Pretreatment plasma fibrinogen and serum albumin levels predict therapeutic efficacy of concurrent radiochemotherapy for esophageal squamous cell cancer

Purpose: Evidence implies that plasma fibrinogen and serum albumin level (FA score) based on plasma fibrinogen and serum albumin is related to cancer prognosis. However, the association between the FA score and therapeutic efficacy of concurrent radiochemotherapy in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) has not yet been evaluated. This study aimed to assess the role of pretreatment FA score in predicting the therapeutic efficacy of concurrent radiochemotherapy for patients with esophageal squamous cell cancer.

Methods: This retrospective study evaluated 154 patients with ESCC who underwent concurrent radiochemotherapy. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis was used to determine the appropriate cut-off values, and multivariate analysis and Kaplan-Meier curve were used to evaluate prognosis.

Results: FA score was significantly associated with the N stage and M stage (P = 0.015 and 0.042, respectively). Chi-square analysis/Fisher’s exact tests revealed a correlation between the FA score and curative effect (P < 0.001), and higher FA score was associated with poorer treatment effect. Multivariate analysis indicated that FA score (P < 0.001) was predictor of overall survival (OS). Kaplan-Meier curve demonstrated that pretreatment FA score was significantly associated with the OS of ESCC: Patient with higher FA score has lower median OS.

Conclusions: The FA score is a reliable prognostic predictor that could assess the curative effect and OS benefit of concurrent radiochemotherapy in patients with ESCC.

Introduction

Esophageal cancer is the eighth most common cancer and the sixth leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with a 5-year survival rate of less than 20% (1). Among esophageal cancer subtypes, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the most common (1). Although several treatment modalities have emerged, surgical resection and concurrent radiochemotherapy remain major modalities in the treatment of esophageal cancer. Despite remarkable advances of treatment modalities, the mortality rate of patients with esophageal cancer remains high (2). Effective and easily obtainable biomarkers will be valuable in identifying patients with ESCC who may benefit from surgery or concurrent radiochemotherapy. The pathological TNM is an important prognostic indicator in patients with cancer. However, pretreatment biomarkers are rarely used to predict the prognosis of patients with ESCC, and to our best knowledge, no studies have proposed a prognostic index for patients undergoing concurrent radiochemotherapy.

At present, there were many studies on clinical or basic indicators to predict prognosis (3, 4). Recent reports have utilized hemostatic factors and nutritional status to determine patient prognosis after surgery (5). Hyperfibrinogenemia and decrease albumin levels, which is reflected in the level of plasma fibrinogen and serum albumin (FA) (6–11), have been demonstrated to be related to the malignant behaviors of various types of cancer. The FA score, calculated as the plasma fibrinogen level divided by the serum albumin level, may reflect the prognosis of patients with esophageal cancer after surgery (12). However, its usefulness for predicting the efficacy of concurrent radiochemotherapy in ESCC has not been evaluated. Therefore, our study aimed to assess the usefulness of FA score in predicting the short-term therapeutic benefit of concurrent radiochemotherapy and survival of patients with ESCC. Further investigations were made to confirm the prognostic effect of the nutritional index and immune factors after concurrent radiochemotherapy in patients with ESCC.

Materials and methods

Study design and patients

This retrospective study reviewed the data of 154 patients (62 women and 92 men; 101 aged ≥65 years) with ESCC who underwent concurrent radiochemotherapy at Tengzhou Central People’s Hospital between January 2011 and December 2014. The exclusion criteria were as follows: 1) surgical therapy; 2) second primary cancer diagnosed within 5 years after the evaluation of cancer index; 3) history of coagulation disorders or metabolic diseases; 4) missing data on pretreatment plasma fibrinogen and serum albumin levels; and 5) loss to follow-up. The albumin and fibrinogen levels were categorized into two subgroups based on the optimal cutoff values. The FA score was assigned (to patients) based on the ratio of fibrinogen to plasma albumin levels and was divided into three categories.

This study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of Qilu Hospital of Shandong University. All patients provided written informed consent for their information to be stored and used in the hospital database.

Treatment and follow-up

All the patients received platinum-based concurrent radiochemotherapy with radiotherapy doses of 60–66 Gy. The selection of chemotherapy drugs and adjustments of radiotherapy doses were made according to the clinical stage, physician evaluation of the patient condition, and the preferences of the patients and their families. In the first year after treatment, the patients underwent routine examination of hematuria, liver and kidney function, blood biochemistry, tumor markers, upper gastrointestinal angiography, and computed tomography (CT) examinations every 3 months for the first year, then every 6 months for the second and third years, and every year thereafter, with regular follow-ups until death or loss to follow-up.

Statistical analyses

The median, mean, and standard deviation of serum fibrinogen and albumin levels were calculated. Their optimal cutoff values were determined by ROC (survival status as the outcome) analysis and used for further FA analysis. The categorical variables were presented as cases (%) and Chi-square tests/Fisher’s exact tests were used for comparing differences among different FA groups. Cox proportional hazards regression model (univariate and multivariate analyses) was used to assess prognostic factors and therapeutic evaluations. The Kaplan-Meier curve and log-rank tests were used to analyze OS. All statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows (version 23.0; IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). All P-values calculated were two-sided and P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Results

Patient baseline clinical characteristics

There were 62 (40.3%) female and 92 (59.7%) male patients. The baseline patient characteristics are shown in Table 1. The median age at diagnosis was 68.5 years; 53 (34.4%) and 101 (65.6%) patients were younger and older than 65 years, respectively. Overall, 116 (75.3%) patients had a history of smoking, while 38 (24.7%) patients had never smoked. There were 1.9%, 20.1%, 59.7%, and 18.2% of patients with clinical stage I, II, III, and IV disease, respectively. The median follow-up duration for the survivors was 36.0 months (range, 3.0-108.0 months).

TABLE 1

Table 1 Baseline clinical characteristics and FA scores of 154 patients with ESCC.

Distributions of pretreatment plasma fibrinogen, serum albumin, and FA score

The median pretreatment serum albumin and plasma fibrinogen levels were 39.6 g/L and 3.17 g/L, respectively (Table 1). ROC curves showed that the optimal cut-off levels for serum albumin and plasma fibrinogen were 43.7 g/L and 2.67 g/L, respectively. Based on these cut-off values, the albumin and fibrinogen levels were categorized into two subgroups. The FA score was then divided into three categories based on these cut-off values: (1) a score of 0 indicated a serum albumin level > 43.7 g/L and a plasma fibrinogen level < 2.67 g/L; (2) a score of 1 indicated that either the serum albumin level was < 43.7 g/L or the plasma fibrinogen level was > 2.67 g/L; and (3) a score of 2 indicated a low albumin level (< 43.7 g/L) and a high fibrinogen level (> 2.67 g/L).

Correlation analysis between pretreatment FA score and clinical characteristics

As shown in Table 1, the FA score was divided into three groups based on serum albumin and plasma fibrinogen levels. There were 15 (9.7%), 46 (29.9%), and 93 (60.4%) patients with a score of 0, 1, and 2, respectively. The FA score had no significant relationship with sex, age, smoking history, T stage, or TNM stage, but it was significantly associated with the N stage (P = 0.015) and the M stage (P = 0.042).

Short-term efficacy analysis

All 154 patients underwent efficacy evaluation by CT, upper gastrointestinal radiography, and endoscopy 1-3 months after the end of concurrent radiochemotherapy. As shown in Table 2 and Figure 1, 24 (15.6%) patients achieved a complete response (CR), 96 (62.3%) achieved a partial response (PR), 19 (12.3%) patients had stable disease (SD), and 15 (9.7%) patients had progressive disease (PD). The FA score was significantly correlated with the curative effect of radiochemotherapy (P < 0.001). Subgroup analysis revealed that the disease control rate (DCR) and objective response rate (ORR) in patients with a FA score of 0 reached 100%, that is, no patients showed disease progression. Meanwhile, 12 and 30 patients with a FA score of 1 achieved CR and PR, respectively, and the ORR was 91.30%. In patients with a FA score of 2, the ORR was 67.74%, but CR was achieved in only 5 patients, accounting for only 5.38% of the total group. Accordingly, significant differences were observed between patients with different FA score, with P-values less than 0.001. This indicated that FA score was associated with the short-term effect of radiochemotherapy in patients with ESCC, with higher FA score being associated with a poorer treatment effect.

TABLE 2

Table 2 Short-term effect analysis in different FA groups.

FIGURE 1

Figure 1 Short-term effect analysis in different FA scores, the higher the FA scores, the lower the ORR with P < 0.001.

Survival analysis

Univariate analysis (Table 3) showed no survival differences according to sex, age, history of smoking, T stage, and TNM stage. However, the N stage, M stage, TNM stage, and pretreatment FA score (0, 1, or 2) was significantly associated with OS. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to clarify the independent prognostic value of the FA score for OS. Sex, age, smoking, TNM stage, and FA score was included in multivariate analysis. The results revealed that only FA score was predictor of OS (Table 3).

TABLE 3

Table 3 Univariate and multivariate analysis of clinical characteristics related to OS.

The median OS (95%CI) were 53 (50-56), 30 (22-38), and 15 (12-18) months for patients with FA score of 0, 1, and 2, respectively. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that the M stage (Figure 2A), TNM stage (Figure 2B), and FA score (Figure 2C) before treatment were significantly associated with OS (P = 0.01, 0.021, and < 0.001, respectively). Patient with higher FA score has lower median OS.

FIGURE 2

Figure 2 Survival analysis in ESCC patients with different M stage (A), TNM stage (B), and FA score (C), P-values were 0.01, 0.021 and < 0.001, respectively.

Discussion

Concurrent radiochemotherapy is a major treatment modality for ESCC. As a large proportion of patients lose the opportunity to undergo pathological staging, common prognostic indicators such as the pTNM stage, immunohistochemical features, and other factors cannot be used to evaluate treatment effect. Therefore, an economical, convenient, and objective testing indicator is needed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of concurrent radiochemotherapy in ESCC. The present study shows that the pretreatment FA score is significantly associated with N stage, M stage, and the therapeutic efficacy of radiochemotherapy in ESCC. Higher FA score is associated with a poorer treatment effect and shorter OS. This indicates that the pretreatment FA score may be an important indicator of the therapeutic effect of radiochemotherapy in ESCC.

Fibrinogen is upregulated by cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6 in the liver; thus, the plasma fibrinogen level can reflect tumor progression (13). Previous studies have reported that fibrinogen levels are associated with the prognosis of multiple solid tumors (14, 15). In addition, high fibrinogen levels are associated with prognosis and treatment failure in various tumors, including pancreatic, gastric, lung, and colon cancer (16–19). Furthermore, hyperfibrinogenemia has been confirmed to be closely associated with tumor progression (19). In esophageal cancer patients, plasma fibrinogen levels predict postoperative recurrence and survival (14, 20). In addition, fibrinogen is closely associated with metastasis in circulating tumor cells (21, 22). Fibrinogen may play an important role in the development, invasion, metastasis, and recurrence of various tumors. Plasma albumin produced by the liver is one of the indicators used to evaluate nutritional status and is also an independent prognostic indicator in various tumors (23). Studies have shown that hypoalbuminemia is associated with postoperative complications and poor prognosis in several cancers (11, 24, 25).

Matsuda et al. were the first to propose the FA score, calculated as the ratio of fibrinogen to plasma albumin, as a new prognostic marker in cancer (12). Moreover, as a mixed indicator, the FA score can reflect the nutritional status, but also the inflammatory level and coagulation status of patients. A previous study assessed the prognostic impact of FA levels in esophageal cancer, however, the study enrolled patients eligible for surgical treatment (12). This study evaluated the therapeutic effect and OS of patients with non-operative esophageal cancer treated with concurrent radiotherapy and chemotherapy according to the FA score. To our knowledge, no previous study has assessed the CR, PR, SD, and PD after concurrent radiotherapy and chemotherapy in these patients. The tumor microenvironment includes inflammatory cells, immune cells, and cytokines. The interaction of these components in the microenvironment jointly promotes tumor occurrence and development (26). Fibrinogen is an important indicator of systemic inflammation and is closely related to the coagulation system and cytokine production. Fibrinogens regulate inflammatory responses by inducing monocytes to secrete the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (27).

Inflammatory responses induced in the tumor microenvironment have been implicated in cancer progression (28). The deposition of fibrinogen promotes the interaction between tumor cells and platelets and accelerates the formation of thrombin, a process that protects tumor cells from natural killer cells (29). In addition, activated coagulation and fibrinolysis systems promote tumor invasion and metastasis. Studies have shown that elevated concentrations of platelets, D-dimer, and antithrombin III are associated with poor prognosis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (30–32). Tumor cells can secrete fibrinogen, which in turn can promote the proliferation and angiogenesis of tumor cells, thus improving their immune invasion ability (33–35). This process appears to be a vicious cycle. Fibrinogen acting as a scaffold binding, together with fibroblast growth factor–2 and vascular endothelial growth factor, can promote the adhesion, proliferation, and migration of tumor cells (36, 37). The anchoring effect of fibrinogen on growth factors also promotes tumor proliferation and stimulates tumor-related vascular formation (38). Palumb et al. showed decreased incidences of spontaneous hematogenous and lymphatic metastases in tumor-bearing mice after the elimination of circulating fibrinogen (21).

Plasma albumin produced by the liver coordinates transport, maintains intravascular pressure, and clears free radicals (39). It is not only a commonly used indicator to evaluate the nutritional status of the body, but is also used to assess the inflammatory status (24). Malnutrition, which might be reflected by low serum albumin levels, can weaken defense, including the anatomic barriers, cellular and humoral immunity, and phagocyte function (11). Chronic inflammatory response is also associated with tumor proliferation, progression, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Patients with malignant tumors often experience hypoalbuminemia caused by the release of a large number of cytokines, including IL-6 released by tumor cells, which can inhibit the synthesis and secretion of albumin by liver cells. TNF-α, which is related to tumors, is also related to albumin levels. In summary, fibrinogen and plasma albumin play a negative role in the occurrence and development of tumors through several mechanisms, which can also explain the ability of the FA score to be predictive of the treatment efficacy and survival of patients receiving concurrent radiochemotherapy.

In conclusion, a grading system based on the FA score has clinical value for predicting the therapeutic effects of concurrent radiochemotherapy in esophageal cancer. This economical, cost-effective, and practical index can be a useful indicator for planning therapeutic strategies for patients with esophageal cancer undergoing concurrent chemoradiotherapy.

The limitations of this study include its small sample size and single-center retrospective design. In addition, the predictive capability of the FA score for the therapeutic effect of radiochemotherapy was not verified in the validation cohort, thus limiting the clinical value of this study. Moreover, few basic clinical characteristics of the patients could be collected, preventing further subgroup analysis. In addition, the FA score lacks a universal derivation standard and has to be calculated based on specific values for each patient sample. This raises concern of generalizability and is a major limitation in terms of serving as a predictive factor. A multicenter prospective study with a large sample size is warranted to verify the usefulness of the FA score for predicting the therapeutic effect of radiochemotherapy.

Conclusion

In summary, the FA score can be used to evaluate not only the therapeutic effect (CR, PR, SD, or PD) of concurrent radiotherapy and chemotherapy, but also the OS of patients with ESCC. This indicator has the advantages of being convenient, inexpensive, and noninvasive, thus, it may be a valuable indicator for therapeutic efficacy evaluation and guide clinical practice after prospective studies.

Data availability statement

The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.

Ethics statement

All procedures presented in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This study was approved by the Qilu Hospital of Shandong University Human Research Ethics Committee. Written informed consent was obtained from the individual(s) for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article.

Author contributions

YC and XC directed the project, and revised the paper. JW and DH conceptualized and designed the study, analyzed the data, and wrote the paper. YW wrote section of the manuscript. QY analyzed the data. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Funding

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82172664 and 81972850) and Special Fund for Taishan Scholar Project (ts20190973). Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province Biomedicine Joint Fund (ZR2021LSW020).

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher’s note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Abbreviations

TNM, tumor, node, and metastases; ROC, receiver operating characteristic curve; ESCC, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; FA score, plasma fibrinogen and serum albumin levels; CT, computed tomography; IL, interleukin; OS, overall survival; CR, complete response; PR, partial response; SD, stable disease; PD, progressive disease; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; DCR, disease control rate; ORR, objective response rate.

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