
Interaction between circRNA and miRNA
Some circRNAs contain miRNA binding sites, and act as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) to negatively regulate miRNA activity by competing miRNA binding sites, thereby reducing the inhibitory effect of miRNAs on their downstream target genes. The most representative example is the antisense transcript of cerebellar degeneration-related protein-1 (CDR1as), also known as ciRS-7, which contains 74 selectively conserved miRNA-binding sites and acts as a molecular sponge for miR-7. Another circular RNA circSRY, exists specifically in mouse testis tissue, contains 16 binding sites for miR-138 (22, 23). Another study found that circHIPK3 could act as a molecular sponge for miR-124, upregulate the expression of miR-124 target genes IL6R and DXL2, and then promote the proliferation of liver cancer cells (24). But it is worth noting that the concentration of circRNA and corresponding miRNA should be at a similar level to facilitate effective competitive binding of miRNA, and only in this way, circRNAs can effectively bind miRNAs and inhibit their functions. However, many circRNAs in organisms are usually expressed in low abundance and lack multiple targets for the same miRNA molecule, so the function of miRNA sponge is limited (25) (Figure 2A).
Figure 2 Biological functions of circRNAs.
Besides acting as miRNA sponges and specific inhibitors of target miRNAs, circRNAs can also act as miRNA reservoirs to stabilize or activate miRNA functions. For example, ciRS-7 can be considered as miR-7 reservoir. After miR-671 cleaves ciRS-7, miR-7 is released in large quantities and its activity increases rapidly, consequently resulting in the effective inhibition of miR-7 targets. At this time, ciRS-7 becomes a “miR-7 reservoir” and activates miR-7 function (26). ERβ represses the circular RNA circATP2B1, which acts as a reservoir of miR-204-3p by transcription. The decreased circATP2B1 cannot stabilize the expression of miR-204-3p, resulting in the decrease of miR-204-3p, which in turn increases its downstream target FN1 and enhanced the invasive ability of ccRCC cells (27). Other studies have shown that circ-HIAT1 can act as a reservoir for miR-195-5p, miR-29a-3p and miR-29c-3p to stabilize the expression of these miRNAs, thereby inhibiting the activity of the downstream target gene CDC42 (28).
circRNA interacts with RBP
RBP is a class of proteins widely involved in gene transcription and translation in organisms, and the interaction with RBP can be considered as an important part of the function of circRNA. RBPs function in splicing, processing, folding, stability and localization of circRNAs by interacting with the circularized splice junctions of circRNAs (29). For example, circ-Foxo3 can form a Foxo3-p21-CDK2 ternary complex by interacting with cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) and p21, resulting in the inhibition of CDK2 function and the blockage of cell cycle progression, thereby regulating tumor development (30). In addition, circ-Foxo3 was also found to bind to two proteins, MDM2 and p53, promoting MDM2-induced p53 ubiquitination and subsequent degradation (31). Another study found that the circular RNA circPABPN1 inhibited the combine of HuR with linear PABPN1 mRNA by competitively interacting with HuR, thereby affecting the translation of its cognate transcript PABPN1 (32) (Figure 2B).
circRNAs can regulate gene transcription
Nuclear EIciRNAs and ciRNAs may be involved in the transcriptional regulation of genes. Studies shown that the transcription of the parental gene was inhibited after knockdown of EIciRNA. Mechanistic studies have shown that EIciRNAs such as circEIF3J and circPAIP2 form EIciRNA-U1 snRNP complexes by interacting with U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (U1snRNP), and interacte with RNA polymerase II (Pol II) on the promoters of EIciRNA parent genes to promote transcription of the parental gene. In addition, when the above RNA-RNA interaction is blocked, the interaction between EIciRNA and Pol II is disrupted, resulting in a subsequent decrease in the transcription of the EIciRNA parental gene (3). Another study found that circSEP3, a circular RNA derived from exon 6 of SEPALLATA3 (SEP3) in Arabidopsis thaliana, could tightly bind to its cognate DNA locus to form a circRNA : DNA complex, which could cause transcriptional pause, and exon-skipping alternatively spliced SEP3 mRNA (33). Besides, abundant ciRNAs such as ci-ankrd52 in the nucleus may positively regulate Pol II transcription by extending the Pol II mechanism. When ci-ankrd52 is knocked down, the transcription of its parental gene is also reduced (2) (Figure 2D).
circRNAs can encode polypeptides
Although circRNAs have always been defined as non-coding RNAs, some circRNAs have internal ribosome entry site elements (IRES) (34) or prokaryotic ribosome binding sites (35), so these circRNAs are no longer non-coding RNA in the traditional sense, but a special circular RNA capable of encoding polypeptides. Given circRNAs lack caps and poly(A) tails, thus, translation of circRNAs may occur in a cap-independent manner. At present, with the continuous development of circRNA research, many online databases can be referenced for researchers. Such as, the circRNADb database contains the specific information of 32,914 human exonic circRNAs, including the genome sequence, open reading frame (ORF) and IRES. This information can help us to assess whether circRNAs have coding potential (36). For example, circZNF609 can encode functional polypeptides and participate in regulating the proliferation of myoblasts during muscle differentiation (37). Another circular RNA, circMbl, derived from the muscleblind (Mbl) locus, encodes a protein that has been detected in fly head extracts by mass spectrometry (38).
Interaction between circRNA and mRNA
Mechanistic studies have shown that CircRNA can not only bind to mRNA, but also act as a regulator of mRNA translation and stability (39, 40). For example, CircIPO11, a regulator necessary for liver cancer stem cells (CSCs) to maintain self-renewal, can recruit the TOP1 to the GLI1 promoter to trigger its transcription, thereby activating the Hedgehog signaling to promote liver CSC self-renewal and HCC progression (40). circYAP is a circRNA that regulates the translation of mRNA. In the translation initiation complex, circYAP can specifically recognize and bind to YAP mRNA, eliminating the interaction between PABP on the poly (A) tail and eIF4G on the 5 ‘ -cap of Yap mRNA, resulting in the inhibition of Yap translation initiation (41). CircRNA can regulate mRNA stability. When circXPO1 binds to IGF2BP1 and enhances the stability of CTNNB1 mRNA, the inhibitory effect of CTNNB1 is enhanced, thereby accelerating the progression of lung tumors (42). Similarly, circARHGAP12 enhances the stability of EZR mRNA by binding to the 3’UTR of EZR mRNA, thereby promoting the progression of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) (39, 43).
In addition to the above mechanisms, circRNAs may also initiate the translation process through N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification. CircRNAs are rich in m6A consensus motifs, and a single m6A site is sufficient to drive translation initiation. One study found that m6A-driven circRNA translation was widespread through ribosome sequencing analysis and mass spectrometry detection, and many endogenous circRNAs had translation potential (44) (Figure 2C).
The relationship between circRNA and gastric cancer
With the deepening of circRNA research in recent years, the relationship between circRNA and various human diseases has been discovered one after another, including difficult-to-treat tumors. Gastric Cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignant tumors of the digestive system in the world, with higher morbidity and mortality in our country (45). Although great progress has been made in the treatment of gastric cancer, the five-year overall survival rate of patients with gastric cancer is still low due to the high clinical heterogeneity and the variable progression of gastric cancer (46). Therefore, there is an urgent need to find effective biomarkers for early diagnosis, early treatment and prognostic of gastric cancer, so as to provide more timely and precise treatment options for gastric cancer patients. Recently, some studies have emerged on the abnormal expression and mechanism of circRNAs in gastric cancer, which may have important implications for the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of gastric cancer.
Differential expressions of circRNAs in gastric cancer
The expression of some circRNAs is up-regulated in gastric cancer (Table 1). For example, a study detected by RT-PCR technology found that the expression level of circPVT1 was significantly higher than that in the corresponding adjacent normal tissue as a proliferation factor and prognostic marker in gastric cancer tissue (47). circHIPK3 is also found to be up-regulated in gastric cancer tissues and cells, and the expression level of circHIPK3 is significantly correlated with the TNM stage of gastric cancer patients (48). Similar results are as follows, the expression of circ_0006282 in gastric cancer tissues is significantly higher than that in its adjacent non-cancerous tissues, and the high expression of circ_0006282 was associated with tumor size, lymph node metastasis and TNM stage (49). The expression of hsa_circ_0010882 is significantly up-regulated in gastric cancer patient plasma and gastric cancer cell lines, and its expression level is significantly correlated with the tumor size and histological grade of the patients (50). The expression level of hsa_circ_0000467 in gastric cancer tissues is significantly higher than that in the corresponding adjacent tissues, and it is correlated with the histological grade of gastric cancer (51). A study quantitatively detected the expression of circRBM33 in 79 pairs of GC tissues and paracancerous tissues and 4 GC cell lines (MGC-803, BGC-823, SGC-7901 and AGS) by RT-PCR. It was significantly up-regulated in GC tissue specimens and cell lines, and the expression level of circRBM33 is observed to be closely related to the clinical characteristics of GC patients (52). In the analysis of the expression levels of circURI1 in GC and adjacent normal tissues, and found that circURI1 is generally and significantly up-regulated in GC compared with adjacent tissues, and the decreased expression level of circURI1 was associated with TNM stage (III-IV) and distant metastasis (53). CircNHSL1 is the most up-regulated circRNA in gastric cancer metastatic tissues through RNA-seq analysis in 3 gastric cancer tissues with metastasis and 2 gastric cancer tissues without metastasis, and the high expression of circNHSL1 is positively correlated with UICC stage, pathological T stage, lymphatic metastasis, distant metastasis and histological grade. Meanwhile, the expression level of circNHSL1 in M1 stage tissues is higher than that in M0 stage tissues, and it is associated with progression and poor prognosis (54). In analyzing the expression of ebv-circLMP2A in 69 EBVa GC patients. It is found that high expression of ebv-circLMP2A is significantly associated with lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis and TNM advanced stage (55). The expression level of circDLST is significantly increased in gastric cancer tissues compared with adjacent tissues, and it is an independent prognostic factor for poor survival of gastric cancer patients. Among patients receiving chemotherapy (oxaliplatin plus 5-Fu), patients with high circDLST expression have shorter overall survival than those with low expression (56). Circ_ASAP2 is overexpressed in DDP-resistant gastric cancer tissues and cells, the down-regulation of circ_ASAP2 promote the sensitivity and apoptosis of DDP-resistant gastric cancer cells and inhibite cell proliferation, migration and invasion (57).
Table 1 Summary of some tumor-related CircRNAs.
Down-regulated circRNAs in gastric cancer
Some circRNAs are down-regulated in gastric cancer. For example, circRNA LARP4 is lowly expressed in gastric cancer tissue, and its expression level is significantly correlated with the pathological stage and overall survival rate of gastric cancer patients (58). Hsa_circ_00001649 is significantly down-regulated in tumor tissue and serum of patients with gastric cancer, and its expression may be related to the type of gastric cancer, with relatively high sensitivity and specificity (59). hsa_circ_0003159 is lowly expressed in GC tissues and cells, and low expression of hsa_circ_0003159 is associated with lower overall and disease-free survival in gastric cancer patients (60). Similar results are as follows, a study showed that circ-KIAA1244 in GC tissues, plasma and cells was significantly lower compared with normal controls by analysing the circRNA expression profiles in plasma samples from 10 GC patients with different TNM stages and 5 healthy people, and further clinical data analysis showed that the low expression of circ-KIAA1244 in plasma was negatively correlated with TNM stage, lymph node metastasis and overall survival time in GC patients (61). Another study showed that circ-SMAD7 expression was significantly reduced in GC tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues (62). circYAP1 was significantly lower in gastric cancer tissues than in adjacent normal tissues. In addition, the treatment outcome of gastric cancer patients with high circYAP1 expression was better than those with low circYAP1 expression by observing 75 gastric cancer patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy (oxaliplatin and 5-Fu) (63). The expression level of circ_0001017 in GC tissues of recurrent patients was lower than that of primary patients by analysing 26 patients with primary gastric cancer (sensitive) and 33 patients with recurrent gastric cancer (resistant), and low expression of circ_0001017 was associated with CDDP resistance in GC (64).
Relationship between circRNA and the occurrence and development of gastric cancer
Studies have found that some circRNAs may act as oncogenes to promote the occurrence and development of gastric cancer. For example, circ_0006282 can promote the proliferation and metastatic capacity of GC cells in vitro by acting as a miR-155 molecular sponge, and can promote tumor growth in vivo (49). The research results also showed that knockdown of hsa_circ_0010882 inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of gastric cancer cell lines, and increased apoptosis. In addition, the overexpression of hsa_circ_0010882 can enhance the proliferation, migration and invasion of gastric cancer cell, without changing apoptosis (50). Hsa_circ_0000467 promotes the proliferation and invasion ability of gastric cancer cells and the number of cells entering G2/M phase by regulating the expression of miR-326-3p (51). On the other hand, some circRNAs may act as tumor suppressor genes to inhibit the occurrence and development of gastric cancer. For example, circRBM33 inhibits gastric cancer cell apoptosis and promotes cell proliferation, migration and invasion through the circRBM33/miR-149/IL-6 axis (52). Hsa_circ_0003159 inhibits the proliferation, migration and invasion but induces apoptosis of GC cells by regulating miR-223-3p and NDRG1 (60). CircRHOBTB3 affects p21 protein expression by acting as a sponge for miR-654-3p, and then inhibits gastric cancer cell proliferation in vitro and xenograft tumor growth in vivo (65).
circRNA as a diagnostic marker for gastric cancer
Although the current treatment technology for gastric cancer has been greatly improved, the overall survival of gastric cancer patients is still unsatisfactory. The main reason is that many patients do not undergo early surgical resection in time, and the gastric cancer is found at a later stage and miss the best opportunity for surgery, resulting in a greatly reduced treatment effect. Therefore, the early screening and diagnosis of gastric cancer has become the key to improve the prognosis of patients (66). Histopathology is currently the gold standard for the diagnosis of gastric cancer, but it requires invasive procedures to obtain gastric tissue samples. In recent years, gastroscopic examination has been widely used in clinical practice. It can visually check the tissue lesions of the stomach and biopsy suspected tissues. However, because it is an invasive examination, it may cause some physical discomfort to the examiner, and has contraindications, so the application is still limited. Tumor marker detection is also a commonly used method to assist the diagnosis of gastric cancer. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) and carbohydrate antigen 72- 4 (CA72-4) and other substances are of great significance for the diagnosis of tumors, but due to the lack of specificity, they can only be used as auxiliary diagnosis. Based on the above analysis, in order to improve the current status of early diagnosis of gastric cancer, it is of great urgent to explore less or even non-invasive, high-sensitivity and specific detection methods.
The inherent closed-loop structure of circRNA makes its expression relatively stable in tissues and blood, which makes it more likely to be a diagnostic marker for tumors. For example, circRNAs are highly stable in mammalian cells, and one specific circRNA hsa_circ_002059 may be a potential novel and stable biomarker for the diagnosis of gastric cancer (67). The expression level of hsa_circ_0000190 is significantly reduced in gastric cancer tissue and plasma, and its sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing gastric cancer are significantly better than those of CEA and CA19-9 (68). Besides, the expression level of hsa_circ_0000745 in gastric cancer tissue is related to the degree of tumor differentiation, and its expression level in plasma was related to the stage of tumor lymph node metastasis. At the same time, the combination of its plasma expression level and CEA level may be an effective marker for the diagnosis of gastric cancer (69). Likewise, hsa_circ_0001020 is significantly up-regulated in gastric cancer patient plasma compared with normal plasma and is significantly lower in both the postoperative group and the healthy group than the preoperative group by analysing plasma samples from preoperative and postoperative gastric cancer patients and healthy volunteers, subsequently ROC curve is constructed to determine the potential screening value of hsa_circ_0001020 in plasma. The AUC, sensitivity, specificity are 0.738, 46.55% and 97.83%, respectively. When CEA combined with hsa_circ_0001020 are used as plasma biomarkers, their AUC, sensitivity and specificity are 0.852, 66.7%, and 91.3%, respectively (70). CircPSMC3 is significantly downregulated in gastric cancer and correlated with poor prognosis, and the down-regulation of circPSMC3 is negatively correlated with TNM stage and lymph node metastasis, meanwhile, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) of circPSMC3 in differentiating GC-MS from normal GC-MS was 0.9326, with a sensitivity of 85.85% and a specificity of 95.24% (71). In addition, Gastric cancer patients with high expression of circYAP1 had better therapeutic effect than those with low expression of circYAP1 by observing 75 gastric cancer patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy (oxaliplatin and 5-Fu) (63). Therefore, the circRNAs have important guiding significance for the early diagnosis of gastric cancer and chemotherapy of advanced gastric cancer.
circRNAs as therapeutic targets for gastric cancer
With the deepening of the concept of precision medicine and the rapid development of molecular biology technology, molecular targeted therapy has been widely used in clinical anti-tumor work. Molecular targeted therapy, also known as “bio-missile”, is targeted at a certain protein molecule or gene fragment in the discovered tumor cells to specifically kill tumor cells, thereby inhibiting tumor growth and control tumor recurrence and metastasis (72). At present, the therapeutic targets of gastric cancer mainly include HER-2, EGFR, PI3K, mTOR and c-Met, etc., and targeted drugs targeting these receptors and kinases have achieved certain results in the clinical application of gastric cancer treatment (73). With the continuous development of circRNA research in recent years, its regulatory mechanism has been increasingly discovered in gastric cancer. Among them, circRNA function in a variety of cancer pathways by regulating the expression of some tumor-related genes, providing new potential molecular targets for targeted therapy of gastric cancer (74). For instance, circPVT1 exhibits frequent gene fragment amplification in gastric cancer, and can upregulate the expression of target gene E2F2 by acting as a molecular sponge of miR-125b, promoting the growth and proliferation of gastric cancer cells, and the stability of its expression makes it possible as a potential therapeutic target for gastric cancer (47). Synthetic anti-nuclease digested circRNA sponges have been reported to inhibit the proliferation of gastric cancer cells and reduce the activity of miR-21 against downstream targets, including the tumor protein DAXX. This finding suggests that synthetic circRNA sponges represent a simple, effective, and convenient therapeutic strategy to target miRNA loss-of-function in vitro, and is expected to gain potential therapeutic applications in human patients (75).
circRNA as a prognostic marker for gastric cancer
Medical technology continues to advance, the incidence and mortality of gastric cancer have been decreasing year by year in our country, but the prognosis of patients with advanced gastric cancer still needs to be improved (76). At present, tumor recurrence and metastasis after surgical treatment are the main factors affecting the prognosis of gastric cancer patients. A study screened 4 circRNAs significantly associated with postoperative recurrence in patients with stage III gastric cancer by gene chip technology, namely circRNA_101308, circRNA_104423, circRNA_104916 and circRNA_100269. Based on the above four circRNAs, a new risk prediction model was constructed for the recurrence of stage III gastric cancer patients after radical resection, and the model was more accurate than the traditional TNM staging and could better reflect the prognosis of patients (77). Another study found that the survival rate of gastric cancer patients with high expression of hsa_circ_0081143 was significantly lower than that of gastric cancer patients with low expression, indicating that hsa_circ_0081143 might be a potential prognostic marker for gastric cancer (78). In addition, the aforementioned circRNA_LARP4 could also be used as an independent prognostic factor for gastric cancer patients, and the overall survival time of patients with high circRNA_LARP4 expression was significantly longer than that of patients with low expression (58). At the same time, circPVT1 molecule can also be considered as a prognostic indicator of gastric cancer, the survival rate of gastric cancer patients with high expression of circPVT1 and low expression of PVT1 is significantly higher compared with gastric cancer patients with low expression of circPVT1 and high expression of PVT1, this joint detection of circPVT1 and PVT1 has greater application value for the prognosis evaluation of gastric cancer patients (47).
Advantages and disadvantages of circRNA as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker
Through the whole transcriptome analysis of human peripheral blood, a large number of repeatable circRNAs were identified, laying the foundation for the study of the potential of circRNA as a tumor biomarker (39, 79). Compared with traditional biomarkers, circRNA has the following characteristics. Firstly, circRNA has a closed ring structure and can resist the degradation of linear mRNA decay mechanism, thus showing excellent stability and long half-life (80, 81). Secondly, circRNA is highly conserved and highly expressed, making it easier to detect. In addition, circRNA is widely present in various body fluids (blood, saliva, urine and gastric juice) (82–85), making detection more convenient. Thirdly, the expression pattern of circRNA is highly specific, including cell specificity, tissue specificity and developmental specificity (39). The expression patterns and their diversity in different cell and tissue types and developmental stages are highly recognizable (86, 87). In summary, circRNA is expected to become an ideal clinical biomarker and therapeutic target and has been proved in many diseases. However, although circular RNAs have good application prospects, the research of circRNAs in cancer is still in its infancy. Compared to traditional markers, circRNAs lack common standards for reporting and naming circRNAs, available cancer-related RNA sequence data sets, and new technologies for detecting circRNAs (88).
Discussion
This review systematically summarizes the formation and regulatory mechanism of circRNA, its biological function and its relationship with gastric cancer. As a class of non-coding RNA molecules that are stably expressed in eukaryotes, circRNAs have rich biological functions. CircRNAs can interact with miRNAs and RBPs to regulate gene expression, and many nuclear-localized circRNAs can also regulate gene transcription. Although circRNAs have always been classified as non-coding RNAs, with in-depth research in recent years, circRNAs have been found to have coding potential, and its encoded polypeptides have important biological effects. These findings not only deepen our understanding of circRNAs, but also remind us that many unknown areas in circRNA research worth exploring.
Gastric cancer is a complex disease caused by multiple factors. Its exact pathogenesis has not been elucidated, and the treatment strategy still needs to be further improved. Given its closed loop structure, circRNA can exist stably in tissues and plasma, and the expression of circRNA has obvious tissue specificity. Therefore these characteristics make circRNA more potential to be an effective disease diagnosis, treatment and prognosis marker. Studies have found that many circRNAs are up-regulated or down-regulated in gastric cancer tissue or plasma, and these abnormally expressed circRNA molecules can regulate the expression of certain tumor-related proteins through different mechanisms, thus affecting the occurrence and development of gastric cancer. The expression level of some circRNAs may have a certain correlation with the clinicopathological indicators and survival time of gastric cancer patients. The above findings reveal that circRNAs function in the early diagnosis, lesion progression, treatment and prognosis of gastric cancer. Nevertheless, the action mechanism of circRNAs is still unclear, and some circRNAs with lower expression levels have not been discovered due to the limitations of detection methods in gastric cancer. In short, our current understanding of circRNAs is still at the primary level, and many experimental techniques and research strategies are still immature. Therefore, the transition from basic theory to clinical practice is worth studying and discussing. However, it is believed that more valuable circRNA molecules will be discovered through continuous innovation and exploration of scientific researchers, providing more effective molecular targets for the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of gastric cancer.
Author contributions
(I) Conception and design: QZ. (II) Administrative support: QZ. (III) Provision of study materials or patients: P’AD, PY, PL, YT. (IV) Collection and assembly of data: P’AD, PY. (V) Data analysis and interpretation: P’AD. (VI) Manuscript writing: All authors. (VII) Final approval of manuscript: All authors.
Funding
This work was supported by the Cultivating Outstanding Talents Project of Hebei Provincial Government Fund (No.2019012); Hebei public health committee county-level public hospitals suitable health technology promotion and storage project (No.2019024); Hebei University Science and Technology Research Project (No.ZD2019139)
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
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Keywords: Circular RNA, gastric cancer, marker, therapeutic target, molecular mechanisms
Citation: Ding P, Liu P, Wu H, Yang P, Tian Y and Zhao Q (2022) Functional properties of circular RNAs and research progress in gastric cancer. Front. Oncol. 12:954637. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.954637
Received: 27 May 2022; Accepted: 24 October 2022;
Published: 16 November 2022.
Edited by:
Shmuel Jaffe Cohen, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, IsraelReviewed by:
Jing Zhang, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, ChinaZiyang Feng, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China
Copyright © 2022 Ding, Liu, Wu, Yang, Tian and Zhao. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Qun Zhao, zhaoqun@hebmu.edu.cn
†These authors have contributed equally to this work