Dayan Kessler Knox
Esther L. Sabban
Shigeru Morinobu- 1Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, NJ, United States
- 2New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
- 3Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
Editorial on the Research Topic
Examining Mechanisms via Which Traumatic Stress Leads to Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Using Animal Models: Advantages, Pitfalls, and Future Directions
Animal models of psychiatric disorders are powerful research tools that allow for the identification of circuits, molecular processes, and behavioral mechanisms through which psychiatric disorders manifest. These models are particularly powerful when they are used to identify how neurobiological phenomena contribute to specific symptoms within a psychiatric disorder (Insel and Landis, 2013).
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating mental health disorder which has a tremendous economic burden associated with it (Kessler et al., 1995, 2005; Kessler, 2000; APA, 2016). A better understanding of PTSD represents a core research interest for clinicians and basic scientists worldwide. In this regard, animal models can provide a, “basic framework,” for how aberrant circuit, molecular, and behavioral processes contribute to specific PTSD symptoms.
In this Research Topic, “Examining mechanisms via which traumatic stress leads to post traumatic stress disorder using animal models: advantages, pitfalls, and future directions,” a group of established stress researchers describes experiments that examine critical and relevant topics to PTSD. These include lateralized stress effects on medial prefrontal cortical (mPFC) modulation of emotion regulation (Canto-de-Souza et al.), stress effects on phase coupling between the mPFC and BLA (Wang et al.), transcriptome and epigenetic phenomena that are sensitive to traumatic stress (Ding et al.; Nwokafor et al.), social boding as a buffer against traumatic stress effects (Lee et al.), and sex differences in reactivity to traumatic stress (Knox et al.; Nahvi et al.; Zoladz et al.).
Using animal models to examine core PTSD does not come without challenges. Perhaps one of the greatest challenges for the field of traumatic stress research concerns differences in susceptibility to traumatic stress between female and male organisms. Virtually all animal models of PTSD fall short of advancing the field in this regard, as the susceptibility to traumatic stress that is observed in female humans is not typically recapitulated (if at all) in PTSD animal models. Three of the articles in this Research Topic address this (Knox et al.; Nahvi et al.; Zoladz et al.), but questions remain. Do the models need to be adjusted in order to observe effects? Do different stress models need to be utilized in males vs. female organisms? Do different behavioral tests need to be used in male vs. female organisms in order to better capture how traumatic stress leads to effects in males vs. females? A major push of future traumatic stress research should be to better explain sex differences in traumatic stress sensitivity as it pertains to PTSD.
Author Contributions
All authors listed have made a substantial, direct, and intellectual contribution to the work and approved it for publication.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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References
APA (2016). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Insel, T. R., and Landis, S. C. (2013). Twenty-five years of progress: the view from NIMH and NINDS. Neuron 80, 561–567. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.09.041
Kessler, R. C. (2000). Posttraumatic stress disorder: the burden to the individual and to society. J. Clin. Psychiatry 61, 4–12. Available online at: https://www.psychiatrist.com/jcp/trauma/ptsd/posttraumatic-stress-disorder- burden-individual-society/
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., and Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 62, 593–602. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593
Keywords: post-traumatic stress disorder, fear, extinction, transcriptome, epigenetics, neuropeptide Y, anxiety, arousal
Citation: Knox DK, Sabban EL and Morinobu S (2022) Editorial: Examining Mechanisms via Which Traumatic Stress Leads to Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Using Animal Models: Advantages, Pitfalls, and Future Directions. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 16:966147. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.966147
Received: 10 June 2022; Accepted: 13 June 2022;
Published: 04 July 2022.
Edited and reviewed by: Nuno Sousa, University of Minho, Portugal
Copyright © 2022 Knox, Sabban and Morinobu. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Dayan Kessler Knox, dayank@udel.edu