Microbial Community, Fermentation Quality, and in vitro Degradability of Ensiling Caragana With Lactic Acid Bacteria and Rice Bran

This study aimed to assess the effects of microbial inoculants and growth stage on fermentation quality, microbial community, and in vitro degradability of Caragana silage from different varieties. Caragana intermedia (CI) and Caragana korshinskii (CK) harvested at the budding (BU) and blooming (BL) stages were used as raw materials to prepare silage, respectively. The silages at each growth stage were treated for ensiling alone (control), with 5% rice bran (RB), a combination of RB with commercial Lactobacillus plantarum (RB + LP), and a combination of RB with a selected strain Lactobacillus plantarum L694 (RB + L694). The results showed that the crude protein (CP) content of CI was higher than that of CK, and delay in harvest resulted in greater CP content in Caragana at BL stage. After 60 days of fermentation, the concentrations of lactic acid (LA) in the RB + L694 treatments were higher than those in control treatments (p < 0.05), while the pH, concentrations of NH₃-N, neutral detergent fiber with the addition of α-amylase (aNDF) were lower than those in control treatments (p < 0.05). RB + L694 treatments could decrease acid detergent fiber (ADF) content except in CIBL. In CK silages, adding RB + L694 could reduce bacterial diversity and richness (p < 0.05). Compared with the control, RB + L694 treatment contained higher Lactobacillus and Enterobacter (p < 0.05). In vitro NDF and DM degradability (IVNDFD and IVDMD) was mostly affected by growth period, and additive RB + l694 treatment had higher IVDMD and lower IVNDFD than other treatments (p < 0.05). Consequently, the varieties, growth stages, and additives could influence the fermentation process, while the blooming stage should be selected in both Caragana. Furthermore, the results showed that RB and L. plantarum could exert a positive effect on fermentation quality of Caragana silage by shifting bacterial community composition, and RB + L694 treatments outperformed other additives.

Introduction

Caragana is a legume shrub that grows well in arid and semi-arid soils. It can be widely used to control desertification and provide ecological protection (Zhang et al., 2015). However, the overgrowth of Caragana may reduce the diversity of plant species and affect the ecological environment (Yang and Liu, 2019). Therefore, it is necessary to manage and effectively use Caragana to reduce species competition and enhance the stability of the ecosystem.

Caragana intermedia (CI) and Caragana korshinskii (CK) are the common cultivars in some arid regions of the world, including China. Both shrubs belong to the legume Caragana genus, and the fresh branches and leaves contain high-protein content and nutritional value, which can contribute to livestock production (Wang et al., 2021). Generally, the nutrient and palatability of Caragana are easily affected by the growth stage and the processing methods (Wang et al., 2020). Woody plants can accumulate large amounts of biomass, but the harvesting time is seasonally restricted. The natural drying process will cause nutrient loss, increase the lignin content, and reduce palatability. Therefore, silage is considered an alternative preparation and storage method that can be used as a convenient way to preserve woody forage and alleviate the problem of feed shortage in arid areas (Cai et al., 2020).

Generally, due to the low fermentation substrate of legumes, it is difficult to prepare woody plants naturally for obtaining high-quality silage (Cai et al., 2020). Ensiling shrub with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and high sugar agricultural by-products may be an effective way to solve the fermentation problem. As a woody plant, Broussonetia papyrifera has high-protein content and nutritional value, which is similar to Caragana. Recent studies have shown that inoculated with LAB and molasses can improve the fermentation quality of Broussonetia papyrifera silage, change the microbial community structure, and reduce the number of harmful microorganisms (Basso et al., 2018; Du et al., 2021). Rice bran is refined to produce white rice and is also a cheap livestock feed (Shi et al., 2015). The previous study has shown that rice bran contains sugar, which can promote the growth of LAB and accelerate the fermentation of LA (Ono et al., 2014; He et al., 2020).

During ensiling, a regular succession of microbial communities occurs in the aerobic and anaerobic stages (Tao et al., 2020). For better understanding the fermentation process of ensiled, it is necessary to profile the bacterial communities (Dong et al., 2020; Ren et al., 2021). Recently, next-generation sequencing (NGS) has been widely used to study microbial communities in silage (Li et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2017). The 16S rRNA (SSU rRNA) gene is regarded as the most widely used biomarker because it is present in the genomes of all bacteria (Grutzke et al., 2019).

The limitations of legume silage include low content of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) and high buffering capacity, which can result in a poor fermentation quality and nutrient loss of silage (Nkosi et al., 2016). This issue may be addressed by adding LAB and rice bran to increase WSC content and improve fermentability. Aerobic stability is an index to evaluate the difficulty of aerobic deterioration of silage. Poor aerobic stability caused dry matter (DM) and economic losses and decreased the nutrition of silages (Ferrero et al., 2019).

We hypothesized that the microbial community, fermentation quality, and in vitro degradability of Caragana silage could be improved by adding LAB and rice bran. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the microbial community, silage fermentation, aerobic stability, and in vitro degradability of Caragana prepared with LAB and rice bran.

Materials and Methods

Materials and Silage Making

Caragana intermedia (CI) and Caragana korshinskii (CK) used in this experiment were planted in 2014 in an experiment field (107° E, 37° N, Yanchi, China), which was harvested at the budding stage (BU) on April 17, 2019, and the blooming stage (BL) on June 25, 2019. Both fresh shrubs were harvested from three randomly selected locations within the field as three repetitions, using hand clippers (400–700, Jingmei Linglang Trading Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China) and leaving a stubble of 10 cm above ground.

After the cutting, the raw shrub was broken and kneaded into a slice less than 1 mm, using a kneading machine (RC-400, QuFuZhiZao Conveyor Co., Ltd., Shandong, China). The fresh shrubs were adjusted to a DM content of about 40% by adding water and then treated without additive (control) and with 5% rice bran (RB), 5% RB plus commercial LAB (Lactobacillus plantarum LP) inoculant (RB + LP), and 5% RB plus a selected strain Lactobacillus plantarum L694 (RB + L694).

The proportions of crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat, and water-soluble carbohydrates in RB are 12.8, 5.7, 16.5, and 8.58% DM, respectively, which were derived from a by-product of rice production, provided by a local feed company, and 5% of the fresh material was used for mixing with shrub samples. Strain L694 was isolated from high-moisture corn silage, which could grow under low pH conditions and produce more LA in the silage environment, provided by Sichuan Agricultural University. Strain L694 was cultured in MRS agar (HB0384, Hope Bio-Technology Co., Ltd., Qingdao, China) for 24 h for silage preparation. The plate counting method was used to determine the number of viable bacteria. The final addition amount was 3 × 10⁵ colony-forming unit (CFU)/g of fresh weight and mixed evenly with Caragana sample. The commercial LAB was mixed with sterile water at an added amount of 3 × 10⁵ CFU/g of fresh weight and uniformly sprayed on the Caragana sample. Silages were prepared with a laboratory-scale fermentation system with bag silos, which weigh 500 g of fresh material and then pack it into a polyethylene bag (270 mm × 300 mm; Embossed Food saver bag Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China) with a one-way exhaust valve. A vacuum packaging machine (DZ-400, Shandong Zhucheng Yizhong Machinery Co., Ltd., Zhucheng, China) was used to vacuum compress and seal the bag. There were 48 bag silos with three replicates of silage per treatment stored at room temperature (24°C–26°C) for 60 days.

Quality Analysis of Silage

The bag silos were opened on Day 60 after ensiling. 10 g silage samples were diluted with 90 ml of distilled water, filtered with four layers of cheesecloth, and stored in a refrigerator at 4 °C for 24 h. The supernatant was then measured for pH using a calibrated pH meter (PHS-3G, Mettler Toledo, Zurich, Switzerland). Before analyzing ammonia nitrogen and organic acid, a subsample of the supernatant was centrifuged at 2,500 rpm for 10 min and passed through a 0.22-μm microporous filter. The ammonia nitrogen content was analyzed according to the procedure of Broderick and Kang (1980). Organic acid was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (KC-811 column, Shodex; Shimadzu: Japan; oven temperature 50°C; flow rate: 1 ml/min; SPD: 210 nm) as described by Tian et al. (2014).

The materials and silage samples of CI and CK were dried in a forced air oven at 105°C for 15 min and turn down to 65 °C immediately. After drying for 48 h, it was milled and passed through a 1-mm screen and then heated to 105°C until their weight was constant for the analyzed dry matter (DM). The crude protein (CP) was calculated by multiplying 6.25 with the content of nitrogen (N), which was determined using the Kjeldahl apparatus (K-360, BUCHI laboratory equipment trade Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China). NH₃-N content was determined by the phenol-sodium hypochlorite colorimetric method (Sekerka and Lechner, 1974).

Neutral detergent fiber with the addition of α-amylase (aNDF), acid detergent fiber in organic matter (ADF), and acid detergent lignin (ADL) were determined according to the methods of Van Soest et al. (1991) using an ANKOM A2000i fiber analyzer (A2000i, ANKOM Technology, New York, United States). Water-soluble carbohydrates were determined by anthrone-sulfuric acid colorimetry (Murphy, 1958).

Aerobic Stability Analysis

After 60 d of ensiling, the silages with three replicates per treatment were placed in a new polyethylene bag (270 mm × 300 mm; Embossed Food saver bag; Changyang, Chengdu, China) and stored at room temperature (24∼26°C), and each bag was portioned 500 g silages. A HOBO Pendant Temperature Data Logger (Onset Ltd., Massachusetts, United States) was put and punctured holes in the geometric center of the polyethylene bag that recorded the temperature every 30 min for each bag. Another temperature data logger was placed in the room to record room temperature. The silage was considered to have deteriorated when the silage temperature was 2°C more than the room temperature.

Bacterial Community of Caragana

The microbial total DNA extraction was performed according to the method of Zheng et al. (2017). Twenty grams of sample was collected, mixed with 80 ml of sterile water, and stirred at 120 rpm and 4°C for 2 h. The samples were filtered through two layers of sterile gauze and then centrifuged at 10,000 × g for 15 min at 4°C.

The DNA of silage was extracted by the FastDNA SPIN for Soil Kit (MP Biomedicals, Solon, United States). The final DNA concentration and purification were determined by NanoDrop 2000 UV-vis spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Wilmington, United States), and DNA quality was checked by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis. The V3–V4 hypervariable regions of the bacteria 16S rRNA gene were amplified with primers 338F (5′- ACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAG-3′) and 806R (5′-GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3′) by thermocycler PCR system (GeneAmp 9700, ABI, United States).

The PCR reactions were conducted using the following program: 3 min of denaturation at 95°C, 27 cycles of 30 s at 95°C, 30 s for annealing at 55°C, and 45 s for elongation at 72°C, and a final extension at 72°C for 10 min. PCR reactions were performed in triplicate 20 μL mixture containing 4 μL of 5 × FastPfu Buffer, 2 μL of 2.5 mM dNTPs, 0.8 μL of each primer (5 μM), 0.4 μL of FastPfu Polymerase, and 10 ng of template DNA. The resulted PCR products were extracted from a 2% agarose gel and further purified using the AxyPrep DNA Gel Extraction Kit (Axygen Biosciences, Union City, CA, United States) and quantified using QuantiFluor™-ST (Promega, United States) according to the manufacturer’s protocol.

The reads less than 50 bp were discarding to obtained clean reads, which were clustered at the similarity of 97% into operational taxonomic units (OTUs) to investigate species diversity of all the samples by Uparse software. The OTUs were annotated by the Silva (SSU123) to obtain the composition of each sample. Alpha diversity analysis was performed using the Mothur software platform. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed and plotted in R software (version 3.5.1).

In vitro Digestibility

The in vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDMD) and NDF (IVNDFD) were measured according to Tian et al. (2014). Dried and ground silage samples (1 g, milled through a 1.0 mm screen) were incubated in the pepsin-hydrochloric acid solution for 16 h, followed by hydrolysis with a pH 4.6 cellulase–acetate buffer for 48 h, then inactivated at 90°C for 30 min, and washed with distilled water. After dried at 105°C to constant weight, the residue was weighted, and IVDMD was calculated. The content of NDF in the residue of enzymatic hydrolysis was determined, and IVNDFD was then calculated.

Statistical Analysis

Data on chemical composition, fermentation characteristics, alpha diversity, and in vitro degradability were analyzed via a 2 × 4 × 4 factorial design according to the model: Yijk = μ + Vi + Gj + Ak + (V × G)ij + (V × A)ik + (G × A)jk + (V × G × A)ijk + eijk, where Yij = observation; μ = overall mean; Vi = effect of varieties (i = 1,2); Gj = effect of growth stages (j = 1, 2); Ak = effect of additives (k = 1, 2, 3, 4); (V × G)ij = effect of interaction between varieties and growth stages; (V × A)ik = effect of interaction between varieties and additives; (G × A)jk = effect of interaction between growth stages and additives; (V × G × A)ijk = effect of interaction between varieties, stages, and additives, and eijk was the residual error. The model includes two varieties, two growth stages, four additives, and their interactions. Tukey’s HSD was used for multiple comparisons with difference declared significant at p < 0.05.

Results

Chemical Composition of Fresh Caragana Before Ensiling

Chemical composition of fresh Caragana before ensiling is shown in Table 1. The NDF content was affected by varieties, growth stage, and their interactions (p < 0.05). The CK had higher NDF and ADF than CI (p < 0.05), whereas CI contained higher CP than CK (p < 0.05). The fiber, CP, and WSC concentrations at the blooming stage were higher than those at the budding stage (P < 0.05).

TABLE 1

Table 1. Chemical composition of fresh Caragana before ensiling (n = 3).

Fermentation Characteristics of Caragana Silage

The fermentative changes in pH of silage are shown in Figure 1. The pH of CIBU silages treated with RB + L694 was lower than other treatments in the whole silage process (p < 0.05), which was 4.58 on Day 5 decreased to 4.1 at the end of ensiling. Although the pH of RB treatment group was not different from that of control group on Day 45 (p > 0.05), the pH value for the rest of the time was significantly higher than that of control group (p < 0.05). In CIBL, the initial pH value of RB + L694 treatment was 4.13, and the final pH value decreased to 3.98; furthermore, the pH of the whole silage process was significantly lower than other treatment groups (p < 0.05). In CKBU, pH of the whole ensiling stage in all treatment groups was lower than that in control group (p < 0.05). On Day 30, pH in all treatment groups decreased to 4.5 and remained at the lower level until Day 60; RB + L694 and RB treatments had the lowest final pH, which was 4.06 and 4.07. In CKBL, the RB + L694 treatment group had the lowest pH (p < 0.05) on Day 60, which was 3.91. In addition, during ensiling treated with CIBL and CKBL silages, pH further reduced was observed after 30 days, whereas treated with CIBU and CKBU silages pH was unchanged.

FIGURE 1

Figure 1. pH dynamics of Caragana intermedia (CI) and Caragana korshinskii (CK) silages at the budding (BU) and blooming stages (BL) during ensiling. RB, 5% rice bran; LP, commercial inoculant strain Lactobacillus plantarum; L694, a selected strain Lactobacillus (n = 3).

The fermentative changes in NH₃-N of silage are shown in Figure 2. The initial NH₃-N content in CIBU was all below 0.04 g/kg of total nitrogen (TN). On Day 60 of ensiling, the NH₃-N of the RB + L694 treatment group was 0.076 g/kg TN, which was lower than that of the other treatments (p < 0.05). In CIBL, the NH₃-N of the RB treatment group increased rapidly from Days 10 to 30, from 0.021 to 0.059 g/kg TN, which was higher than that of the control group (p < 0.05). The NH₃-N of RB + L694 on Days 45 and 60 was lower than that of other treatments (p < 0.05), which was 0.032 and 0.047 g/kg TN, respectively. In CKBU, the increasing trend of NH₃-N in different treatment groups was relatively slow in the first 45 days. While on Day 60, the NH₃-N in RB treatment group and RB + L694 group was lower than that in the control group (p < 0.05), 0.10 and 0.13 g/kg TN, respectively. There was no difference between RB + LP treatment group and control group (p > 0.05). The CKBL group was similar to the CIBL group, with a slower increase on days 5–10. On Day 60, the NH₃-N of RB + L694 was 0.06 g/kg TN, which was lower than that of other treatments (p < 0.05). In addition, the NH₃-N contents tardily increased in the first 10–30 days during ensiling and then peaked after 60 days.

FIGURE 2

Figure 2. NH₃-N dynamics of Caragana intermedia (CI) and Caragana korshinskii (CK) silages at the budding (BU) and blooming stages (BL) during ensiling. RB, 5% rice bran; LP, commercial inoculant strain Lactobacillus plantarum; L694, a selected strain Lactobacillus (n = 3).

As shown in Table 2, the lactic acid (LA), acetic acid (AA), and LA/AA contents were mainly affected by interaction between varieties, growth stage, and additives (p < 0.01). LA content in additive treatments was significantly higher than control group (p < 0.05). RB + L694 treatments significantly reduced AA content and increased LA/AA content (p < 0.05), compared with other treatment groups. The varieties × growth stage and varieties × additives had effects on propionic acid (PA) content. In CIBU, additives had no significant effect (p > 0.05).

TABLE 2

Table 2. Fermentation quality, IVDMD, and IVDFD of Caragana silages prepared without and with RB and LAB at different growth stages (n = 3).

The aerobic stability in CIBL and CKBL, and additive treatment group was significantly higher than that of control group (p < 0.05), and RB + L694 treatment group was the highest (p < 0.05). The use of additives in CKBU can reduce its aerobic stability (p < 0.05), while BU stage had higher aerobic stability than that of BL stage (p < 0.05).

Alpha Diversity of Caragana Silage

As shown in Table 3, the alpha diversity changed with varieties, growth stage, and additives. All samples had relatively high coverage (> 0.99). Both Shannon index and Simpson index were affected interactively by variety, growth period, and additives (P < 0.01). The varieties and additives affected interactively the indexes of Ace and Chao1 (P < 0.01). In addition, the indexes of Shannon, Ace, and Chao1 in additive treatment were higher than those in control treatment (P < 0.01). The index of Simpson in additive treatment was lower than that in control treatment (P < 0.01).

TABLE 3

Table 3. Analysis of alpha diversity of Caragana silage after ensiling (n = 3).

Principal Component Analysis of Caragana Silage

As shown in Figure 3, all fresh materials were grouped into a single category and were far away from the samples of other treatment groups. In CIBL, RB + LP silage aggregation was in the second quadrant, the distance within the group was relatively close, and the control group is clustered into one category. In CIBU, RB and RB + LP silages were clustered into one group, while control and RB + L694 silages were clustered into one group. The samples in the two groups were close to each other, and there was little difference in species diversity. In CKBL, RB + LP, and RB + L694 were clustered into two different separate groups, and one single sample in RB treatment was far away from the other two samples, and there were great differences in species diversity. Similar to CKBL, RB + LP, and RB + L694 silages in CKBU were grouped separately, while the distance between control and RB samples was large.

FIGURE 3

Figure 3. PCA analysis of OTU level for Caragana intermedia (CI) and Caragana korshinskii (CK) silages at the budding (BU) and blooming stages (BL) after 60 days of ensiling. RB, 5% rice bran; LP, commercial inoculant strain Lactobacillus plantarum; L694, a selected strain Lactobacillus (n = 3).

Bacterial Composition Analysis of Caragana Silage

The fresh Caragana and silage had mainly five phyla and 18 genera (Figures 4–6). Proteobacteria were the main phylum in fresh Caragana, with 57.24% of abundance, while the most dominant phylum (p < 0.05) in Caragana silages was Firmicutes (50.09–98.99%). For CIBU, Pantoea were dominant in fresh Caragana (14.41%) (p < 0.05), and Lactobacillus was the most predominant epiphytic bacteria (p < 0.05) in RB + L694 and control silages, which was 92.34 and 89.26%, respectively. Enterococcus (39.44%) was the main bacteria in RB + LP silages. For CKBU, Sphingomonas (11.83%) and Hymenobacter (14.69%) were dominant in the fresh Caragana. The dominant bacteria of RB + L694 silage were Lactobacillus, with a relative abundance of 91.88%, significantly higher than that of the control group (p < 0.05). For CIBL, fresh Caragana has the most relative abundance (p < 0.05) of Sphingomonas (22.54%), same as CIBU silages. Lactobacillus (44.35%) was the predominant epiphytic bacteria in RB + L694, followed by Pseudomonas (16.75%) and Enterococcus (9.76%). Lactobacillus (77.24%) was dominant in RB + LP silage. For CKBL, Rhodococcus (13.72%) was dominant in the fresh Caragana. RB + L694 had the most relative abundance (p < 0.05) of Lactobacillus, which was 98.88%. In RB + LP silage, it also appeared Enterococcus (10.44%), Acetobacter (10.77%), and Pediococcus (9.24%). At the genus level (Figures 5, 6), the most dominant bacterial genus (p < 0.05) in the blooming stage silages was Lactobacillus, with more than 40% of abundance. However, Enterococcus was the most dominant genus (p < 0.05) in CI (9.44%) and CK (56.77%) which was treated with RB + LP, while varied microbes were observed in fresh Caragana.

FIGURE 4

Figure 4. Bacterial communities and relative abundance of Caragana materials and their silages at phylum level (n = 3).

FIGURE 5

Figure 5. Bacterial communities and relative abundance of Caragana materials and their silages at genus level (n = 3).

FIGURE 6

Figure 6. Mean proportions between bacterial communities and relative abundance of Caragana materials and their silages at phylum level and genus level (n = 3).

Chemical Composition of Caragana Silage

The chemical compositions of Caragana silage are shown in Table 4. The varieties, growth stage, varieties × growth stage, and varieties × additives had effects on CP content (p < 0.05), and additives did not affect the CP content, while influenced by the interaction of the three factors. The varieties, growth stage, additives, and their interactions affected the content of aNDF, ADF, ADL, and WSC content (p < 0.05). The concentrations of CP, fiber, and WSC of Caragana silage in the blooming stage (p < 0.05) increased, and the CP and fiber contents in C. intermedia silage were higher and lower than C. korshinskii silage, respectively. The RB and RB + L694 treatments effectively reduced the fiber content.

TABLE 4

Table 4. Chemical composition of Caragana silages prepared without and with RB and LAB at different growth stages (n = 3).

In vitro Degradability of Caragana Silage

As shown in Table 2, the IVDMD was affected by varieties, growth stage, additives, and interaction between their pairwise combinations (p < 0.01). Compared with the control group, IVDMD content in additive treatments was significantly increased (p < 0.05). CI had higher IVDMD than CK (p < 0.05), while the budding stage had higher IVDMD than the blooming stage (p < 0.05). IVNDFD was mainly affected by the interaction of growth stage and additives (p < 0.05), added RB + L694 in Caragana Silage could significantly reduce the IVNDFD of CIBL, CKBU, and CKBL, and CK had higher IVNDFD (p < 0.05) than CK.

Discussion

Chemical Composition of Fresh Caragana and Silage

The fresh Caragana had high compositions of NDF and ADF. Bai et al. (2016) reported that high CP and ash compositions are detected in Ordos C. intermedia (19.86 and 8.24%, respectively), but aNDF and ADF are different to this report and it is likely due to the difference in location, varieties, clipping time, and years of cultivation. It is confirmed that the nutritional value is changed in the different growth stages of Caragana (Chen et al., 2010). As shown in Table 4, the aNDF, ADF, ADL compositions of CIBL and CKBU were lower than CIBU and CKBL, which revealed that varieties and growth stage had an interaction on fiber contents of Caragana. The aNDF, ADF, ADL, and WSC compositions of C. intermedia were significantly lower than that of CK. The Caragana shrub generally contains higher CP, because of nitrogen fixation with rhizobia of legume (Ji et al., 2015). Caragana at the blooming growth stage contained higher WSC and CP contents than the budding growth stage, due to the accumulation of nutrients during growth process (Xie et al., 2018). Therefore, based on the above analysis, the suitable cutting time for the two varieties is the flowering period.

Low fiber contents appeared in additive groups relative to control. We attributed that the lower aNDF, ADF, and ADL content in the silage inoculated with LAB may result from fibrinolytic enzyme production by other microorganisms during silage fermentation (He et al., 2020). The use of additives had no effect on crude protein content (p > 0.05), and both RB and RB + L694 treatments could enhance the compositions of WSC, while reducing the compositions of ADF, aNDF, and ADL of Caragana silage, which is due to the carbohydrate in rice bran, provides fermentation substrates for microorganisms, thus facilitating the preservation of silage nutrients. The CIBL and CKBL silages had higher CP content and lower aNDF and ADF contents than CIBU and CKBU (p < 0.05). Thus, the suitable cutting time for two varieties is the blooming stage according to the above analysis, and the C. Intermedia harvested in the blooming stage could result in better quality silage.

Fermentation Characteristics of Caragana Silage

The decrease in pH is considered an important index to reflect the silage fermentation process, and the accumulation of NH₃-N during the ensiling process is commonly recognized as the indicator of protein degradation (Nkosi et al., 2010). The dynamics of pH and NH₃-N of Caragana silage indicate that varieties and growth stages, also rice bran and Lactobacillus, could influence the fermentation process.

The RB + L694 treatment exhibited lower pH and NH₃-N than control, which indicated good fermentation. It is challenging to make high-quality silage for legumes, and single or combined bacterial inoculants have been used to improve the silage fermentation by accelerating the production of LA to inhibit the growth of undesirable bacteria and fungi, thereby reducing the nutrition loss (Cai et al., 1998; Eikmeyer et al., 2013; Bao et al., 2016; Ogunade et al., 2017; Muck et al., 2018). Treating with RB + L694 could increase the contents of LA and LA/AA and decrease pH and NH₃-N contents compared with the control group. This suggested inoculation of commercial LP or L694 with 5% rice bran at ensiling Caragana could improve the fermentation quality of silage.

In the current experiments, silages prepared from the budding stage exhibited low fermentation quality. Due to the low WSC content of Caragana in the budding stage, the fermentation substrate was less and the fermentation was incomplete, as reflected by lower LA and higher pH. It has been proved that growth stage affects aerobic losses, which tended to increase as the plants aged (Weinberg et al., 2010). The aerobic stability of additive treatment was higher than control treatment. At the blooming stage, all treated silage had higher aerobic stability than the control, and Lactobacillus 694 had the best effect on particularly improving aerobic stability. Therefore, the CIBL had better fermentation quality, which could improve aerobic stability by plus rice bran and a selected strain L694.

The Microbial Community of Caragana Silage

The high coverage value of each sample was about 0.99, indicating that most of sequencing was detected. High bacterial richness and diversity consisted in fresh Caragana. In our study, CK at BU and BL stages treated with RB + L694 had lower Shannon index and higher Simpson index than that of control, indicating the decrease in bacterial diversity and richness. This suggests that adding rice bran to CK silage in both growth stages can provide a basis for lactobacillus fermentation (Su et al., 2021), which can then grow rapidly under anaerobic conditions.

The fermentation quality of silage is highly dependent on the epiphytic microflora because ensiling is a bacterial-driven fermentation process. Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were the dominant microorganisms in legumes before ensiling (He et al., 2020). In our study, Proteobacteria were the dominant phylum in fresh material (57.24, 37.10, 62.12, and 54.50% for CIBU, CKBL, CIBU, and CKBL, respectively). Proteobacteria are gram-negative bacteria, which will compete with LAB to utilize WSC, resulting in the decreasing CP content and the increasing NH₃-N content (Madigan, 2006). Firmicutes as gram-positive bacteria can degrade many macromolecular compounds, such as starch, protein, and cellulose (Song et al., 2015). After silage fermentation, the bacterial community mainly evolved into Firmicutes, and this may be caused by an increase in Lactobacillus and Enterococcus, both of which belong to Firmicutes. The present findings are consistent with that of Yuan et al. (2020), who proved that Firmicutes increased significantly in Napier grass silage as storage period was prolonged. After 60-days fermentation, Firmicutes were the dominant phyla and their number increased, while the number of Proteobacteria decreased, which was consistent with the report of Zhang et al. (2019). The decrease in aNDF, ADF, and NH₃-N in silage might be related to this.

In order to further investigate the bacterial community during silage fermentation of Caragana, this experiment analyzed the changes in bacterial compositions at genus level. It showed that two growth stages could change the bacterial community of fresh material. The diversity and richness of bacteria decreased in CK silages treated with RB + L694, compared to those in the control silage.

Lactobacillus was the dominant genus in Caragana silage, which plays an important role in pH reduction at the later stage of ensiling (Cai et al., 1998). Lactobacillus abundance and fermentation quality in RB + L694 silage were higher than other silage because the exogenous Lactobacillus had a greater capacity to produce LA than epiphytic LAB of fresh material (Ali et al., 2020). As a kind of cumulative anaerobic bacteria mainly producing L (+)-LA, Enterococcus plays a positive role in improving the quality of Caragana silage. In this study, RB + LP treatment increased the number of Enterococcus in CIBU, CKBU, and CKBL. This indicated that the addition of LAB in Caragana silage increased the content of LA in silage and improved the fermentation quality, which was consistent with the research results of Tohno et al. (2013). Ensiling increased Lactobacillus and Enterococcus proportion in Caragana plant silage, which may contribute to the silage fermentation process to form an acidic environment so that most microorganisms were inhibited. This is consistent with the results reported by Cai et al. (2020). Kosakonia was the dominant microbe in the mulberry leaves and stylo silage and was pathogenic bacteria. The abundance of Kosakonia was 28.87, 20.36, 23.40, 4.58, and 9.79% in RB and RB + LP treatment of CIBU, control and RB treatment of CKBU, and RB + LP treatment of CKBU, respectively. The blooming stage of Caragana silage decreased Kosakonia abundance, indicating that undesirable microorganisms were reduced at the blooming compared with the budding growth stage. Enterobacter is facultative anaerobes, which is considered undesirable bacteria in silage, especially in silage with rich protein, because it can metabolize WSC and LA to produce other products, resulting in a nutrient loss in silage (Madigan, 2006). In CIBU, CKBU, and CIBL silages, Enterobacter was existed in untreated silage and treatments with RB silage, indicating that the LAB population did not inhibit the growth and propagation of undesirable microorganisms, and the addition of RB may promote the growth of Enterobacter (Keshri et al., 2019). As plant pathogens, Pantoea was also detected in fresh soybean and alfalfa. In our study, ensiling greatly decreases undesirable microorganisms (Pantoea). Thus, adding rice bran and inoculant strain Lactobacillus gives rise to the increase in LAB proportion and inhibits the growth of harmful bacteria in Caragana silage.

In vitro Degradability of Caragana Silage

The IVDMD at the blooming stage was higher than that in the budding stage, indicating that more DM was available in the blooming stage. The higher IVDMD of CI silage may be due to their lower fiber, because of the decomposition resistance of fiber content (Jung and Allen, 1995; Zhang et al., 2015). In this study, IVNDFD (48 h) decreased significantly with the maturation of CK (p < 0.05), which was similar to previous reports (Bai et al., 2016), and this may be due to the increase in ADF content with increasing maturity. The RB, RB + LP, and RB + L694 groups increased digestibility of silages, as reflected by the increasing IVDMD. Previous studies had suggested that LAB reduced DM loss in silage, and high IVDMD was detected in silage inoculated with LAB than that without LAB (Liu et al., 2016). In this study, RB + L694 group had greater IVDMD than other treatments, because RB + L694 had better inhibitive effect on DM loss.

Conclusion

The forage growth stage has a greater impact on fermentation quality and nutritional value of silage. Growth stage had effects on chemical composition and in vitro digestibility, and the suitable cutting time for two Caragana species is the blooming stage. Rice bran and LAB inoculants increased WSC and LA concentrations of Caragana silage. L. plantarum 694, as a screening lactic acid bacterium, performed better than commercial L. plantarum on fermentation quality. In the blooming stage, RB + L694 treatments for two Caragana species could enhance the abundance of Lactobacillus and inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria such as Enterobacter in Caragana silage further improving Caragana silage fermentation. The best fermentation group was RB + L694 treatment of CIBL, and the group that ferments best was RB + LP and RB + L694 of CKBL. This study will provide the theoretical basis for the scientific and rational utilization of Caragana resources.

Data Availability Statement

The sequencing data were submitted to the NCBI Sequence Read Archive database (accession number: PRJNA815495).

Author Contributions

GZ and YC designed the experiments. HZ and HFZ ensiled the Caragana and collected the samples. JY and HZ analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript. YX and YC helped supervise the manuscript writing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Funding

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31660694) and Top Discipline Construction Project of Pratacultural Science of Ningxia University (NXYLXK2017A01). Key Research and Development Projects of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (2021BBF02034, 2021BEG02042, and 2018BEB04019).

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher’s Note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Acknowledgments

The financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China and Ningxia University is gratefully acknowledged.

References

Ali, N., Wang, S., Zhao, J., Dong, Z., Li, J., Nazar, M., et al. (2020). Microbial diversity and fermentation profile of red clover silage inoculated with reconstituted indigenous and exogenous epiphytic microbiota. Bioresour. Technol. 314:123606. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123606

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Bai, C. L., Zhao, H. P., Jia, M., and Ding, H. J. (2016). Progress on research and utilization of caragana intermedia kuang.cv.ordos. Animal Husbandry Feed Sci. 37, 39–40.

Google Scholar

Bao, W., Mi, Z., Xu, H., Zheng, Y., Kwok, L. Y., Zhang, H., et al. (2016). Assessing quality of Medicago sativa silage by monitoring bacterial composition with single molecule, real-time sequencing technology and various physiological parameters. Sci. Rep. 6:28358. doi: 10.1038/srep28358

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Basso, F. C., Rabelo, C. H. S., Lara, E. C., Siqueira, G. R., and Reis, R. A. (2018). Effects of Lactobacillus buchneri NCIMB 40788 and forage: concentrate ratio on the growth performance of finishing feedlot lambs fed maize silage. Animal Feed Sci. Technol. 244, 104–115. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.08.008

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Broderick, G. A., and Kang, J. H. (1980). Automated simultaneous determination of ammonia and total amino acids in ruminal fluid and in vitro media1. J. Dairy Sci. 63, 64–75. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(80)82888-8

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Cai, Y. M., Benno, Y., Ogawa, M., Ohmomo, S., Kumai, S., and Nakase, T. (1998). Influence of Lactobacillus spp. from an inoculant and of weissella and Leuconostoc spp. from forage crops on silage fermentation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64, 2982–2987. doi: 10.1128/AEM.64.8.2982-2987.1998

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Cai, Y. M., Du, Z. M., Yamasaki, S., Nguluve, D., Tinga, B., Macome, F., et al. (2020). Community of natural lactic acid bacteria and silage fermentation of corn stover and sugarcane tops in Africa. Asian-Australasian J. Animal Sci. 33, 1252–1264. doi: 10.5713/ajas.19.0348

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Chen, X.-H., Gao, Y.-B., Zhao, T.-T., Zhu, M.-J., Ci, H.-C., and Xiao-yan, S. (2010). Morphological variations of Caragana microphylla populations in the Xilingol steppe and their relationship with environmental factors. Acta Ecol. Sinica 30, 50–55. doi: 10.1016/j.chnaes.2010.03.001

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Dong, L. F., Zhang, H. S., Gao, Y. H., and Diao, Q. Y. (2020). Dynamic profiles of fermentation characteristics and bacterial community composition of Broussonetia papyrifera ensiled with perennial ryegrass. Bioresour. Technol. 310:123396. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123396

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Du, Z., Sun, L., Chen, C., Lin, J., Yang, F., and Cai, Y. (2021). Exploring microbial community structure and metabolic gene clusters during silage fermentation of paper mulberry, a high-protein woody plant. Animal Feed Sci. Technol. 275:114766. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114766

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Eikmeyer, F. G., Köfinger, P., Poschenel, A., Jünemann, S., Zakrzewski, M., Heinl, S., et al. (2013). Metagenome analyses reveal the influence of the inoculant Lactobacillus buchneri CD034 on the microbial community involved in grass ensiling. J. Biotechnol. 167, 334–343. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.07.021

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Ferrero, F., Tabacco, E., and Borreani, G. (2019). Effects of a mixture of monopropionine and monobutyrin on the fermentation quality and aerobic stability of whole crop maize silage. Animal Feed Sci. Technol. 258:114319. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.114319

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Grutzke, J., Malorny, B., Hammeri, J. A., Busch, A., Tausch, S. H., Tomaso, H., et al. (2019). Fishing in the soup - pathogen detection in food safety using metabarcoding and metagenomic sequencing. Front. Microbiol. 10:1805. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01805

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

He, L. W., Chen, N., Lv, H. J., Wang, C., Zhou, W., Chen, X. Y., et al. (2020). Gallic acid influencing fermentation quality, nitrogen distribution and bacterial community of high-moisture mulberry leaves and stylo silage. Bioresour. Technol. 295:122255. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122255

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Ji, Z., Yan, H., Cui, Q., Wang, E., Chen, W., and Chen, W. (2015). Genetic divergence and gene flow among Mesorhizobium strains nodulating the shrub legume Caragana. Systematic Appl. Microbiol. 38, 176–183. doi: 10.1016/j.syapm.2015.02.007

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Jung, H. G., and Allen, M. S. (1995). Characteristics of plant cell walls affecting intake and digestibility of forages by ruminants. J. Anim. Sci. 73, 2774–2790. doi: 10.2527/1995.7392774x

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Keshri, J., Krouptiski, Y., Abu-Fani, L., Achmon, Y., Bauer, T. S., Zarka, O., et al. (2019). Dynamics of bacterial communities in alfalfa and mung bean sprouts during refrigerated conditions. Food Microbiol. 84:103261. doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.103261

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Li, L. H., Sun, Y. M., Yuan, Z. H., Kong, X. Y., Wao, Y., Yang, L. G., et al. (2015). Effect of microalgae supplementation on the silage quality and anaerobic digestion performance of Manyflower silvergrass. Bioresour. Technol. 189, 334–340. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.04.029

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Liu, Q.-H., Li, X.-Y., Desta, S. T., Zhang, J.-G., and Shao, T. (2016). Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum and fibrolytic enzyme on the fermentation quality and in vitro digestibility of total mixed rations silage including rape straw. J. Int. Agriculture 15, 2087–2096. doi: 10.1016/s2095-3119(15)61233-3

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Madigan, M. T. (2006). Brock Biology of Microorganisms. Hoboken, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall.

Google Scholar

Muck, R. E., Nadeau, E. M. G., McAllister, T. A., Contreras-Govea, F. E., Santos, M. C., and Kung, L. (2018). Silage review: recent advances and future uses of silage additives. J. Dairy Sci. 101, 3980–4000. doi: 10.3168/jds.2017-13839

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Murphy, R. P. (1958). A method for the extraction of plant samples and the determination of total soluble carbohydrates. J. Sci. Food Agriculture 9, 714–717. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.2740091104

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Nkosi, B. D., Meeske, R., Langa, T., Motiang, M. D., Modiba, S., Mkhize, N. R., et al. (2016). Effects of ensiling forage soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) with or without bacterial inoculants on the fermentation characteristics, aerobic stability and nutrient digestion of the silage by Damara rams. Small Ruminant Res. 134, 90–96. doi: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2015.12.001

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Nkosi, B. D., Meeske, R., van der Merwe, H. J., and Groenewald, I. B. (2010). Effects of homofermentative and heterofermentative bacterial silage inoculants on potato hash silage fermentation and digestibility in rams. Animal Feed Sci. Technol. 157, 195–200. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.03.008

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Ogunade, I. M., Jiang, Y., Kim, D. H., Cervantes, A. A. P., Arriola, K. G., Vyas, D., et al. (2017). Fate of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and bacterial diversity in corn silage contaminated with the pathogen and treated with chemical or microbial additives. J. Dairy Sci. 100, 1780–1794. doi: 10.3168/jds.2016-11745

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Ono, H., Nishio, S., Tsurii, J., Kawamoto, T., Sonomoto, K., and Nakayama, J. (2014). Monitoring of the microbiota profile in nukadoko, a naturally fermented rice bran bed for pickling vegetables. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 118, 520–525. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.04.017

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Ren, H. W., Sun, W. L., Yan, Z. H., Zhang, Y. C., Wang, Z. Y., Song, B., et al. (2021). Bioaugmentation of sweet sorghum ensiling with rumen fluid: fermentation characteristics, chemical composition, microbial community, and enzymatic digestibility of silages. J. Clean. Product. 294:126308. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126308

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Sekerka, I., and Lechner, J. F. (1974). Automated simultaneous determination of water hardness, specific conductance and pH. Anal. Lett. 7, 399–408. doi: 10.1080/00032717408058770

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Shi, C. X., Liu, Z. Y., Shi, M., Li, P., Zeng, Z. K., Liu, L., et al. (2015). Prediction of digestible and metabolizable energy content of rice bran fed to growing pigs. Asian-Australasian J. Animal Sci. 28, 654–661. doi: 10.5713/ajas.14.0507

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Song, Z., Li, W., Liu, X., and Feng, L. (2015). Diversities of firmicutes in four hot springs in yunnan and tibet. Biotechnology 25, 481–486. doi: 10.16519/j.cnki.1004-311x.2015.05.0095

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Su, W., Jiang, Z., Wang, C., Xu, B., Lu, Z., Wang, F., et al. (2021). Dynamics of defatted rice bran in physicochemical characteristics, microbiota and metabolic functions during two-stage co-fermentation. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 362:109489. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109489

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Tao, X. X., Wang, S. R., Zhao, J., Dong, Z. H., Li, J. F., Liu, Q. H., et al. (2020). Effect of ensiling alfalfa with citric acid residue on fermentation quality and aerobic stability. Animal Feed Sci. Technol. 269:114622. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114622

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Tian, J. P., Yu, Y. D., Yu, Z., Shao, T., Na, R. S., and Zhao, M. M. (2014). Effects of lactic acid bacteria inoculants and cellulase on fermentation quality and in vitro digestibility of Leymus chinensis silage. Grassland Sci. 60, 199–205. doi: 10.1111/grs.12059

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Tohno, M., Kitahara, M., Irisawa, T., Masuda, T., Uegaki, R., Ohkuma, M., et al. (2013). Lactobacillus silagei sp. nov., isolated from orchardgrass silage. Int. J. Systematic Evol. Microbiol. 63, 4613–4618. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.053124-53120

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Van Soest, P. J., Robertson, J. B., and Lewis, B. A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 74, 3583–3597. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Wang, G. H., Chen, Z. X., Shen, Y. Y., and Yang, X. L. (2021). Efficient prediction of profile mean soil water content for hillslope-scale Caragana korshinskii plantation using temporal stability analysis. Catena 206:105491. doi: 10.1016/j.catena.2021.105491

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Wang, X. Y., Zheng, W. D., Ma, Y. J., Ma, J. W., Gao, Y. M., Zhang, X. Y., et al. (2020). Gasification filter cake reduces the emissions of ammonia and enriches the concentration of phosphorous in Caragana microphylla residue compost. Bioresour. Technol. 315:123832. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123832

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Weinberg, Z. G., Khanal, P., Yildiz, C., Chen, Y., and Arieli, A. (2010). Effects of stage of maturity at harvest, wilting and LAB inoculant on aerobic stability of wheat silages. Animal Feed Sci. Technol. 158, 29–35. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.03.006

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Xie, L. N., Guo, H. Y., Chen, W. Z., Liu, Z., Gu, S., and Ma, C. C. (2018). Effects of grazing on population growth characteristics of caragana stenophylla along a climatic aridity gradient. Rangeland Ecol. Manag. 71, 98–105. doi: 10.1016/j.rama.2017.07.005

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Yang, Y., and Liu, B. R. (2019). Effects of planting Caragana shrubs on soil nutrients and stoichiometries in desert steppe of Northwest China. Catena 183:104213. doi: 10.1016/j.catena.2019.104213

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Yuan, X., Li, J., Dong, Z., and Shao, T. (2020). The reconstitution mechanism of napier grass microiota during the ensiling of alfalfa and their contributions to fermentation quality of silage. Bioresour. Technol. 297:122391. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122391

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Zhang, H., Wu, J. W., Gao, L. J., Yu, J. D., Yuan, X. F., Zhu, W. B., et al. (2017). Aerobic deterioration of corn stalk silage and its effect on methane production and microbial community dynamics in anaerobic digestion. Bioresour. Technol. 250, 828–837. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.09.149

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Zhang, L., Zhou, X. K., Gu, Q. C., Liang, M. Z., Mu, S. L., Zhou, B., et al. (2019). Analysis of the correlation between bacteria and fungi in sugarcane tops silage prior to and after aerobic exposure. Bioresour. Technol. 291:121835. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121835

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Zhang, S. J., Chaudhry, A. S., Osman, A., Shi, C. Q., Edwards, G. R., Dewhurst, R. J., et al. (2015). Associative effects of ensiling mixtures of sweet sorghum and alfalfa on nutritive value, fermentation and methane characteristics. Animal Feed Sci. Technol. 206, 29–38. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.9406

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Zheng, M. L., Niu, D. Z., Jiang, D., Zuo, S. S., and Xu, C. C. (2017). Dynamics of microbial community during ensiling direct-cut alfalfa with and without LAB inoculant and sugar. J. Appl. Microbiol. 122, 1456–1470. doi: 10.1111/jam.13456

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar