Fan SunHeng LiuHui-xiao FuCheng-bo LiXiao-jing GengXiao-xuan ZhangJiang ZhuZheng MaYan-jun Gao
Zhi-jie Dou*- Neurology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
Background: Ischemic stroke has a poor prognosis and brings a ponderous burden on families and society. Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) after intravenous thrombolysis can increase the mortality of patients with ischemic stroke. Thus, finding new HT biomarkers to be applicable in clinical practice is of great importance.
Methods: The related risk factors were recruited for analysis, including smoking, drinking, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, anamnesis, and pathological indicators. Moreover, the relationship between serum levels of caveolin-1, caveolin-2, and HT after rt-PA treatment were also studied.
Results: We studied 306 patients with acute ischemic stroke treated with recombinant tissue type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) within 4.5 h of symptom onset. The results showed that Age ≥68 years, smoking, Atrial fibrillation, NIHSS score before thrombolysis ≥17, and systolic pressure 2 h after thrombolysis (mmHg) ≥149 increased the risks of HT after rt-PA administration. Remarkably, the concentration of caveolin-1 (ng/mL) ≤ 0.12 and caveolin-2 (ng/mL) ≤ 0.43 in serum increased the risks of HT after rt-PA administration.
Conclusion: Knowledge on the risk factors associated with HT after rt-PA treatment may help develop treatment strategies and reduce the risk of HT. Caveolin-1 and caveolin-2 can be predictors of HT after rt-PA administration. These findings provide evidence for future further investigations aimed to validate these biomarkers.
Introduction
Ischemic stroke is a common disease with high morbidity and mortality. It often has a poor prognosis and brings increasing burden on families and society (1). Intravenous thrombolysis with recombinant tissue type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) is an effective approach to treat acute ischemic stroke. However, HT after intravenous thrombolysis can increase the mortality of patients with ischemic stroke (2). HT refers to incidental intracerebral hemorrhage after acute ischemic stroke, which is a common complication for patients with acute ischemic stroke (3). Parenchymal hematomas to small petechiae are all HT. The occurrent proportion of HT after acute ischemic stroke ranges from 8.5 to 30%, in which 2.1–9.4% are symptomatic HT (4–6).
Matrix metalloproteinase and cellular fibronectin, which are considered biomarkers of endothelial damage, can act as HT predictors after intravenous thrombolysis (7). These biomarkers in serum improve the prediction ability of HT. It is reported that the association of matrix metalloproteinase and cellular fibronectin can improve the predictive capacity of relevant HT, suggesting that the analysis of several biomarkers may be necessary to achieve the necessary accuracy for these biomarkers to be applicable (8). Thus, finding new biomarkers to be applicable in clinical practice is of great importance.
Caveolins, which are composed of caveolin-1, caveolin-2, caveolin-3, are structural proteins of caveolae (9). Caveolin-2 is mainly co-expressed with caveolin-1, whereas caveolin-3 is specifically expressed in skeletal muscle (10). Caveolin-1 and caveolin-2 can modulate the blood–brain barrier permeability of rats with cerebral ischemia and glioma (11–13). In addition, caveolin-1 can regulate endothelial permeability after ischemic stroke (14). The caveolin-1 level in serum is also an important HT predictor after rt-PA administration (15). However, the association between serum caveolin-2 levels and HT development after thrombolysis remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate whether or not serum caveolin-2 levels are associated with HT.
Materials and Methods
The study was approved by the Human Ethics Committees of Chengde Medical College. Informed consent was obtained from the patients or their relatives.
Between January 2014 and June 2019 306 patients with acute ischemic stroke treated with rt-PA within 4.5 h from the affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College were prospectively included in this study. The patients with known inflammation, infectious tumor diseases, and non-availability of blood samples were excluded from this study.
On admission, demographic data, including history, comorbidity, medical treatment before admission, and pathological indicators were recorded. Blood samples for the analysis of caveolin-1 and aveolin-2 were obtained from patients on arrival at the hospital. Multimodal perfusion cranial computed tomography was performed before r-tPA administration, and a simple cranial CT was performed at 24–36 h for the evaluation of HT, which was classified as hemorrhagic infarction type 1 and 2, and parenchymal hemorrhage type 1 and 2. Blood samples were obtained from patients before rt-PA administration. Blood samples were then centrifuged, and serum was stored at −80°C until analysis. The investigators who were blinded to the study analyzed the clinical data.
SPSS 24 statistical software (Chicago, IL, USA) was used to support data analysis. Data were displayed as percent values and absolute numbers. Between-group differences were analyzed by Student's t-test, and chi-square test was employed for univariate analysis. Multivariate logistic regressions were used to analyze the relationship between HT and risk factors. T-test was used to evaluate the statistical effect of each factor in multivariate logistic regression and f-test was used to whole multivariate logistic regression. We establish the final multi-factor model by stepwise regression. P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The ROC (Receiver operating characteristic) curve was used to evaluate the performance of the model.
Results
Univariate Analysis of HT After rt-PA Administration
Three hundred and six patients with acute ischemic stroke treated with rt-PA within 4.5 h from the affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College were prospectively included in this study. These patients were divided into two groups (hemorrhage group and non-hemorrhage group). There are 52 patients in hemorrhage group and 254 patients in non-hemorrhage group. The results of univariate analysis showed that old age, high body mass index, and smoking augmented the HT incidence rate (Table 1). Atrial fibrillation, high level of hypersensitive C-reactive protein, high level of uric acid, high NIHSS score before thrombolysis, and high systolic pressure 2 h after thrombolysis (especially more than 150 mmHg) also increased the risk of HT. Both the serum levels of caveolin-1 and caveolin-2 in hemorrhage group (0.14 ± 0.025 and 0.46 ± 0.043 ng/ml, respectively) are lower than in non-hemorrhage group (0.39 ± 0.046 and 0.47 ± 0.051 ng/ml, respectively). Thus, caveolin-1 and caveolin-2 were associated with HT after rt-PA administration.
Table 1. The univariate analysis comparing patients with and without HT.
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis of HT After rt-PA Administration
Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed by using HT as a response variable. Stepwise regression method made us to finalize the elements contained in the model. Age ≥68 years, smoking, Atrial fibrillation, NIHSS score before thrombolysis ≥17, and systolic pressure 2 h after thrombolysis (mmHg) ≥149 increased the risks of HT after rt-PA administration. Remarkably, the concentration of caveolin-1 (ng/mL) ≤ 0.12 and caveolin-2 (ng/mL) ≤ 0.43 in serum increased the risks of HT after rt-PA administration (Table 2). Figure 1 shows the ROC curve of each element in the univariate logistic regression and the ROC curve of the multiple logistic regression model (specific values of AUC were showed in Table 2). The AUC of the multiple logistic regression model is 0.954, which proves the reliability and rationality of the model.
Table 2. Multivariate logistic regression analysis of risk factors for HT.
Figure 1. ROC curve of each factor in univariate logistic regression and multivariate logistic regression established by these factors.
For demonstrating the contribution of caveolin-1 and caveolin-2 in predicting HT another 3 Multivariate logistic regression model were established. These three models were removed caveolin-1, caveolin-2, caveolin-1&caveolin-2 separately on the basis of the original variables. The results showed that AUC of the model without caveolin-1&caveolin-2 was 0.844. AUC of the models without caveolin-1 or caveolin-2 were 0.911 and 0.883, accordingly (Figure 2, Table 2). In another words, if the multivariate logistic regression model had losen variates, caveolin-1 and caveolin-2, it would have losen a fair share of reliability at the same time.
Figure 2. ROC curve of each factor in univariate logistic regression and multivariate logistic regression established by these factors (without caveolin-1&caveolin-2).
Discussion
HT is a complication of acute ischemic stroke (16). However, the risk factors and predictive factors for HT of ischemic stroke are unclear. Previous studies identified many risk factors for HT after intravenous thrombolysis, including smoking, diabetes mellitus, atrial fibrillation, hypertension, serum glucose levels, and past history of stroke (17). Moreover, some molecules in serum can predict HT in patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis (15).
In this study, we found that age ≥68 years, smoking, atrial fibrillation, NIHSS score before thrombolysis ≥17, and high systolic pressure 2 h after thrombolysis were risk factors for HT after rt-PA intravenous thrombolysis. Our results showed that Systolic pressure before thrombolysis did not result a significant predictor, whereas higher systolic pressure 2 h after thrombolysis resulted associated with an increased risk of HT. These findings may suggest the influence of blood pressure fluctuations on stroke outcome and disease course and control of both absolute blood pressure levels and blood pressure variability may be therapeutic targets (18–20).
Our study demonstrated that low serum levels of caveolin-1 and caveolin-2 were associated with HT after rt-PA treatment. Caveolin-1, caveolin-2, and caveolin-3 comprise the caveolin family. We did not detect the caveolin-3 level in serum because it is specifically expressed in skeletal muscles (21, 22). It was reported that low serum levels of caveolin-1 is an important predictor of HT after r-tPA administration (15). But because of the small sample size, further research is needed to validate their result. Our study confirmed previous work and got some new finding. Our results showed that the non-hemorrhage group of patients presented significantly higher caveolin-1 and caveolin-2 levels than the hemorrhage group of patients after intravenous thrombolysis treatment. Caveolin-1 and caveolin-2 can modulate the permeability of endothelium and blood-brain barrier after stroke and inhibit the release of free radicals. Accordingly, it may be assumed that they interact synergistically with the inflammatory cascade following acute cerebral insult. In this regard, it is worth to notice that serum inflammatory biomarkers have been shown to play role in hematoma growth and edema formation (23–25). Furthermore, there is a physiologic relevant role of caveolin-1 in the effect of endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation and cardiovascular disease (26). It would be interesting to explore the association between inflammatory peripheral biomarkers obtained after thrombolysis and both the levels of caveolins and the occurrence of HT. This would allow to provide more insights on the pathophysiology of HT and offer the opportunity to identify easy obtainable markers to be used in clinical practice.
A previous study reported that caveolin-1 can inhibit the release of free radicals and the activation of MMPs, thereby preventing endothelial disruption. High MMP activity and hyperpermeable microvascular system are observed in caveolin-1-deficient mice. Moreover, administering the caveolin-1 scaffolding domain or nitric oxide synthase inhibitors can alleviate the symptoms of caveolin-1-deficient mice (27–30). Although caveolin-2 is heterooligomerized and coexpressed with caveolin-1 in endothelial cells, adipocytes, and many other cell types, research on caveolin-2 is not extensive. Our study demonstrated that both caveolin-1 and caveolin-2 are associated with HT after rt-PA administration. One limitation of this study is its single-center, retrospective design, which may have resulted in selection bias. Moreover, high admission glucose levels, onset-to-treatment time, and arterial stiffness are also possible further factors that can contribute to the occurrence of hemorrhagic transformation (31, 32). These factors are not covered in this study.
In summary, our study showed that caveolin-1 and caveolin-2 can be predictors of HT after rt-PA administration. The analysis of several biomarkers at the same time can improve diagnostic accuracy. Our results give support to further research which aimed at validating this biomarker as well as determining whether its joint analysis with other previously reported HT biomarkers improve their predictive capacity.
Data Availability Statement
All datasets generated for this study are included in the article/supplementary material.
Ethics Statement
The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the Human Ethics Committees of Chengde Medical College. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.
Author Contributions
Z-jD designed the research. FS, HL, H-xF, C-bL, and X-jG performed the research. FS, HL, X-xZ, JZ, ZM, and Y-jG analyzed data. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Funding
This work was funded by Chengde City Science & Technology Research and Development Program (201701A061).
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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Keywords: acute ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic transformation (HT), caveolin-1 (Cav-1), caveolin-2 (Cav-2), biomarkers
Citation: Sun F, Liu H, Fu H-x, Li C-b, Geng X-j, Zhang X-x, Zhu J, Ma Z, Gao Y-j and Dou Z-j (2020) Predictive Factors of Hemorrhage After Thrombolysis in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke. Front. Neurol. 11:551157. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.551157
Received: 12 April 2020; Accepted: 24 September 2020;
Published: 03 November 2020.
Edited by:
Maurizio Acampa, Siena University Hospital, ItalyReviewed by:
Simona Lattanzi, Marche Polytechnic University, ItalyLauren M. Sanders, St. Vincent's Hospital, Australia
Copyright © 2020 Sun, Liu, Fu, Li, Geng, Zhang, Zhu, Ma, Gao and Dou. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Zhi-jie Dou, douzk9812@126.com