Mechanical Thrombectomy for Acute Ischemic Stroke in Octogenarians: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background and purpose: Multiple randomized trials have confirmed that mechanical thrombectomy (MT) is an effective treatment method for patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). However, evidence on the safety and efficacy of MT in elderly patients compared with younger patients is controversial. This meta-analysis is aimed to systematically compare the outcomes of elderly patients and younger patients after MT for AIS.

Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted through the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library database. The primary outcomes were favorable functional outcome at 90 days and mortality. The secondary outcomes were symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) and successful recanalization rate. Odds ratios (ORs) were estimated using a random effects model.

Results: Sixteen studies published between 2014 and 2019 were included in this meta-analysis totally involving 3,954 patients. The pooled results showed that patients aged ≥80 years had worse functional outcome (OR = 0.40; 95% CI, 0.32–0.50; P < 0.001) and higher rates of mortality (OR = 2.26; 95% CI, 1.73–2.95; P < 0.001). There was a trend of higher rates of sICH in patients aged ≥80 years compared with patients aged <80 years, whereas this did not reach statistical significance (OR = 1.28; 95% CI, 0.89–1.84; P = 0.18). Furthermore, the frequency of successful recanalization was also lower in patients aged ≥80 years compared with patients aged <80 years (OR = 0.72; 95% CI, 0.55–0.95; P = 0.02). The subgroup analysis indicated that in comparison with those studies published between 2014 and 2016, elderly patients undergoing MT had better outcomes in studies published between 2017 and 2019.

Conclusion: Elderly patients undergoing MT had higher risk of mortality and worse functional outcome. Meanwhile, there was a trend toward higher rates of sICH and lower probability of achieving successful recanalization in elderly patients. These findings emphasize the need for improving the rates of successful recanalization in elderly patients with AIS. In addition, advanced technology of endovascular intervention and peri-interventional management might be associated with the prognosis in elderly patients. However, more prospective or randomized studies should be conducted to further explore this issue.

Introduction

With the development of healthcare, the percentage of elderly in the total population is growing rapidly. Undoubtedly, the aging of the population will increase the incidence of chronic diseases and impose personal and society's medical burden. Currently, stroke has become the second leading cause of death next to heart diseases, which killed 5.5 million persons per year (1). According to statistics, the aging of population was one of the major causes of increased incidence of stroke (2).

Over the past decade, the management regarding acute ischemic stroke (AIS) has changed significantly. In 2013, three randomized trials reported that in comparison with standard medical treatments, mechanical thrombectomy (MT) using the first-generation devices for patients with AIS failed to provide better outcomes (3–5). However, in 2015, five randomized trials reported a clear benefit of MT using the second-generation devices for patients with AIS than standard medical treatments (6–10). Currently, MT has been widely accepted as the first-line therapy for patients with proximal and relevant emergent large vessel occlusion. The HERMES meta-analysis that pooled the individual patient data from the above five trials has shown a consistent benefit of MT in other potential patient populations, even in those patients aged ≥80 years (11).

With regard to the safety and efficacy of MT in the elderly population, there is a lack of high-quality evidence from large randomized trials, and the results from observational studies are discrepant. Recently, Sharobeam et al. performed a cohort study based on a prospective database and a meta-analysis that included 14 studies (12). Their study indicated that elderly patients undergoing MT had worse functional outcomes and higher likelihood of mortality than younger patients (12). However, their study failed to assess the difference of other outcomes such as symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH), successful recanalization rate, onset to groin puncture time, and groin puncture to recanalization time between the elderly patients and younger patients (12). Therefore, we sought to perform a formal meta-analysis of available data to systematically compare the safety, efficacy, and outcomes of MT in the elderly population (aged ≥80 years) with younger population (aged <80 years).

Materials and Methods

This meta-analysis was conducted according to the recommendations of the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines (13).

Literature Search

A comprehensive literature search was conducted through PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library database to October 9 2019, using the following keywords: ischemic stroke; cerebral infarct; elderly; octogenarians; 80 or older; mechanical thrombectomy; thrombectomy; endovascular therapy; outcomes; hemorrhage; death; and mortality. Furthermore, we hand-searched the references of these eligible articles to identify other potentially relevant studies. This process was conducted by two authors (Weisong Zhao and Pengju Ma) independently, and any difference was addressed through a full discussion with a third author (Xuejing Yue).

Outcomes and Study Selection

The primary end points of this study were favorable functional outcome at 90 days [defined as a modified Rankin scale (mRS) score of 0–2] and mortality. The secondary outcomes were sICH and successful recanalization rate. Two authors (Weisong Zhao and Pengju Ma) independently screened all titles, abstracts, and subsequently read the full text for possible eligibility. If there was any discrepancy, a consensus was reached through consulting a third author (Ping Zhang). Study included in this meta-analysis must meet the following criteria: (a) patients were diagnosed with AIS; (b) the second-generation thrombectomy device and/or aspiration catheter was used for MT; (c) studies reported information on functional outcome at 90 days and mortality; (d) the elderly group was defined as patients aged ≥80 years, and younger group was defined as patients aged <80 years. Studies were excluded if they met the following criteria: (a) non-English language; (b) duplicated articles, review articles, or case reports; (c) single-arm study; (d) outdated thrombectomy device (primarily Merci device) was used for MT; (e) partial patients undergoing thrombolytic therapy only.

Data Extraction and Quality Assessment

For each eligible study, the following data were extracted by two authors (Weisong Zhao and Pengju Ma): first author, number of patients, year of publication, study type, devices used for MT, number of females, mean age, mean admission NIHSS, groin puncture to revascularization time (GTR), onset to groin puncture time (OTP), favorable functional outcome at 90 days, mortality, sICH, and successful recanalization rate. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to assess the quality of each eligible study, with a NOS score ≥7 points, indicating high quality. If there was any discrepancy, a consensus was reached through consulting a third author (Xuejing Yue).

Statistical Analysis

The statistical analysis was performed by using Review Manager 5.3 software. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random effects model. The heterogeneity across studies was evaluated by using the I-squared (I²) statistics index. I² more than 50% indicated significant heterogeneity existing across the eligible studies. In addition, visual funnel plots were used to evaluate the publication bias in this meta-analysis.

Results

Literature Search, Study Characteristics, and Quality Assessment

A total of 1,810 relevant studies were initially identified through literature retrieval, and 16 studies were finally included in this meta-analysis after screening (12, 14–28). A flow diagram of the detailed search process was present in Supplemental Figure 1. Among the 16 studies, three were multicenter studies and others were single-center studies. Five studies were published between 2014 and 2016, and 11 studies were published between 2017 and 2019. Data on 3,954 patients were finally pooled, of whom 1,059 patients were aged ≥80 years and 2,895 patients were aged <80 years. The detailed baseline characteristics and outcomes of each study were presented in Tables 1, 2, respectively. Funnel plots indicate no significant publication bias was found among the 16 studies (Supplemental Figures 2–5). In addition, the NOS scores of each study ranged from 6 to 8, suggesting a moderate and high quality of all included studies (Supplemental Table 1).

TABLE 1

Table 1. Characteristics of studies included in this meta-analysis.

TABLE 2

Table 2. Outcomes of studies included in this meta-analysis.

Functional Outcome at 90 Days

Information on functional outcome at 90 days was available from the 16 studies. The pooled results showed that elderly patients undergoing MT had worse functional outcome than younger patients (OR = 0.40; 95% CI, 0.32–0.50; P < 0.001) (Figure 1). No substantial heterogeneity was detected between the 16 studies (I² = 36, P = 0.07).

FIGURE 1

Figure 1. Forest plot of favorable functional outcome at 90 days.

Mortality

Sixteen studies reported mortality within 90 days and were included in this analysis. The pooled results showed that elderly patients treated with MT had a higher likelihood of mortality than younger patients (OR = 2.26; 95% CI, 1.73–2.95; P < 0.001) (Figure 2). No substantial heterogeneity was detected across the 16 studies (I² = 42, P = 0.04).

FIGURE 2

Figure 2. Forest plot of mortality.

Symptomatic Intracerebral Hemorrhage (sICH)

Fourteen studies involving 2,409 patients reported the information regarding sICH. The pooled results indicated that sICH was seen more frequently in patients aged ≥80 years; however, this did not reach statistical significance (OR = 1.28; 95% CI, 0.89–1.84; P = 0.18) (Figure 3). No heterogeneity was detected across the fourteen studies (I² = 0, P = 0.69).

FIGURE 3

Figure 3. Forest plot of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH).

Successful Recanalization Rate

Data on 3,735 patients from 15 studies were used in the analysis of successful recanalization rate. The pooled results indicated that successful recanalization rate was lower in patients aged ≥80 years compared with patients aged <80 years (OR = 0.72; 95% CI, 0.55–0.95; P = 0.02) (Figure 4). No substantial heterogeneity was detected across the 16 studies (I² = 31, P = 0.12).

FIGURE 4

Figure 4. Forest plot of successful recanalization rate.

Discussion

Patients aged ≥80 years have usually been excluded from previous randomized trials because of their uncertain risk. Therefore, only 198 patients aged ≥80 years were included in the five famous randomized trials (6–10). In the HERMES meta-analysis, the rates of functional outcomes at 90 days and mortality for those patients undergoing MT were 46 and 15%, respectively (11). Among those patients aged ≥80 years, the rates of functional outcomes at 90 days and mortality were 29.8 and 28%, respectively (11). Among those patients aged ≥80 years but not undergoing MT, the rates of functional outcomes at 90 days and mortality were 13.9 and 45%, respectively (11). In 2018, Hilditch et al. conducted a meta-analysis and pooled the incidence of several major outcomes in 860 elderly patients undergoing MT and compared them with the results in elderly patients without MT from HERMES meta-analysis (29). Their pooled results showed that elderly patients had higher rates of achieving favorable functional outcome and lower rates of mortality than those patients without MT, even with more incidence of sICH and complications (29). The above evidence showed that elderly patients treated with MT had worse outcomes than younger patients treated with MT but still better than those patients who were not treated with MT (11, 12).

Although age has been demonstrated as a negative independent factor for the outcomes of AIS in many studies, other features such as sICH, successful recanalization rate, initial NIHSS score, and time of operation were also associated with the prognosis of AIS. Our study including 16 observational studies totally involving 3,954 patients aimed to systematically evaluate the differences in outcomes between the elderly patients and younger patients after MT for AIS. The pooled results showed that elderly patients undergoing MT were associated with higher risk of mortality and worse functional outcome. The rates of sICH in patients aged ≥80 years was found higher than those in patients aged <80 years but did not reach statistical significance. In addition, the rates of successful recanalization were found lower in patients aged ≥80 years compared with those in patients aged <80. Potential explanations for the worse functional outcome and higher rates of mortality in elderly patients treated with MT are as follows: first, the age itself was a negative independent factor for prognosis; the neurological reserve and neuroplasticity in brain tissues were decreased with age, which could delay the recovery of patients (11, 30, 31); Second, elderly patients are usually accompanied by higher rates of in-hospital complications, such as intracerebral hemorrhage and other diseases in old age (14, 16, 19, 32). Finally, successful recanalization was an influential factor for achieving favorable function outcome, particularly in elderly patients (21). In this meta-analysis, elderly patients had lower rates of successful recanalization in comparison with younger patients; one possible reason is that elderly patients usually have increased vessel tortuosity, which may decrease the effectiveness of thrombectomy device. The trend toward higher rates of sICH in elderly patients can be caused by a high incidence of vascular sclerosis, hypertension, and other vascular diseases in elderly patients. Furthermore, elderly patients often have a higher prevalence of leukoaraiosis, which may be associated with the increased risk of sICH (33, 34).

According to the pooled data of our meta-analysis, no significant difference was found in mean baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score (17.0 vs. 15.9), onset to groin puncture time (257.6 vs. 271.3), and groin puncture to recanalization time (54.7 vs. 54.8) between elderly patients and younger patients. In addition, we conducted a subgroup analysis according to the publication years (Supplemental Table 2). The results indicated that in comparison with those studies published between 2014 and 2016, elderly patients undergoing MT had lower rates of sICH and mortality and were more prone to achieve favorable functional outcomes at 90 days and successful recanalization in studies published between 2017 and 2019. We presumed that the technology advances in endovascular intervention and more perfect nursing measurement might be the reasons to improve the prognosis in elderly patients. However, we cannot perform further analysis to confirm our presumption because relevant data such as how the peri-interventional management and surgical process took place are not available. Further studies should be conducted to explore this issue and pay attention to what kind of postoperative management is better for the elderly population. In addition, several limitations of this study should be noted. First, all studies included in this meta-analysis were retrospective, which could introduce the risk of selection bias. Second, there were also variations on the mode of anesthesia, concomitant use of thrombolytic therapy, stroke subtype, and etiology of stroke across the 16 eligible studies, all of which could affect the outcomes of patients undergoing MT. Owing to the lack of data from some studies, it was impossible to perform further analysis according to these inconsistent data. Third, patients with lower premorbid mRS are more likely to benefit from MT, whereas this information is not available in most studies and the pooled results of our meta-analysis cannot be adjusted according to it. Finally, publication bias could also affect the clinical outcomes between elderly patients and younger patients because more experienced centers or centers with better results in treating elderly patients with AIS are more likely to report their results. However, funnel plots indicate that no significant publication bias was found among the 16 studies.

Conclusion

Our meta-analysis is based on 16 retrospective studies totally enrolling 3,954 patients, which indicated that patients aged ≥ 80 years undergoing MT were associated with higher risk of mortality and worse functional outcome. In addition, patients aged ≥ 80 years after MT had lower probability of achieving successful recanalization and a trend of higher rates of sICH than patients aged < 80 years. Additional prospective and randomized studies are necessary to focus on how to improve the rates of successful recanalization in elderly patients with AIS and determine what kind of postoperative management and technology of endovascular intervention are better for elderly patients being considered for MT.

Data Availability Statement

The datasets generated for this study are available on request to the corresponding author.

Author Contributions

WZ and XY contributed to literature search, data analysis, and drafting and revision of the manuscript. PM and PZ contributed to data collection and crafting and revision of the tables and figures.

Funding

This present study was supported by Henan Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology (Grant No. HNSJXIF-2018-007).

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Supplementary Material

The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2019.01355/full#supplementary-material

References

1. GBD 2016 Neurology Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol. (2019) 18:459–80. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30499-X

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

2. Li Z, Jiang Y, Li H, Xian Y, Wang Y. China's response to the rising stroke burden. BMJ. (2019) 364:l879. doi: 10.1136/bmj.l879

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

3. Broderick JP, Palesch YY, Demchuk AM, Yeatts SD, Khatri P, Hill MD, et al. Endovascular therapy after intravenous t-PA versus t-PA alone for stroke. N Engl J Med. (2013) 368:893–903. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1214300

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

4. Ciccone A, Valvassori L, Nichelatti M, Sgoifo A, Ponzio M, Sterzi R, et al. Endovascular treatment for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. (2013) 368:904–13. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1213701

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

5. Kidwell CS, Jahan R, Gornbein J, Alger JR, Nenov V, Ajani Z, et al. A trial of imaging selection and endovascular treatment for ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. (2013) 368:914–23. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1212793

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

6. Jovin TG, Chamorro A, Cobo E, de Miquel MA, Molina CA, Rovira A, et al. Thrombectomy within 8 hours after symptom onset in ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. (2015) 372:2296–306. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1503780

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

7. Saver JL, Goyal M, Bonafe A, Diener HC, Levy EI, Pereira VM, et al. Stent-retriever thrombectomy after intravenous t-PA vs. t-PA alone in stroke. N Engl J Med. (2015) 372:2285–95. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1415061

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

8. Campbell BC, Mitchell PJ, Kleinig TJ, Dewey HM, Churilov L, Yassi N, et al. Endovascular therapy for ischemic stroke with perfusion-imaging selection. N Engl J Med. (2015) 372:1009–18. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1414792

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

9. Goyal M, Demchuk AM, Menon BK, Eesa M, Rempel JL, Thornton J, et al. Randomized assessment of rapid endovascular treatment of ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. (2015) 372:1019–30. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1414905

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

10. Berkhemer OA, Fransen PS, Beumer D, van den Berg LA, Lingsma HF, Yoo AJ, et al. A randomized trial of intraarterial treatment for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. (2015) 372:11–20. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1411587

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

11. Goyal M, Menon BK, Van Zwam WH, Dippel DWJ, Mitchell PJ, Demchuk AM, et al. Endovascular thrombectomy after large-vessel ischaemic stroke: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from five randomised trials. Lancet. (2016) 387:1723–31. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00163-X

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

12. Sharobeam A, Cordato DJ, Manning N, Cheung A, Wenderoth J, Cappelen-Smith C. Functional outcomes at 90 days in octogenarians undergoing thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke: a prospective cohort study and meta-analysis. Front Neurol. (2019) 10:254. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00254

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

13. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. (2009) 6:e1000097. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

14. Alawieh A, Chatterjee A, Feng W, Porto G, Vargas J, Kellogg R, et al. Thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke in the elderly: a ‘real world’ experience. J Neurointerv Surg. (2018) 10:1209–17. doi: 10.1136/neurintsurg-2018-013787

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

15. Alawieh A, Starke RM, Chatterjee AR, Turk A, De Leacy R, Rai AT, et al. Outcomes of endovascular thrombectomy in the elderly: a ‘real-world’ multicenter study. J Neurointerv Surg. (2019) 11:545–53. doi: 10.1136/neurintsurg-2018-014289

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

16. Azkune Calle I, Bocos Portillo J, Anton-Ladislao A, Gil Garcia A, Gonzalez Diaz E, Gomez-Beldarrain M, et al. Clinical outcome of mechanical thrombectomy for stroke in the elderly. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. (2017) 26:582–8. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.11.117

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

17. Broussalis E, Weymayr F, Hitzl W, Unterrainer AF, Trinka E, Killer M. Endovascular mechanical recanalization of acute ischaemic stroke in octogenarians. Eur Radiol. (2016) 26:1742–50. doi: 10.1007/s00330-015-3969-8.

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

18. Castonguay AC, Zaidat OO, Novakovic R, Nguyen TN, Taqi MA, Gupta R, et al. Influence of age on clinical and revascularization outcomes in the North American Solitaire Stent-Retriever Acute Stroke Registry. Stroke. (2014) 45:3631–6. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.006487

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

19. Cohen JE, Gomori JM, Leker RR. Stent retriever-based thrombectomy in octogenarians. Interv Neurol. (2016) 5:111–7. doi: 10.1159/000446795

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

20. Figueiredo S, Carvalho A, Rodrigues M, Cunha A, Paredes L, Costa H, et al. Endovascular stroke treatment of patients over 80 years old: cumulative evidence from the “Real World”. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. (2017) 26:2949–53. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.07.020

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

21. Imahori T, Tanaka K, Arai A, Shiomi R, Fujiwara D, Mori T, et al. Mechanical thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke patients aged 80 years or older. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. (2017) 26:2793–9. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.06.060

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

22. Karhi S, Nerg O, Miettinen T, Mäkipaakkanen E, Taina M, Manninen H, et al. Mechanical thrombectomy of large artery occlusion is beneficial in octogenarians. In Vivo. (2018) 32:1223–30. doi: 10.21873/invivo.11368

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

23. Son S, Kang DH, Hwang YH, Kim YS, Kim YW. Efficacy, safety, and clinical outcome of modern mechanical thrombectomy in elderly patients with acute ischemic stroke. Acta Neurochir. (2017) 159:1663–9. doi: 10.1007/s00701-017-3269-y

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

24. Tajima Y, Hayasaka M, Ebihara K, Kawauchi D, Suda S. Thrombectomy in octogenarians in the era of stent retriever: is an age limit necessary? J Neuroendovasc Therapy. (2017) 11:563–9. doi: 10.5797/jnet.oa.2017-0031

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

25. Parrilla G, Carreón E, Zamarro J, Espinosa de Rueda M, García-Villalba B, Marín F, et al. Recanalization and mortality rates of thrombectomy with stent-retrievers in octogenarian patients with acute ischemic stroke. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. (2014) 38:288–94. doi: 10.1007/s00270-014-0920-3

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

26. Koizumi S, Ota T, Shigeta K, Amano T, Ueda M, Matsumaru Y, et al. Onset to reperfusion time was not important in mechanical thrombectomy for elderly patients: a retrospective multicenter study in Tama Area, Tokyo. Cerebrovasc Dis. (2018) 46:89–96. doi: 10.1159/000492867

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

27. Sallustio F, Koch G, Motta C, Diomedi M, Alemseged F, D'Agostino VC, et al. Efficacy and safety of mechanical thrombectomy in older adults with acute ischemic stoke. J Am Geriatr Soc. (2017) 65:1816–20. doi: 10.1111/jgs.14909

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

28. Kleine JF, Boeckh-Behrens T, Prothmann S, Zimmer C, Liebig T. Discrepancy between early neurological course and mid-term outcome in older stroke patients after mechanical thrombectomy. J Neurointerv Surg. (2016) 8:671–6. doi: 10.1136/neurintsurg-2015-011702

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

29. Hilditch CA, Nicholson P, Murad MH, Rabinstein A, Schaafsma J, Pikula A, et al. Endovascular management of acute stroke in the elderly: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. (2018) 39:887–91. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A5598

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

30. Chandra RV, Leslie-Mazwi TM, Oh DC, Chaudhry ZA, Mehta BP, Rost NS, et al. Elderly patients are at higher risk for poor outcomes after intra-arterial therapy. Stroke. (2012) 43:2356–61. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.650713

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

31. Di Carlo A, Lamassa M, Pracucci G, Basile AM, Trefoloni G, Vanni P, et al. Stroke in the very old: clinical presentation and determinants of 3-month functional outcome: a European perspective. European BIOMED Study of Stroke Care Group. Stroke. (1999) 30:2313–9.

PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar

32. Denti L, Scoditti U, Tonelli C, Saccavini M, Caminiti C, Valcavi R, et al. The poor outcome of ischemic stroke in very old people: a cohort study of its determinants. J Am Geriatr Soc. (2010) 58:12–7. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02616.x

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

33. Kongbunkiat K, Wilson D, Kasemsap N, Tiamkao S, Jichi F, Palumbo V, et al. Leukoaraiosis, intracerebral hemorrhage, and functional outcome after acute stroke thrombolysis. Neurology. (2017) 88:638–45. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000003605

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

34. Shi ZS, Loh Y, Liebeskind DS, Saver JL, Gonzalez NR, Tateshima S, et al. Leukoaraiosis predicts parenchymal hematoma after mechanical thrombectomy in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. (2012) 43:1806–11. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.649152

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar