Yuan Cheng
Fei Mo
Xuelei Ma- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
Background: Inflammatory indexes have been considered as important prognostic factors in various types of cancers. This study aimed to evaluate prognostic values of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) in patients with synovial sarcoma (SS).
Methods: One hundred and three patients diagnosed with SS were collected during 2006–2017 and divided into high or low NLR, PLR, and LMR groups based on receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Data of clinical variables were collected for univariate and multivariate analyses. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to analyze OS and PFS of SS patients and significance was evaluated by the log-rank test.
Results: The optimal cut-off values of NLR, PLR, and LMR were 2.70, 154.99, and 4.16, respectively. Univariate analyses identified resection surgery, distant metastasis, NLR, PLR, and LMR as the potential predictors of progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). In the multivariate analyses, NLR was independent predictors for OS (HR 5.074, 95% CI 1.200–21.463, p = 0.027). Resection surgery, metastasis and LMR was independent predictors for PFS (HR 5.328, p = 0.017; HR 3.114, p = 0.04 and HR 0.202, p = 0.025, respectively).
Conclusion: Resection surgery, distant metastasis, NLR, and LMR were independent prognostic factors of PFS and OS in patients with synovial sarcoma. Surgery as an effective treatment strategy, other than radiotherapy and chemotherapy, can significantly prolong survival of synovial patients. Clinical utility of these inflammatory biomarkers should be validated in a larger sample size study.
Introduction
Soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) are mesenchymal malignant tumors, accounting for <1% of all malignant tumors and 2% of all cancer-related deaths (1). Although synovial sarcoma (SS) accounts for only ~5 to 10% of all STSs, it is the commonest non-rhabdomyosarcomatous soft tissue sarcoma in adolescent and young adults (1, 2). SS was once thought to originate from synovial cells due to its frequent occurrence in soft tissue around joint. However, it has been found in almost every part of the body with a rare frequency and the specific cellular origin remains unclear (3, 4). SS is generally considered as a high-grade sarcoma, with 5-, 10-, and 15-year survival rates survival rates of ~60, 50, and 45%, respectively (5). SS tends to occur in young people, with a slight male predominance, and mostly affects extremities (>80%) (6). The tumors can be divided into three histological types: biphasic (consist of both spindle and epithelioid cells), monophasic (only spindle cells component) and poorly differentiated (containing small round cells). Despite the morphological difference, they are histogenetically similar through the presence of the t(X;18)(p11.2;q11.2) translocation (7, 8).
It is known that tumor size (<5 cm), age of patients (<20 years old), radiotherapy and complete resection surgery are important positive prognostic factors for patients with SS (5, 9). Whereas, smaller SSs unexpectedly have a poor prognosis during occasional cases (9). In another cohort, age <35 years is a main predictor for patients' prognosis (6). Treatment strategies for SS involve surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Surgery is an optimal choice for localized tumor, which is usually combined with radiotherapy. Radiotherapy aims to decrease tumor size and help in delaying local invasion. Patients with standard care of surgery and radiotherapy usually have a good chance to control localized disease (10). Although SS is considered to be sensitive to chemotherapy, especially to alkylating agents like ifosfamide and doxorubicin, when compared with other adult soft tissue sarcoma, the response rate still remains about 50% (11, 12). Whereas, routine administration of chemotherapy is of no benefit in reducing systemic relapse in pediatric patients (10). The therapeutic effects of both chemotherapy and radiotherapy vary from different types and stages of SS (13). Therefore, identifying high-risk SS through a different way might be helpful in management of this disease.
Recently, increasing evidence has revealed that systemic inflammatory response plays a remarkable role in prognosis of various malignant tumors, including colorectal cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer, esophageal cancer, ovarian cancer and pancreatic cancer (14–19). For soft tissue sarcoma, previous investigates have also indicated that inflammatory indexes, such as neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) and absolute lymphocyte count (ALC), are independent prognostic biomarkers for osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma (20–22). Recent years, several studies have focused on prognostic factors for synovial sarcoma. High NLR was found to be a reliable prognostic factor which was associated with worse survival for synovial sarcoma patients (23, 24).
The aim of this study was to estimate the prognostic values of not only pre-treatment NLR, but also PLR and LMR in SS patients and identify high-risk patients for better management.
Patients and Methods
Patients
The Medical Ethics Committee of West China Hospital approved this study before this study launch. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all newly diagnosed synovial sarcoma patients between January, 2005 and December, 2017 in West China Hospital. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (a) patient with SS confirmed by histopathology; (b) patients without previous anti-cancer treatment, including surgery resection, chemotherapy and radiotherapy; (c) patients with informed consent. The exclusion criteria included: (a) patients with obvious infection or autoimmune diseases; (b) patients with hematologic diseases; (d) patients suffered from other malignant diseases; (e) patients without sufficient data for further analysis. Finally, 103 patients were included in this study. Each patient was followed up regularly until death or December 2017. The follow-up interval varied from 6 month to 1 year.
Data Extraction and Inflammatory Indexes Analysis
Clinical features, including age, sex, tumor location, metastasis at diagnosis, tumor size, treatment strategy, and laboratory index values, such as neutrophil counts, lymphocyte counts, platelet counts, monocyte counts, LDH, were extracted from the medical records of the enrolled patients. OS was measured as the period between the date of diagnosis of SS and the date of death. PFS was calculated from the date of diagnosis to the date of disease relapse and progression. The date of last follow-up was used for drop-out patients. NLR and PLR were defined as the ratio of absolute neutrophil counts and platelet counts divided by the absolute lymphocyte counts, respectively. LMR was defined as the absolute lymphocyte counts divided by the absolute monocyte counts. Patients with complete resection surgery were refer to those who have undertaken surgery treatment, whereas patients with margin status R1 or R2 were refer to no surgery treatment.
Statistical Analysis
Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was applied to evaluate the sensitivity of the inflammatory indexes and Youden index was identified as the optimal cut-off value. Student's t-test was used to exam the difference of continuous variables. Comparison of categorical variables, Chi-square test or the Fisher exact test was applied. Survival curves were plotted by Kaplan–Meier analysis and Log-rank test was performed to identify the significance of the difference. Significant variables for OS or PFS were identified by univariate analysis and then further evaluated by multivariate analysis using Cox's proportional hazard regression analysis. P-values were based on two-tail test and <0.05 were considered statistically significant. All statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS version 19.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA).
Results
Baseline Characteristics
A total of 149 patients with synovial sarcoma were identified from our database and 103 patients were finally enrolled. The cut-off values of NLR, PLR, and LMR were 2.70, 154.99, and 4.16, respectively. The baseline characteristics of patients are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the patients with synovial sarcoma.
SS tended to occur in younger people, with median age of patients was 37 (range 1–78) years. There were 54 (52.4%) males and 49 (47.6%) females. Most patients (95, 92.2%) received surgery, whereas only 19 (18.4%) and 32 (31.1%) received radiotherapy and chemotherapy, respectively. During the follow-up period, 41 (39.8%) patients experienced disease relapse and 22 (21.4%) patients had distant metastasis. Of note, metastasis was significantly associated with NLR, PLR and LMR. Patients with high NLR, PLR and lower LMR were likely to develop distant metastasis. Pathological results suggested extremities were the most common sites for SS (56, 54.4%). Eighteen (17.5%) and 29 (28.2%) patients had tumor located in internal organ and trunk, respectively. Of the entire patients, 64 (62.1%) patients had tumors larger than 5 cm.
The median overall survival (OS) and median progression-free survival (PFS) was 44.0 months (95% confidence interval [CI] 37.0–57.0) and 25.0 months (95% CI 14.6–36.0), respectively. We explored associations of NLR, PLR, and LMR with these baseline characteristics and results suggested chemotherapy, distant metastasis and tumor location were statistically significantly associated with NLR, PLR, or LMR (p < 0.05).
Univariate Analyses and Multivariate Analyses
We investigated the associations between patients' baseline characteristics, including NLR, PLR, and LMR, and survival by using Cox's proportional hazard regression analysis. Univariate analyses indicated that resection surgery, distant metastasis, tumor location, NLR, PLR, and LMR were closely correlated with prognosis of patients (p < 0.1). Furthermore, multivariate analyses of OS and PFS were performed including markers mentioned above to identify independent predictor for survival (Tables 2, 3).
Table 2. Summary of univariate and multivariate analysis for OS in patients with synovial sarcoma.
Table 3. Summary of univariate and multivariate analysis for PFS in patients with synovial sarcoma.
Treatment strategies for SS remained unclear, however, our results suggested patients received resection surgery had better PFS (87.2 vs. 44.5 months, p = 0.056) and OS (89.6 vs. 58.7 months, p = 0.058) than those without resection surgery. Resection surgery was shown to be an independent indicator for PFS (hazard ratio [HR] 5.328, 95% CI 1.349–21.041, p = 0.017), not for OS. Patients without distant metastasis shared favorable PFS (81.5 months vs. 63.5 months, p < 0.01 and OS (93.3 months vs. 70.6 months, p < 0.01). Metastasis was independent indicator for PFS (HR 3.114, 95% CI 1.054–9.199, p = 0.04). SS that initially occurred in internal organs, such as lung, kidney and mediastinum revealed poor outcomes, with shorter OS and PFS (compared to extremities, 58.5 vs. 89.9 months, p = 0.045 and 38.2 vs. 88.3 months, p = 0.104). Compared to patients with higher NLR and PLR, patients in lower NLR and PLR groups were shown to have better PFS (82.7 months vs. 67.0 months, p < 0.01 and 80.4 months vs. 72.2 months, p < 0.05, respectively) and OS (86.0 months vs. 71.0 months, p < 0.01 and 84.0 months vs. 76.0 months, p < 0.05, respectively). On the contrary lower LMR was a marker for shorter PFS (69.0 vs. 83.7 months, p < 0.01) and OS (71.2 vs. 96.1 months, p < 0.01). NLR was an independent predictor for OS, with higher NLR associated with poor prognosis (HR 5.074, 95% CI 1.200–21.463, p = 0.027). Higher LMR, as an independent indicator for PFS, was significantly associated with better PFS (HR 0.202, 95% CI 0.050–0.821, p = 0.025). However, PLR was not independent indicator for either OS or PFS. Other characteristics, including gender, age, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, tumor size and LDH, were not shown to be associated with PFS and OS.
Kaplan-Meier Survival Analysis
Kaplan–Meier curve showed that distant metastasis, NLR, PLR, LMR, and surgery were significantly associated with PFS and OS (Figures 1–5).
Figure 1. Kaplan-Meier estimates of overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) probability according to pre-treatment neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) level.
Figure 2. Kaplan-Meier estimates of overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) probability according to pre-treatment platelet-to- lymphocyte ratio (PLR) level.
Figure 3. Kaplan-Meier estimates of overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) probability according to pre-treatment lymphocyte-to-monocyte-ratio (LMR) level.
Figure 4. Kaplan-Meier estimates of overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) probability according to localized vs. metastatic disease.
Figure 5. Kaplan-Meier estimates of overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) probability according to whether surgery was applied.
Discussion
Inflammatory indexes as prognostic factors for STSs have recently received more and more attention. Not only individual inflammatory markers, such as CRP, and lymphocytes, but also combination of them, such as NLR, PLR and LMR, have been investigated in STSs (20, 22, 25, 26). NLR was found to be a prognostic inflammatory index for synovial sarcoma (SS) (23, 24). In addition, the overall survival of SS still remains unsatisfying (27). Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify more valuable prognostic indexes for SS and to select patients who were at high risk and required more aggressive treatment strategies. Our results suggested that not undergoing complete resection surgery, distant metastasis, high NLR group, high PLR group, and low LMR group were significantly associated with poor prognosis. Whereas, gender, age, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, tumor size, and LDH were not significantly associated with patients' OS and PFS. Our data failed to demonstrate the prognostic values of tumor size, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. This finds were not only limited by small sample size and non-randomized cohorts, but also because of raising debates of administration of chemotherapy (28–30). Previous studies have proved that high NLR, PLR and low LMR are associated poor prognosis in various malignancies (31–35). Current research also confirmed the prognostic values of these three inflammatory indexes in SS.
NLR, PLR, and LMR are derived from the absolute counts of neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes, therefore, the ratios of these three groups of cells in tumor microenvironment play a vital role in predicting the prognosis of patients. Myeloid-derived cells, such as neutrophils and monocytes, are the most abundant hematopoietic cells in human body but usually regarded as potent immune suppressors in tumor microenvironment (36). Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have recently been widely investigated. This group of cells produces a proinflammatory response and promotes angiogenesis and metastasis of tumor (37–39). Derived from circulating monocytes, tumor-associated macrophages have also been proved to be related to tumor cells proliferation, invasion and metastasis (40, 41). In contrast, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are considered important in anti-cancer immune response via producing cytokines and inducing cytotoxic cell death (42). Therefore, lymphocytes are thought to be a positive predictor (43, 44). Individual absolute counts of neutrophils and monocytes are suggested to be independent prognosis factors in various cancers (45–47). Meanwhile, it is known that the immune suppressive effect of MDSCs is mainly based on suppressing the activity of T lymphocytes (36). Productions released by MDSCs, such as Arg1 and iNOS, can block T cells and lead to tumor progression and metastasis (48–50). Increased neutrophils, monocytes and decreased lymphocytes are associated with immune suppressive status, therefore, high NLR and low LMR are associated with poor survival outcomes.
Platelets also interact with tumor cells and decreased platelets level is associated with decreased tumor metastasis (51). Tumor cells can gather platelets and protect themselves from cytolysis of NK cells in human blood. This process promotes migration of tumor cells and tumor metastasis (52). Meanwhile, platelets provide a procoagulant surface to help cancer cells escape from immune response, thus promote cancer growth and dissemination (53). Platelets can also activate several signaling pathways within cancer cells, resulting in transition toward a more invasive mesenchymal-like phenotype (54). In accordance with the critical role of lymphocytes in the suppression of tumor progression, high PLR suggests a rather poor prognosis for cancer patients. Although PLR is significantly associated with poor prognosis in univariate analysis, it was not an independent prognostic factor for OS or PFS, which was consistent with previous studies on soft tissue sarcomas and other malignancies (22, 55). One possible reason is that the immune-suppression and tumor-promotion effect of MDSCs are more sustainable and potent than platelets (56), which makes platelet plays a rather small role.
This study investigated the impact of inflammatory indexes on synovial sarcoma and provided an alternative predictive model for prognosis of SS. However, this research still has several limitations. Firstly, due to the rarity of SS and single-center study, the number of patients (n = 103) is limited, which may cause selection bias. The subgroup analyses are also limited by the small sample size. Whereas, SS may behavior differently according to age of presence or histological subtypes. Inflammatory indexes are likely to play different roles in the subgroup analyses. Secondly, we just collected relatively a few clinical predictors and some important indicators may be ignored. Therefore, a larger sample size study with more clinical indicators is required to validate our findings. For more precise evaluation, randomized clinical trials are required.
Conclusion
In summary, high NLR, high PLR, low LMR, metastasis at diagnosis and no surgery were remarkable risk factors for SS patients. Furthermore, NLR, LMR and metastasis were independent factors for OS and PFS, except for PLR. As a result, NLR and LMR, as inflammatory indexes, were superior to PLR. Surgery could significantly prolong PFS of SS patients. These prognostic indexes might be helpful in making treatment decisions for SS patients with different risks.
Data Availability Statement
All datasets generated for this study are included in the manuscript/supplementary files.
Ethics Statement
Approval for this retrospective research was obtained from the institutional review board of West China hospital, Sichuan University. Written informed consent was obtained from all included patients.
Author Contributions
XM: study concept and design. YC, FM, and QL: acquisition of data. YC and XM: analysis and interpretation of data. YC: drafting of the manuscript. LP and XM: critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content. YC, FM, and LP: statistical analysis. XM: study supervision. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Funding
This research was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81602950).
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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Keywords: synovial sarcoma, inflammatory biomarkers, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), survival
Citation: Cheng Y, Mo F, Pu L, Li Q and Ma X (2019) Pretreatment Inflammatory Indexes as Prognostic Predictors of Survival in Patients Suffering From Synovial Sarcoma. Front. Oncol. 9:955. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00955
Received: 17 July 2019; Accepted: 10 September 2019;
Published: 24 September 2019.
Edited by:
Alessandro De Vita, Romagnolo Scientific Institute for the Study and Treatment of Tumors (IRCCS), ItalyReviewed by:
Valentina Fausti, Romagnolo Scientific Institute for the Study and Treatment of Tumors (IRCCS), ItalyShanmugarajan Krishnan, Massachusetts General Hospital, United States
Copyright © 2019 Cheng, Mo, Pu, Li and Ma. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Xuelei Ma, drmaxuelei@gmail.com