Chenchen Zhu
Weiquan Zhong†
Chan Gong
Binglin Chen
Jiabao Guo- The Second School of Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
Objective: Neuropathic pain (NP) is a common disease that manifests with pathological changes in the somatosensory system. In recent years, the interactions of NP with the epigenetic mechanism have been increasingly elucidated. However, only a few studies have used bibliometric tools to systematically analyze knowledge in this field. The objective of this study is to visually analyze the trends, hotspots, and frontiers in epigenetics and NP research by using a bibliometric method.
Methods: Studies related to epigenetics and NP were searched from the Science Citation Index-Expanded of the Web of Science Core Collection database. Search time is from inception to November 30, 2022. No restrictions were placed on language. Only articles and reviews were included as document types. Data on institutions, countries, authors, journal distribution, and keywords were imported into CiteSpace software for visual analysis.
Results: A total of 867 publications met the inclusion criteria, which spanned the period from 2000 to 2022. Over the years, the number of publications and the frequency of citations exhibited a clear upward trend in general, reaching a peak in 2021. The major contributing countries in terms of the number of publications were China, the United States, and Japan. The top three institutions were Rutgers State University, Xuzhou Medical University, and Nanjing Medical University. Molecular Pain, Pain, and Journal of Neuroinflammation contributed significantly to the volume of issues. Among the top 10 authors in terms of the number of publications, Tao Yuan-Xiang contributed 30 entries, followed by Zhang Yi with 24 and Wu Shao-Gen with 20. On the basis of the burst and clusters of keywords, “DNA methylation,” “Circular RNA,” “acetylation,” “long non-coding RNA,” and “microglia” are global hotspots in the field.
Conclusion: The bibliometric analysis indicates that the number of publications related to epigenetics and NP is exhibiting a rapid increase. Keyword analysis shows that “DNA methylation,” “Circular RNA,” “acetylation,” “long non-coding RNA” and “microglia” are the most interesting terms for researchers in the field. More rigorous clinical trials and additional studies that explore relevant mechanisms are required in the future.
1. Introduction
Epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, non-coding RNA, and RNA modification, modulate gene expression without altering the underlying DNA sequence (Portela and Esteller, 2010). Therefore, epigenetic mechanisms might interfere with protein expression and function but may not modify the code of the gene. As we know, most chronic conditions are caused by complex interactions between genes and the environment (e.g., exposure to toxic chemical elements, nutrition, physical activity, and stress), while epigenetics constructs the link between the environment and gene function (Chappell et al., 2016; Cavalli and Heard, 2019; Ferioli et al., 2019; Park et al., 2019; Polli et al., 2019). Neuropathic pain (NP) is typically a chronic condition that manifests itself with pathological changes in the somatosensory system (Jensen et al., 2011). Recent studies have demonstrated that the relevant underlying mechanisms of NP are related to epigenetic modifications (Frances et al., 2022; Jiang et al., 2022). The epigenetic regulator plays a crucial role in the maintenance and development of NP by activating and suppressing various gene expressions, such as neuroinflammatory factors, neurotransmitters, receptors, and ion channels (Franco-Enzastiga et al., 2021; Borgonetti et al., 2022; Sun et al., 2022; Zhang J. et al., 2022). Given that the publication of epigenetics and NP is rapidly evolving, understanding the research progress, trends, and hotspots in this field is necessary for relevant researchers. However, a systematic and visualized analysis that shows the global trends on epigenetic research in NP is still lacking.
A bibliometric analysis is a scientific method for evaluating published scholarly literature, searching for data correlations, and predicting future developments for a particular research field (Hicks et al., 2015). Furthermore, the software CiteSpace has been widely used for quantitative analysis and mapping visualization (Chen, 2006). Specifically, the data on institutions, journals, countries, authors, and keywords can be analyzed. A few reviews have focused on knowledge about epigenetic modifications in the development and maintenance of NP. However, a bibliometric analysis remains lacking.
In the current work, a bibliometric study was conducted to analyze publications related to NP in the epigenetic field retrieved from the Web of Science (WoS) database from 2000 to 2022. Our study aims to summarize research progress and trends related to NP in apparent modifications to help researchers quickly understand the field and guide future research directions.
2. Analytic methods
2.1. Data sources
We conducted a search for studies on epigenetics and NP from the Science Citation Index-Expanded (SCIE) of the WoS Core Collection database. The investigation was performed from inception until November 30, 2022. No restrictions were imposed on language. The search strategy is provided in Table 1. A total of 867 matching records were finally included, and the data were exported in plain text format of the entire record, called “download_XXX.”
Table 1. Search strategy of our study.
2.2. Data analysis
CiteSpace is a well-known literature analysis software that uses the interrelationships between words (e.g., authors, journals, and keywords, etc.) in academic literature to visualize scientific research trends. All downloaded plain text formats were imported into CiteSpace software (6.1.R2). The first step was to remove duplicates, and then save the deduplication data in the output and data folders. Ultimately, 867 eligible documents were accessed, spanning from 2000 to 2022. The process flow is shown in Figure 1. The parameters of CiteSpace were set as follows. “Time Slicing” was set from 2000.01 to 2022.12. Years per slice was set to 1. The rest was set to the specific value, and the cutting method can be set as necessary in accordance with the selected nodes, such that the result would be the most stable, transparent, and intuitive. The corresponding visual map was drawn and interpreted.
Figure 1. Flowchart of the publication screening process.
3. Results
3.1. Publication outputs
A total of 867 data items, including 720 articles and 147 reviews, were analyzed in the current study. As shown in Figure 2, the overall number of publications and citations per year exhibits an upward trend. Although the number of articles published from 2019 to 2020 presented a short-term decline, the number of articles published in the following year reached a peak. In 2021, the number of publications stood at 142, and the citations amounted to 3,651.
Figure 2. The annual number of publications and citations on epigenetics and NP from 2000 to 2022.
3.2. Analysis of countries/regions and institutions
Figure 3A shows the co-occurrence relationship among countries. Table 2 lists the detailed information of the top 10 countries in accordance with the number of publications. The Country’s frequent count is based on the affiliation of all authors, and the top three countries in issuance are China, the United States, and Japan. China has the most significant number of publications with 481 pieces, accounting for 55.48% of all the papers enrolled in this study, and the total number of citations and the H-index are both the highest. The country with the highest number of citations per paper is Japan. Centrality indicates that one node builds a bridge between two unrelated nodes, and the higher the centrality, the more influential the node is in the structure. In CiteSpace, a node with a centrality of >0.1 is called a critical node. The top three countries are the United States (0.62), Germany (0.42), and France (0.23). Figure 3B and Table 3 illustrate the partnership and details among institutions. The top three institutions are Rutgers State University (n = 87, centrality = 0.08), Xuzhou Medical University (n = 41, centrality = 0.16), and Nanjing Medical University (n = 37, centrality = 0.05).
Figure 3. (A) Co-occurrence relationship of countries. (B) Partnership between the institutions. The nodes in the map represent co-countries/co-institutions, and the lines between the nodes represent co-citation relationships. The warm and cold colors represent the distance of time of their first co-occurrence, the warmer the color, the more recent the time. The purple ring represents centrality.
Table 2. Analysis of the top 10 countries.
Table 3. Analysis of the top 10 institutions.
3.3. Analysis of the top 10 authors
Among the top 10 authors in terms of the number of publications, Tao Yuan-Xiang contributed 30 entries, followed by Zhang Yi with 24 and Wu Shao-Gen with 20 (Table 4). Tao’s articles ranked first in terms of the total number of citations and the H-index.
Table 4. Top 10 most productive authors.
3.4. Analysis of cited journals
The top 10 journals with the highest total counts are shown in Table 5. The top 10 journals published 214 papers, accounting for 24.68% of the total. The impact factor (IF) of these journals in 2021 ranged from 2.832 to 9.587. Among them, Molecular Pain (n = 46, IF 2021, 3.370), Pain (n = 39, IF 2021, 7.926), and Journal of Neuroinflammation (n = 20, IF 2021, 9.587) contributed significantly to the volume of issues, with an average of 35 articles per journal. Among the 10 journals, 40% were Q1, representing the top 25% of IF distribution.
Table 5. Top 10 most productive journals.
3.5. Analysis of keywords
Figure 4 depicts the co-occurrence structure of keywords. The five major keywords that appear most frequently are “neuropathic pain” (n = 601), “expression” (n = 268), “spinal cord” (n = 152), “mechanism” (n = 128), and “activation” (n = 114). The modularity value (Q value) and the average silhouette value (S value) are two important parameters for evaluating the effectiveness of mapping (Figure 5). A Q value >0.3 and an S value >0.7 indicate significant clustering (Zheng et al., 2021). For the current study, the Q-value was 0.4331 and the S-value was 0.7293, indicating that these clusters were effective and exhibited good homogeneity. The front five clusters were #0 DNA methylation, #1 gene, #2 acetylation, #3 spinal nerve ligation, and #4 spinal cord injury. Figure 6 shows 35 keywords with a sudden increase in frequency and provides a basis for predicting the research focus of this field, which are analyzed in two dimensions: burst value and burst period. Its principle for measuring burst intensity and persistence is the algorithm for detecting frequency bursts suggested by Kleinberg (2002). The approach is based on modeling the stream by using an infinite-state automaton, in which bursts appear naturally as state transitions (Kleinberg, 2002). The top five keywords in terms of burst strength are “CPG binding protein 2” (9.13), “differential expression” (5.7), “microglia” (5.66), “primary sensory neuron” (5.47), and “persistent pain” (5.30). Based on the duration of the burst, the keywords with the longest outbreak duration were “gene,” followed by “inflammatory pain” and “histone deacetylase inhibitor.” “long non-coding RNA,” “microglia,” “inhibition,” “noncoding RNA” and “circular RNA” are keywords that continue to bursting until 2022, which shows that they are recent hotspots.
Figure 4. A map of keywords. The circle size and the link illustrated the frequency and relevance of keywords. The thickness of a color wheel is proportional to the number of occurrences of the keyword at that period.
Figure 5. The cluster diagram for the keywords.
Figure 6. The top 35 keywords with the strongest citation bursts of publications. The “Begin” and “End” indicate the start and termination years of the keyword as a frontier. The “Strength” indicates the intensity of the emergence. The red line represents the specific period when the keyword became a research hotspot, and the light blue means that the node has not yet appeared.
4. Discussions
4.1. General trends on epigenetics and NP
In the studied 22 years, the total number of publications grew steadily, reaching a peak in 2021. We segmented the period of the study into two phases, referring to the period from 2000 to 2012 as the initial stage, and from 2013 to the present as the development stage. The rate of ascendancy from 2000 to 2012 was relatively flat, with the number of papers not exceeding 18 and the citations not higher than 164. But from 2013 to the present, the number of published articles has increased by leaps and bounds. Among the total of 867 literatures, only five clinical studies are identified (Huang et al., 2017; Mathias et al., 2017; Li et al., 2020; Fernandez-de-las-Penas et al., 2022; Stenz et al., 2022). Most of them focus on peripheral NP to search for potential epigenetic markers. For example, Mathias et al. showed that in white blood cells, miR-21 and miR-146a expression were increased compared to healthy controls, while miR155 expression was lower. In the peroneal nerve, miR-21 was increased. In painful neuropathy, miR-146a and miR-155 expression were reduced compared to thighs in lower leg skin biopsies. Therefore, peripheral neuropathy is related to abnormal miRNA expression in leukocytes, gastrocnemius nerve and skin. However, the samples included in these studies were small, and these findings will require more adequate studies in the future.
Among the top 10 authoritative authors in terms of the number of publications, a highly cited article by Tao Yuan-Xiang, who ranked first, caught our attention. The most frequently cited paper written by Tao Yuan-Xiang is “A long noncoding RNA contributes to NP by silencing Kcna2 in primary afferent neurons” (232 times) (Zhao et al., 2013). This study proposes that endogenous Kcna2 antisense RNA could be a therapeutic target for the treatment of NP, and the significance of a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) for the analysis of NP was highlighted. Among the top three authors analyzed above, Tao Yuan-Xiang works for Rutgers State University Medical Center. However, the centrality of cooperation among the authors in the studies is generally less than 0.1, indicating that the cooperation among researchers is not so close, and there are certain limitations.
Countries such as China and the United States have made important contributions to the publication of the articles. The total number of articles cited and the H-index of China are higher than those of the United States, while its citations per paper are the lowest. The United States has cooperated with many countries in this field and has a high centrality (centrality = 0.62), while China (centrality = 0.13) is relatively lacking in international cooperation, probably due to the fact that the United States, as a developed country, has numerous research institutions and extensive collaborations worldwide, and has invested heavily in research in the fields of epigenetics and NP. The top three institutions in terms of the number of published papers are all universities. However, Figure 3B shows that the locational relationships among institutions are relatively fragmented, indicating that academic cooperation and exchange among institutions are insufficient. Therefore, countries and institutions should continue to strengthen communication and collaboration to conduct multicenter and large-sample studies.
The top 10 journals accounted for 24.68% (214 publications) of the number of all published papers. Among the top 10 journals, Molecular Pain, Pain, and Journal of Neuroinflammation have the largest number of publications. Journal of Neuroinflammation has the highest impact factor (IF 2021, 9.587), and 40% of the top 10 journals belong to Q1. This finding indicates that many high-quality journals participate in the field, and thus, it has promising research prospects.
4.2. Research hotspots and frontiers
4.2.1. DNA methylation
As shown in Figure 5, DNA methylation emerged as the largest cluster. In humans, DNA methylation is triggered by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), which primarily add methyl groups from S-adenosyl-l-methionine to the carbon-5 position of cytosine bases [5-methylcytosine (5mC)] located mainly in cytosine-phosphate-guanosine (CpG) islands (Cheng and Roberts, 2001; Holliday, 2005). The promoters of most genes, particularly housekeeping genes, are positioned on CpG islands, which are highly conserved, suggesting that these regions have important functions (Bird et al., 1985). Methylation of CpG islands breaks transcription factor (TF) binding and recruits DNMT-mediated Methyl-CpG-Binding Domain (MBD) Proteins to silence gene expression. Methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) is a family member of MBD that acts mainly as a transcriptional repressor. It has been shown that The knockout of MeCP2 restores Mu opioid receptor (MOR) expression in damaged dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and enhances the analgesic effect of morphine, suggesting that the downregulation of MOR in DRG is closely associated with increased MeCP2 expression (Zhang et al., 2014; Sun et al., 2021). This unique gene expression raises the possibility that DNA methylation is related to the pathological mechanisms of NP and that further studies on the role of MeCP2 in NP are necessary.
4.2.2. Circular RNA
The keyword “Circular RNA” exploded in the last 3 years in accordance with the burst diagram of the keywords (Figure 6); it represented one of the latest hotspots in this field. Circular RNA (circRNA) is a novel type of lncRNA characterized by a covalently closed loop structure at their 3′ and 5′ ends, and it is highly stable and evolutionarily conserved (Sanger et al., 1976; Memczak et al., 2013). With the rapid development of high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics algorithms in recent years, the role of circRNA in NP has been extensively studied (Mao et al., 2019; Pan et al., 2019; Zhang et al., 2020). Some dysregulated circRNAs (e.g., circ-Filip1l, circHIPK3, ciRS-7, circRNA.2837, circ-Ankib1 and circAnks1a) have been detected and validated via qRT-PCR (Zhou et al., 2018; Mao et al., 2019; Cai et al., 2020; Yin et al., 2022). For example, Cai et al. (2020) found that ciRS-7 can regulate autophagy and inflammation in rats with chronic constriction injury (CCI) by targeting miR-135a-5p. This study suggests that reducing ciRS-7 expression levels or using miR-135a-5p inhibitors could inhibit NP, which could be a potential treatment approach. However, the application of circRNA in NP is still in its initial stage.
4.2.3. Acetylation
In Figure 5, it can be seen that #2 acetylation is the third largest cluster. Histone acetylation is a post-translational modification that relies on two key enzymes: histone deacetylases (HDACs) and histone acetyltransferases (HATs), occurring at the N-terminal end of the protein octamer (Kratz et al., 2010). In recent years, extensive experiments performed on animal models have demonstrated the effectiveness of various HDAC activators and HAT inhibitors in the treatment of NP by targeting specific epigenetic locations. In addition, HDAC and HAT activity and histone acetylation levels are dynamic and can be promising targets for intervention in the treatment of NP. For example, according to some researchers, in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) model rats, Sirtuin3 (SIRT3), a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide + (NAD+)-dependent HDAC, deacetylates forkhead box class O3a (FoxO3a) and subsequently inhibits FoxO3a phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and degradation. As a result, SIRT3 stabilizes the FoxO3a protein and prevents oxidative damage, which reduces NP (Khangura et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2018; Zhou et al., 2021). These researchers suggest that SIRT3 activation may serve as a potential therapeutic strategy for NP.
4.2.4. Long non-coding RNA
With more than 200 nucleotides, scholars have found that lncRNAs are key regulators of neuronal function, especially in the NP. Nearly 40% of lncRNAs are found only in the nervous system and are considered important in regulating gene expression (Zhang et al., 2018; Li et al., 2019; Wu et al., 2019; Zhang C. T. et al., 2022). Its biological and molecular mechanisms are diverse and complex, and it has been studied in various NP models, such as sciatic nerve ligation (SNL), CCI, and diabetic NP (DNP) (Hu et al., 2021; Xu et al., 2021). For example, recently, Wen et al. (2021) found that by lowering high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) expression in a female mouse model of bilateral CCI, lncRNA FIRRE down-regulation reduced the release of microglia-derived pro-inflammatory cytokines, relieving NP in female mice. In conclusion, lncRNA is expected to be a potential regulator for NP.
4.2.5. Microglia
In the aforementioned keyword burst detection, “microglia” has exhibited high burst intensity in recent years. Being the resident immune cells in the central nervous system, microglia cooperate with neurons to maintain homeostasis and detect environmental changes. Its multiple dysregulations are associated with the development and maintenance of NP (Gu et al., 2016; Jeong et al., 2016; Penas and Navarro, 2018; Ji and Xu, 2021). Immune memory of microglia is formed by epigenetically mediated alterations in the target gene enhancer pool (Yeh and Ikezu, 2019). Recently, acetylated histones and their recruitment by bromodomain and extra terminal domain (BET) proteins have been suggested to play a key role in microglia-mediated spinal cord neuroinflammation. And experiments have demonstrated that combining epigenetic inhibitors (HDAC inhibitors) and BET inhibitors to restore abnormal epigenetic modifications is a promising new therapeutic option (Borgonetti and Galeotti, 2021; Borgonetti et al., 2022). Furthermore, Keita Kohno et al. demonstrated that in the behavioral pain hypersensitivity response after peripheral nerve injury, myelin fragments released from A-fiber sensory neurons after the injury can activate CD11c + microglia in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, which works by secreting insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) to relieve NP and inhibit pain recurrence (Kohno et al., 2022). This study reveals the mechanisms underlying NP relief and recurrence to provide potential targets for therapeutic strategies, which has dramatically improved our understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of NP. In summary, the mechanism of treating NP through microglia has captured the interest of many scholars.
5. Strengths and limitations
The information derived from this study was combined for a bibliometric analysis of the directions and trends of epigenetics and NP. However, this study also has several limitations. First, all the documents were downloaded from the SCIE of the WoS Core Collection database. Therefore, the literature included in this study may not represent the whole field of epigenetics and NP. However, this database is known for having strict selection rules and containing high-quality journals and a large number of documents. Moreover, the database is highly compatible with CiteSpace. By contrast, other databases have more restrictions because they analyze other databases on the basis of WoS data format. Notably, it has been noted that the WoS database provides more material in analyzing the past literature and offers greater precision in the categorization of journals in comparison with the Scopus database (Yeung, 2019). Secondly, this study focuses on quantitative analysis, with less qualitative analysis. In addition, non-English papers were not included in this study. Therefore, these factors may have contributed to publication bias.
6. Conclusion
Our study uses CiteSpace for visual analysis, and fully reveals the global trend of research on epigenetics and NP by analyzing the number of publications, countries, institutions, authors, keywords, etc. The number of publications is proliferating, and the research is becoming more in-depth and extensive. Tao Yuan-Xiang, Zhang Yi and Wu Shao-Gen are significant researchers who have had a major impact on the study of epigenetics in the NP field. Recent keyword and cluster analysis show that “DNA methylation,” “Circular RNA,” “acetylation,” “long non-coding RNA” and “microglia” may currently be the focus of attention. Out of a total of 867 publications, only 5 clinical studies are found. More rigorous clinical trials and additional studies that explore relevant mechanisms are required in the future.
Author contributions
JG and BC contributed to the conception, design of the study, and revised the manuscript. CZ, CG, and WZ collected and analyzed the data. CZ and WZ wrote the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Funding
This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (grant no. BK20210907), Medical Research Project of Jiangsu Commission of Health (grant. no. Z2022004), and Research Foundation for Talented Scholars of Xuzhou Medical University (grant no. D2020056).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
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Keywords: neuropathic pain, epigenetics, bibliometrics, CiteSpace, Web of Science
Citation: Zhu C, Zhong W, Gong C, Chen B and Guo J (2023) Global research trends on epigenetics and neuropathic pain: A bibliometric analysis. Front. Mol. Neurosci. 16:1145393. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1145393
Edited by:
Howe Liu, Allen College, United StatesReviewed by:
Wai Lydia Tai, Schepens Eye Research Institute and Harvard Medical School, United StatesAndy Wai Kan Yeung, University of Hong Kong, China
Copyright © 2023 Zhu, Zhong, Gong, Chen and Guo. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Jiabao Guo, Z2xvcmlhMDkxM2dqYkAxNjMuY29t; Binglin Chen, MTIzLmNibEAxNjMuY29t
†These authors have contributed equally to this work and share first authorship